Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) is a quorum sensing molecule to which
bacteria respond to regulate various phenotypes, including
virulence and biofilm formation. AI-2 plays an important role
in the formation of a subgingival biofilm composed mostly of
Gram-negative anaerobes, by which periodontitis is initiated.
The aim of this study was to evaluate D-galactose as an inhibitor
of AI-2 activity and thus of the biofilm formation of
periodontopathogens. In a search for an AI-2 receptor of
Fusobacterium nucleatum, D-galactose binding protein (Gbp,
Gene ID FN1165) showed high sequence similarity with
the ribose binding protein (RbsB), a known AI-2 receptor of
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. D-Galactose was
evaluated for its inhibitory effect on the AI-2 activity of Vibrio
harveyi BB152 and F. nucleatum, the major coaggregation
bridge organism, which connects early colonizing commensals
and late pathogenic colonizers in dental biofilms. The
inhibitory effect of D-galactose on the biofilm formation of
periodontopathogens was assessed by crystal violet staining
and confocal laser scanning microscopy in the absence or
presence of AI-2 and secreted molecules of F. nucleatum.
D-Galactose significantly inhibited the AI-2 activity of V.
harveyi and F. nucleatum. In addition, D-galactose markedly
inhibited the biofilm formation of F. nucleatum, Porphyromonas
gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia induced by the
AI-2 of F. nucleatum without affecting bacterial growth. Our results demonstrate that the Gbp may function as an AI-2
receptor and that galactose may be used for prevention of the
biofilm formation of periodontopathogens by targeting AI-2
activity.
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