Multi-omics approaches, including metagenomics and single-
cell amplified genomics, have revolutionized our understanding
of the hidden diversity and function of microbes
in nature. Even in the omics age, cultivation is an essential
discipline in microbial ecology since microbial cultures are
necessary to assess the validity of an in silico prediction about
the microbial metabolism and to isolate viruses infecting bacteria
and archaea. However, the ecophysiological characteristics
of predominant freshwater bacterial lineages remain
largely unknown due to the scarcity of cultured representatives.
In an ongoing effort to cultivate the uncultured majority
of freshwater bacteria, the most abundant freshwater
Actinobacteria acI clade has recently been cultivated from
Lake Soyang through catalase-supplemented high-throughput
cultivation based on dilution-to-extinction. This method
involves physical isolation of target microbes from mixed populations,
culture media simulating natural habitats, and removal
of toxic compounds. In this protocol, we describe detailed
procedures for isolating freshwater oligotrophic microbes,
as well as the essence of the dilution-to-extinction culturing.
As a case study employing the catalase-supplemented
dilution-to-extinction protocol, we also report a cultivation
trial using a water sample collected from Lake Soyang. Of the
480 cultivation wells inoculated with a single lake-water sample,
75 new acI strains belonging to 8 acI tribes (acI-A1, A2,
A4, A5, A6, A7, B1, B4, C1, and C2) were cultivated, and each
representative strain per subclade could be revived from glycerol
stocks. These cultivation results demonstrate that the
protocol described in this study is efficient in isolating freshwater
bacterioplankton harboring streamlined genomes.
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Dragon bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) is a giant sympodial
bamboo species widely distributed in Asia. However,
it remains unclear how dragon bamboo and soil microbes interact
to affect soil properties. In this study, we investigated
the planting patterns (semi-natural and artificial) on different
slopes (sunny and shady) to determine the effects on soil properties
and microbial community. The results showed that
the soil in which dragon bamboo was grown was acidic, with
a pH value of ~5. Also, the soil organic matter content, nitrogen
hydrolysate concentration, total nitrogen, available potassium,
and total potassium of the dragon bamboo seminatural
forest significantly improved, especially on the sunny
slope. In contrast, the available phosphorus level was higher
in the artificial bamboo forest, probably owing to the phosphate
fertilizer application. The bacterial and fungal diversity
and the bacterial abundance were all higher on the sunny
slope of the semi-natural forest than those in the other samples.
The microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs)
shared between the shady and sunny slopes accounted for
47.8–62.2%, but the core OTUs of all samples were only 24.4–
30.4% of each sample, suggesting that the slope type had a
significant effect on the microbial community. Some acidophilic
microbes, such as Acidobacteria groups, Streptomyces
and Mortierella, became dominant in dragon bamboo forest
soil. A PICRUSt analysis of the bacterial functional groups
revealed that post-translational modification, cell division,
and coenzyme transport and metabolism were abundant in
the semi-natural forest. However, some microorganisms with
strong stress resistance might be activated in the artificial
forest. Taken together, these results illustrated the influence
of dragon bamboo growth on soil physicochemical property
and microbial community, which might help understand the
growth status of dragon bamboo under different planting
patterns.
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Waterborne diseases have critical public health issues and socioeconomic
relevancy worldwide. Various viral pathogens
are ordinarily associated with waterborne diseases. Six-yearsurveillance
(a total of 20 times) of norovirus, hepatitis A virus,
group C rotavirus, and enterovirus was conducted at five
raw water sampling sites including two lakes (Lakes Soyang
and Juam), Hyundo region of Geum River in Daejeon City,
and Guui region of Han River in Seoul Metropolitan City and
Moolgeum region of Nakdong River in Gimhae City which
are located near two water intake plants. In this study, we
routinely investigated virus contamination in water samples
through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR)
and integrated cell culture RT-PCR with high sensitivity
and specificity. A total 100 samples were tested. Most of
the targeted viruses were found in 32% of the samples and
at least one of the indicator bacteria was detected in 65% of
these occurrences. Among all the detected viruses, enterovirus
was the most prevalent with a detection frequency of 12% and
2.71 MPN/10 L on average, while hepatitis A virus was the
least prevalent with a detection frequency of 4%. Nearly all
of the analyzed viruses (except for group C rotavirus) were
present in samples from Han River (the Guui region), Geum
River (the Hyundo region), Lake Juam, and Nakdong River
(the Moolgeum region), while group C rotavirus was detected
in those from the Guui region. During the six-year sampling
period, the targeted waterborne viruses in water samples exhibited
seasonal patterns in their occurrence that were different
from the indicator bacteria levels in the water samples.
The fact that they were detected in the five representative
Korean water environments makes it necessary to establish
the chemical and biological analysis systems for waterborne
viruses and sophisticated management systems.
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Human intestinal microbiota is affected by the exogenous
microenvironment. This study aimed to determine the effects
of cigarettes and alcohol on the gut microbiota of healthy
men. In total, 116 healthy male subjects were enrolled and
divided into four groups: non-smoking and non-drinking
(Group A), smoking only (Group B), drinking only (Group
C), and smoking and drinking combined (Group D). Fecal
samples were collected and sequenced using 16S rRNA to
analyze the microbial composition. Short-chain fatty acid
(SCFAs) levels in feces were determined by gas chromatography.
We found that cigarette and alcohol consumptions
can alter overall composition of gut microbiota in healthy
men. The relative abundances of phylum Bacteroidetes and
Firmicutes and more than 40 genera were changed with cigarette
and alcohol consumptions. SCFAs decreased with smoking
and alcohol consumption. Multivariate analysis indicated
that when compared with group A, group B/C/D had higher
Bacteroides, and lower Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcaceae_
UCG-002, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-003, and Ruminiclostridium_
9 regardless of BMI and age. Additionally, the
abundance of Bacteroides was positively correlated with the
smoking pack-year (r = 0.207, p < 0.05), the abundance of predicted
pathway of bacterial toxins (r = 0.3672, p < 0.001) and
the level of carcinoembryonic antigen in host (r = 0.318, p
< 0.01). Group D shared similar microbial construction with
group B, but exerted differences far from group C with lower
abundance of Haemophilus. These results demonstrated that
cigarette and alcohol consumption separately affected the
intestinal microbiota and function in healthy men; furthermore,
the co-occurrence of cigarette and alcohol didn’t exacerbate
the dysbiosis and cigarette played the predominated
role on the alteration.
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The stabilization of quorum sensing (QS) is vital for bacterial
survival in various environments. Although the mechanisms
of QS stabilization in certain conditions have been well studied,
the impact of environmental factors has received much
less attention. In this study, we show that the supplementation
of 25 μM iron in competition experiments and 50 μM in
evolution experiments to casein growth cultures significantly
increased the possibility of population collapse by affecting
elastase production. However, the expression of lasI and lasR
remained constant regardless of iron concentration and hence
this effect was not through interference with the LasIR circuit,
which mainly regulates the secretion of elastase in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. However, the expression of rhlR was significantly
inhibited by iron treatment, which could affect the
production of elastase. Further, based on both reverse transcription
quantitative polymerase chain reaction and gene
knock-out assays, we show that iron inhibits the transcription
of ppyR and enhances the expression of mexT, both of which
decrease elastase production and correspondingly interfere
with QS stabilization. Our findings show that environmental
factors can affect the genes of QS circuits, interfering with QS
stabilization. These findings are not only beneficial in understanding
the mechanistic effect of iron on QS stabilization,
but also demonstrate the complexity of QS stabilization by
linking non-QS-related genes with QS traits.
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6S RNA, a conserved and abundant small non-coding RNA
found in most bacteria, regulates gene expression by inhibiting
RNA polymerase (RNAP) holoenzyme. 6S RNAs from
α-proteobacteria have been studied poorly so far. Here, we
present a first in-depth analysis of 6S RNAs from two α-proteobacteria
species, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Sinorhizobium
meliloti. Although both belong to the order Rhizobiales
and are typical nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes,
their 6S RNA expression profiles were found to differ: B. japonicum
6S RNA accumulated in the stationary phase, thus
being reminiscent of Escherichia coli 6S RNA, whereas S. meliloti
6S RNA level peaked at the transition to the stationary
phase, similarly to Rhodobacter sphaeroides 6S RNA. We demonstrated
in vitro that both RNAs have hallmarks of 6S
RNAs: they bind to the σ70-type RNAP holoenzyme and serve
as templates for de novo transcription of so-called product
RNAs (pRNAs) ranging in length from ~13 to 24 nucleotides,
with further evidence of the synthesis of even longer pRNAs.
Likewise, stably bound pRNAs were found to rearrange the
6S RNA structure to induce its dissociation from RNAP.
Compared with B. japonicum 6S RNA, considerable conformational
heterogeneity was observed for S. meliloti 6S RNA
and its complexes with pRNAs, even though the two 6S RNAs
share ~75% sequence identity. Overall, our findings suggest
that the two rhizobial 6S RNAs have diverged with respect to
their regulatory impact on gene expression throughout the
bacterial life cycle.
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Eukaryotic genomes contain numerous homologous repeat
sequences including redundant genes with divergent homology
that can be potential recombination targets. Recombination
between divergent sequences is rare but poses a substantial
threat to genome stability. The hexose transporter
(HXT) gene family shares high sequence similarities at both
protein and DNA levels, and some members are placed close
together in tandem arrays. In this study, we show that spontaneous
interstitial deletions occur at significantly high rates
in HXT gene clusters, resulting in chimeric HXT sequences
that contain a single junction point. We also observed that
DNA double-strand breaks created between HXT genes produce
primarily interstitial deletions, whereas internal cleavage
of the HXT gene resulted in gene conversions as well as deletion
products. Interestingly, interstitial deletions were less constrained
by sequence divergence than gene conversion. Moreover,
recombination-defective mutations differentially affected
the survival frequency. Mutations that impair single-strand
annealing (SSA) pathway greatly reduced the survival frequency
by 10–1,000-fold, whereas disruption of Rad51-dependent
homologous recombination exhibited only modest reduction.
Our results indicate that recombination in the tandemly
repeated HXT genes occurs primarily via SSA pathway.
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Lactobacillus plantarum-derived metabolites (LDMs) increase
drug sensitivity to 5-FU and antimetastatic effects in 5-FUresistant
colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116/5FUR). In this
study, we evaluated the effects of LDMs on the regulation of
genes and proteins involved in HCT-116/5-FUR cell proliferation
and metastasis. HCT-116/5-FUR cells showed high
metastatic potential, significantly reduced tight junction (TJ)
integrity, including increased migration and paracellular permeability,
and upregulation of claudin-1 (CLDN-1). The genetic
silencing of CLDN-1 increased the sensitivity of HCT-
116/5FUR to 5-FU and inhibited its metastatic potential by
regulating the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
(EMT) related genes. Co-treatment of HCT-116/5FUR
with LDMs and 5-FU suppressed chemoresistant and metastatic
behavior by downregulating CLDN-1 expression. Finally,
we designed LDMs-based therapeutic strategies to treatment
for metastatic 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells. These results suggested that LDMs and 5-FU cotreatments can synergistically
target 5-FU-resistant cells, making it a candidate
strategy to overcome 5-FU chemoresistance improve anticancer
drug efficacy.
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