Two unknown Gram-stain-positive, catalase- and oxidasenegative,
non-motile, and coccus-shaped bacteria, designated
MN-17T and MN-09, were isolated from yaks faeces (Bos
grunniens) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. 16S rRNA
gene sequence-based comparative analyses revealed that the
two strains were grouped within the genus Vagococcus, displaying
the highest similarity with Vagococcus xieshaowenii
CGMCC 1.16436T (98.6%) and Vagococcus elongatus CCUG
51432T (96.4%). Both strains grew optimally at 37°C and pH
7.0 in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. The complete genome
of MN-17T comprises 2,085 putative genes with a total
of 2,190,262 bp and an average G + C content of 36.7 mol%.
The major fatty acids were C16:0 (31.2%), C14:0 (28.5%), and
C18:1ω9c (13.0%); the predominant respiratory quinone was
MK-7 (68.8%); the peptidoglycan type was A4α(L-Lys-DAsp);
and the major polar lipid was diphosphatidylglycerol.
Together, these supported the affiliation of strain MN-17T
to the genus Vagococcus. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization
and the average nucleotide identity values between MN-17T
and all recognized species in the genus were 21.6–26.1%
and 70.7–83.0%, respectively. MN-17T produced acid from
D-cellobiose, D-fructose, glycerol, D-glucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine,
gentiobiose, D-mannose, D-maltose, D-ribose, Dsaccharose,
salicin, D-trehalose, and D-xylose. These results
distinguished MN-17T and MN-09 from closely related species
in Vagococcus. Thus, we propose that strains MN-17T
and MN-09 represent a novel species in the genus Vagococcus,
with the name Vagococcus zengguangii sp. The type strain
is MN-17T (= CGMCC 1.16726T = GDMCC 1.1589T = JCM
33478T).
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Vagococcus proximus sp. nov. and Vagococcus intermedius sp. nov., originating from modified atmosphere packaged broiler meat Per Johansson, Elina Jääskeläinen, Elina Säde, Johanna Björkroth
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Ammonia oxidation, performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea
(AOA) and bacteria (AOB), plays a critical role in the cycle
of nitrogen in the ocean. For now, environmental variables
controlling distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microbes are
still largely unknown in oceanic environments. In this study,
we used real-time quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing methods to investigate the abundance and diversity
of AOA and AOB from sediment and water in Zhanjiang Bay.
Phylogenic analysis revealed that the majority of AOA amoA
sequences in water and sediment were affiliated with the genus
Nitrosopumilus, whereas the Nitrosotalea cluster was only detected
with low abundance in water. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira
dominated AOB amoA sequences in water and sediment,
respectively. The amoA copy numbers of both AOA and
AOB varied significantly with month for both sediment and
water. When water and sediment temperature dropped to 17–
20°C in December and February, respectively, the copy number
of AOB amoA genes increased markedly and was much
higher than for AOA amoA genes. Also, AOA abundance in
water peaked in December when water temperature was lowest
(17–20°C). Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that
temperature was the most key factor driving monthly changes
of AOA or AOB abundance. It is inferred that low water temperature
may inhibit growth of phytoplankton and other microbes
and so reduce competition for a common substrate,
ammonium.
The microbial community is one of the most important factors
in shaping the characteristics of fermented food. Nuodeng
ham, traditionally produced and subjected to 1–4 years
of fermentation, is a dry fermented food product with cultural
and economic significance to locals in southwestern China.
In this study, we aimed to characterize the microbiota and
physicochemical profiles of Nuodeng ham across different
stages of fermentation. Ham samples from each of the four
years were analyzed by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene
and fungal internal transcribed spacer sequence, in order to
characterize the diversity and composition of their microflora.
A total of 2,679,483 bacterial and 2,983,234 fungal sequences
of high quality were obtained and assigned to 514 and 57
genera, respectively. Among these microbes, Staphylococcus
and Candida were the most abundant genera observed in the
ham samples, though samples from different years showed
differences in their microbial abundance. Results of physicochemical
properties (pH, water, amino acid, NaCl, nitrate
and nitrite contents, and the composition of volatile compounds)
revealed differences among the ham samples in the
composition of volatile compounds, especially in the third
year samples, in which no nitrite was detected. These results
suggest that the structure and diversity of microbial communities
significantly differed across different stages of fermentation.
Moreover, the third year hams exhibits a unique and
balanced microbial community, which might contribute to
the special flavor in the green and safe food products. Thus,
our study lends insights into the production of high quality
Nuodeng ham.
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The Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa adopts
several elaborate strategies to colonize a wide range of natural
or clinical niches and to overcome the neighboring bacterial
competitors in polymicrobial communities. However,
the relationship and interaction mechanism of P. aeruginosa
with other bacterial pathogens remains largely unexplored.
Here we explore the interaction dynamics of P. aeruginosa and
Escherichia coli, which frequently coinfect the lungs of immunocompromised
hosts, by using a series of on-plate proximity
assays and RNA-sequencing. We show that the extracellular
products of P. aeruginosa can inhibit the growth of
neighboring E. coli and induce a large-scale of transcriptional
reprogramming of E. coli, especially in terms of cellular respiration-
related primary metabolisms and membrane components.
In contrast, the presence of E. coli has no significant
effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa in short-term culture,
but causes a dysregulated expression of genes positively controlled
by the quorum-sensing (QS) system of P. aeruginosa
during subsequent pairwise culture. We further demonstrate
that the divergent QS-regulation of P. aeruginosa may be related
to the function of the transcriptional regulator PqsR,
which can be enhanced by E. coli culture supernatant to increase
the pyocyanin production by P. aeruginosa in the absence
of the central las-QS system. Moreover, the extracellular
products of E. coli promote the proliferation and lethality
of P. aeruginosa in infecting the Caenorhabditis elegans
model. The current study provides a general characterization
of the extracellular products-mediated interactions between
P. aeruginosa and E. coli, and may facilitate the understanding
of polymicrobial infections.
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and synthetic primers were designed to construct its
first genetic linkage map. The 1,048.6 cm map is composed of
10 linkage groups and contains 183 SSR markers. In total,
112 genome assembly sequences were anchored, representing
16.43 Mb and covering 46.41% of the genome. Selfing
populations were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) targeting,
and the composite interval mapping method was used
to co-localize the mycelium growth rate (potato dextrose agar
and sawdust), growth period, yield and fruiting body length,
and width and thickness. The 14 QTLs of agronomic traits
had LOD values of 3.20–6.51 and contribution rates of 2.22–
13.18%. No linkage relationship was found between the mycelium
growth rate and the growth period, but a linkage relationship
was observed among the length, width and thickness
of the fruiting bodies. Using NCBI’s BLAST alignment,
the genomic sequences corresponding to the QTL regions
were compared, and a TPR-like protein candidate gene was
selected. Using whole-genome data, 138 candidate genes were
found in four sequence fragments of two SSR markers located
in the same scaffold. The genetic map and QTLs established
in this study will aid in developing selective markers
for agronomic traits and identifying corresponding genes,
thereby providing a scientific basis for the further gene mapping
of quantitative traits and the marker-assisted selection
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soil on peanut production, and the rhizosphere bacterial communities
are also closely correlated with peanut salt tolerance;
however, whether AMF and Ca2+ can withstand high-salinity
through or partially through modulating rhizosphere bacterial
communities is unclear. Here, we used the rhizosphere
bacterial DNA from saline alkali soil treated with AMF and
Ca2+ alone or together to perform high-throughput sequencing
of 16S rRNA genes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that
AMF and Ca2+ treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria
and Firmicutes at the phylum level. The nitrogenfixing
bacterium Sphingomonas was the dominant genus in
these soils at the genus level, and the soil invertase and urease
activities were also increased after AMF and Ca2+ treatment,
implying that AMF and Ca2+ effectively improved the living
environment of plants under salt stress. Moreover, AMF combined
with Ca2+ was better than AMF or Ca2+ alone at altering
the bacterial structure and improving peanut growth in saline
alkali soil. Together, AMF and Ca2+ applications are conducive
to peanut salt adaption by regulating the bacterial community
in saline alkali soil.
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Aspergillus fumigatus is a well-known opportunistic pathogen
that causes invasive aspergillosis (IA) infections with high
mortality in immunosuppressed individuals. Morphogenesis,
including hyphal growth, conidiation, and cell wall biosynthesis
is crucial in A. fumigatus pathogenesis. Based on a previous
random insertional mutagenesis library, we identified
the putative polysaccharide synthase gene Afcps1 and its paralog
Afcps2. Homologs of the cps gene are commonly found
in the genomes of most fungal and some bacterial pathogens.
Afcps1/cpsA is important in sporulation, cell wall composition,
and virulence. However, the precise regulation patterns
of cell wall integrity by Afcps1/cpsA and further effects on the
immune response are poorly understood. Specifically, our
in-depth study revealed that Afcps1 affects cell-wall stability,
showing an increased resistance of ΔAfcps1 to the chitinmicrofibril
destabilizing compound calcofluor white (CFW)
and susceptibility of ΔAfcps1 to the β-(1,3)-glucan synthase
inhibitor echinocandin caspofungin (CS). Additionally, deletion
of Afcps2 had a normal sporulation phenotype but
caused hypersensitivity to Na+ stress, CFW, and Congo red
(CR). Specifically, quantitative analysis of cell wall composition
using high-performance anion exchange chromatography-
pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD) analysis
revealed that depletion of Afcps1 reduced cell wall glucan
and chitin contents, which was consistent with the downregulation
of expression of the corresponding biosynthesis
genes. Moreover, an elevated immune response stimulated
by conidia of the ΔAfcps1 mutant in marrow-derived macrophages
(BMMs) during phagocytosis was observed. Thus,
our study provided new insights into the function of polysaccharide
synthase Cps1, which is necessary for the maintenance
of cell wall stability and the adaptation of conidia to
the immune response of macrophages in A. fumigatus.
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Glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity controls cellular glutathione
and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously
demonstrated two predominant methylglyoxal scavengers–
NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and
alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1)–in glutathione-depleted γ-
glutamyl cysteinyl synthetase-disrupted Candida albicans.
However, experimental evidence for Candida pathophysiology
lacking the enzyme activities of Mgd1 and Adh1 on glutathione-
dependent redox regulation remains unclear. Herein,
we have aimed to demonstrate that glutathione-dependent
enzyme activities coupled with cellular ROS changes is regulated
by methylglyoxal accumulation in Δmgd1/Δadh1 double
disruptants. Δmgd1/Δadh1 showed severe growth defects
and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. The observed complementary
and reciprocal methylglyoxal-oxidizing and methylglyoxalreducing
activities between Δmgd1 and Δadh1 were not always
exhibited in Δmgd1/Δadh1. Although intracellular accumulation
of methylglyoxal and pyruvate was shown in all
disruptants, to a greater or lesser degree, methylglyoxal was
particularly accumulated in the Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptant.
While cellular ROS significantly increased in Δmgd1
and Δadh1 as compared to the wild-type, Δmgd1/Δadh1 underwent
a decrease in ROS in contrast to Δadh1. Despite the
experimental findings underlining the importance of the
undergoing unbalanced redox state of Δmgd1/Δadh1, glutathione-
independent antioxidative enzyme activities did not
change during proliferation and filamentation. Contrary to
the significantly lowered glutathione content and Glr1 enzyme
activity, the activity staining-based glutathione peroxidase
activities concomitantly increased in this mutant. Additionally,
the enhanced GLR1 transcript supported our results in
Δmgd1/Δadh1, indicating that deficiencies of both Adh1 and
Mgd1 activities stimulate specific glutathione-dependent enzyme
activities. This suggests that glutathione-dependent redox
regulation is evidently linked to C. albicans pathogenicity
under the control of methylglyoxal-scavenging activities.
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Roles of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 in the biological activities of
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In Staphylococcus aureus, the accessory gene regulator (agr)
quorum-sensing system is thought to play an important role
in biofilm formation. The histidine kinase AgrC is one of the
agr system components and activated by the self-generated
auto-inducing peptide (AIP), which is released continuously
into the extracellular environment during bacterial growth.
The extracellular loops (Extra-loops) of AgrC are crucial for
AIP binding. Here, we reported that the cytoplasmic loops
(Cyto-loops) of AgrC are also involved in Agr activity. We
identified S. aureus ST398 clinical isolates containing a naturally
occurring single amino acid substitution (lysine to isoleucine)
at position 73 of an AgrC Cyto-loop that exhibited
significantly stronger biofilm formation and decreased Agr
activity compared to the wild-type strain. A constructed strain
containing the K73I point mutation in AgrC Cyto-loop continued
to show a growth dependent induction of the agr system,
although the growth dependent induction was delayed
by about 6 h compared to the wild-type. In addition, a series
of strains containing deletion mutants of the AgrC Cyto- and
Extra-loops were constructed and revealed that the removal
of the two Cyto-loops and Extra-loops 2 and 3 totally abolished
the Agr activity and the growth-dependence on the agr
system induction. Remarkably, the Extra-loop 1 deletion did
not affect the Agr activity. In conclusion, the AgrC Cyto-loops
play a crucial role in the S. aureus quorum-sensing activity.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle is highly dependent on cellular
proteins for viral propagation. In order to identify the
cellular factors involved in HCV propagation, we previously
performed a protein microarray assay using the HCV nonstructural
5A (NS5A) protein as a probe. Of ~9,000 human
cellular proteins immobilized in a microarray, adenosylhomocysteinase
like 1 (AHCYL1) was among 90 proteins identified
as NS5A interactors. Of these candidates, AHCYL1 was
selected for further study. In the present study, we verified
the physical interaction between NS5A and AHCYL1 by both
in vitro pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore,
HCV NS5A interacted with endogenous AHCYL1 in
Jc1-infected cells. Both NS5A and AHCYL1 were colocalized
in the cytoplasmic region in HCV-replicating cells. siRNAmediated
knockdown of AHCYL1 abrogated HCV propagation.
Exogenous expression of the siRNA-resistant AHCYL1
mutant, but not of the wild-type AHCYL1, restored HCV protein
expression levels, indicating that AHCYL1 was required
specifically for HCV propagation. Importantly, AHCYL1 was
involved in the HCV internal ribosome entry site-mediated
translation step of the HCV life cycle. Finally, we demonstrated
that the proteasomal degradation pathway of AHCYL1 was
modulated by persistent HCV infection. Collectively, these
data suggest that HCV may modulate the AHCYL1 protein
to promote viral propagation.
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