Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Impact of Elevational Gradients and Chemical Parameters on Changes in Soil Bacterial Diversity Under Semiarid Mountain Region: Salman Khan , Chun Han , Awais Iqbal , Chao Guan , Changming Zhao; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(10):903-915. Published online November 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00085-x

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Abstract: Elevation gradients, often regarded as “natural experiments or laboratories”, can be used to study changes in the distribution of microbial diversity related to changes in environmental conditions that typically occur over small geographical scales. We obtained bacterial sequences using MiSeq sequencing and clustered them into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The total number of reads obtained by the bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was 1,090,555, with an average of approximately 45,439 reads per sample collected from various elevations. The current study observed inconsistent bacterial diversity patterns in samples from the lowest to highest elevations. 983 OTUs were found common among all the elevations. The most unique OTUs were found in the soil sample from elevation_2, followed by elevation_1. Soil sample collected at elevation_6 had the least unique OTUs. Actinobacteria, Protobacteria, Chloroflexi were found most abundant bacterial phyla in current study. Ammonium nitrogen ( NH4 +-N), and total phosphate (TP) are the main factors influencing bacterial diversity at elevations_ 1. pH was the main factor influencing the bacterial diversity at elevations_2, elevation_3 and elevation_4. Our results provide new visions on forming and maintaining soil microbial diversity along an elevational gradient and have implications for microbial responses to environmental change in semiarid mountain ecosystems.

Review

Prokaryotic DNA methylation and its functional roles: Hoon Je Seong , Sang-Wook Han , Woo Jun Sul; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(3):242-248. Published online February 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0674-y

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DNA methylation is known as a universal mechanism of epigenetic regulation in all kingdoms of life. Particularly, given that prokaryotes lack key elements such as histones and nucleosomes that can structurally modify DNA, DNA methylation is considered a major epigenetic regulator in these organisms. However, because DNA methylation studies have focused primarily on eukaryotes, the mechanism of prokaryotic DNA methylation has been less studied than in eukaryotes. DNA methylation in prokaryotes plays an important role in regulating not only the host defense system, but also the cell cycle, gene expression, and virulence that can respond directly to the environment. Recent advances in sequencing techniques capable of detecting methylation signals have allowed for the characterization of prokaryotic genome-wide epigenetic regulation. In this review, we describe representative examples of cellular events regulated by DNA methylation in prokaryotes, from early studies to current applications.

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Journal Articles

A comprehensive in silico analysis of sortase superfamily: Adeel Malik , Seung Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):431-443. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8545-5

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Abstract

Sortases are cysteine transpeptidases that assemble surface proteins and pili in their cell envelope. Encoded by all Grampositive bacteria, few Gram-negative bacteria and archaea, sortases are currently divided into six classes (A-F). Due to the steep increase in bacterial genome data in recent years, the number of sortase homologues have also escalated rapidly. In this study, we used protein sequence similarity networks to explore the taxonomic diversity of sortases and also to evaluate the current classification of these enzymes. The resultant data suggest that sortase classes A, B, and D predominate in Firmicutes and classes E and F are enriched in Actinobacteria, whereas class C is distributed in both Firmicutes and Actinobacteria except Streptomyces family. Sortases were also observed in various Gram-negatives and euryarchaeota, which should be recognized as novel classes of sortases. Motif analysis around the catalytic cysteine was also performed and suggested that the residue at 2nd position from cysteine may help distinguish various sortase classes. Moreover, the sequence analysis indicated that the catalytic arginine is highly conserved in almost all classes except sortase F in which arginine is replaced by asparagine in Actinobacteria. Additionally, class A sortases showed higher structural variation as compared to other sortases, whereas inter-class comparisons suggested structures of class C and D2 exhibited best similarities. A better understanding of the residues highlighted in this study should be helpful in elucidating their roles in substrate binding and the sortase function, and successively could help in the development of strong sortase inhibitors.

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Identification of novel tail-anchored membrane proteins integrated by the bacterial twin-arginine translocase
José Jesús Gallego-Parrilla, Emmanuele Severi, Govind Chandra, Tracy Palmer
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Sortases: structure, mechanism, and implications for protein engineering
Jeanine F. Amacher, John M. Antos
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A unique binding mode of P1′ Leu-containing target sequences for Streptococcus pyogenes sortase A results in alternative cleavage
Brandon A. Vogel, Jadon M. Blount, Hanna M. Kodama, Noah J. Goodwin-Rice, Devin J. Andaluz, Sophie N. Jackson, John M. Antos, Jeanine F. Amacher
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Rolling down the pilus formation of gram-positive bacteria: underlining the importance of Sortase C as a drug target
Himanshi Kain, Ena Gupta, Prashant Sharma, Akanksha Haldiya, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Ravi Ranjan Kumar Neeraj, Pradeep Sharma, S. L. Kothari, Sandip Patil, Shaowei Dong, Anupam Jyoti, Sanket Kaushik
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Structural and biochemical analyses of selectivity determinants in chimeric Streptococcus Class A sortase enzymes
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Comparative Analysis and Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction of Bacterial Sortase Family Proteins Generates Functional Ancestral Mutants with Different Sequence Specificities
Jordan D. Valgardson, Sarah A. Struyvenberg, Zachary R. Sailer, Isabel M. Piper, Justin E. Svendsen, D. Alex Johnson, Brandon A. Vogel, John M. Antos, Michael J. Harms, Jeanine F. Amacher
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Adeel Malik, Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam, Chang-Bae Kim, Balachandran Manavalan
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Prevalent association with the bacterial cell envelope of prokaryotic expansins revealed by bioinformatics analysis
Andrés de Sandozequi, Juan José Salazar‐Cortés, Irán Tapia‐Vázquez, Claudia Martínez‐Anaya
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Sarah A. Revitt-Mills, Thomas D. Watts, Dena Lyras, Vicki Adams, Julian I. Rood
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Nocardioides suum sp. nov. isolated from the air environment in an indoor pig farm: Siwon Lee , Wonseok Lee , Hyen-Mi Chung , Sangjung Park; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(6):417-420. Published online April 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6313-y

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Abstract

A bacterial strain PBT33-2T was isolated from the air environ-ment in an indoor pig farm. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PBT33-2T be-longed to the genus Nocardioides in the phylum Actinobac-teria, and was most closely related to Nocardioides daphnia D287T in a maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining phy-logenetic trees. Strain PBT33-2T shared 95.3% sequence iden-tity with N. daphnia D287T. However, the highest sequence similarity was shown with N. sediminis MSL-01T (96.0%). It had less than 96.0% sequence identities with other type spe-cies of the genus Nocardioides. Strain PBT-33-2T grew at 15–45°C (optimum 20–35°C), pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0%). The major fatty acid and quinone were iso-C16:0 and MK-8, and the DNA G+C content of strain PBT33-2T was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of poly-phasic results, strain PBT33-2T represents a novel spe-cies of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocar-dioides suum sp. nov. is proposed. Its type strain is PBT33-2T (=KCTC 39558T =DSM 102833T).

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Nocardioides cremeus sp. nov., Nocardioides abyssi sp. nov. and Nocardioides oceani sp. nov., three actinobacteria isolated from Western Pacific Ocean sediment
Wenjing Wang, Yihan Ding, Shiping Wei, Miaomiao Yin, Gaiyun Zhang
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Nocardioides humilatus sp. nov., isolated from farmland soil in the Republic of Korea
Jong Min Lee, Chun-Zhi Jin, Min-Kyoung Kang, So Hee Park, Dong-Jin Park, Dong-Gyun Kim, Chang-Jin Kim
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Nocardioides piscis sp. nov., Sphingomonas piscis sp. nov. and Sphingomonas sinipercae sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of fish species Odontobutis interrupta (Korean spotted sleeper) and Siniperca scherzeri (leopard mandarin fish)
Dong-Wook Hyun, Yun-Seok Jeong, Jae-Yun Lee, Hojun Sung, So-Yeon Lee, Jee-Won Choi, Hyun Sik Kim, Pil Soo Kim, Jin-Woo Bae
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(6): 552. CrossRef
Nocardioides euryhalodurans sp. nov., Nocardioides seonyuensis sp. nov. and Nocardioides eburneiflavus sp. nov., isolated from soil
Su Gwon Roh, Chan Lee, Min-Kyeong Kim, Hye-Jeong Kang, Yeong Seok Kim, Min Ji Kim, Adeel Malik, Seung Bum Kim
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(4): 2682. CrossRef
Nocardioides speluncae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a karstic subterranean environment sample
Bao-Zhu Fang, Ming-Xian Han, Jian-Yu Jiao, Xiao-Tong Zhang, Yuan-Guo Xie, Wael N. Hozzein, Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah, Min Xiao, Wen-Jun Li
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2019; 112(6): 857. CrossRef

Review

MINIREVIEW] Korean indigenous bacterial species with valid names belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria: Kyung Sook Bae , Mi Sun Kim , Ji Hee Lee , Joo Won Kang , Dae In Kim , Ji Hee Lee , Chi Nam Seong; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(12):789-795. Published online November 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6446-4

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Abstract

To understand the isolation and classification state of actinobacterial species with valid names for Korean indigenous isolates, isolation source, regional origin, and taxonomic affiliation of the isolates were studied. At the time of this writing, the phylum Actinobacteria consisted of only one class, Actinobacteria, including five subclasses, 10 orders, 56 families, and 330 genera. Moreover, new taxa of this phylum continue to be discovered. Korean actinobacterial species with a valid name has been reported from 1995 as Tsukamurella inchonensis isolated from a clinical specimen. In 1997, Streptomyces seoulensis was validated with the isolate from the natural Korean environment. Until Feb. 2016, 256 actinobacterial species with valid names originated from Korean territory were listed on LPSN. The species were affiliated with three subclasses (Acidimicrobidae, Actinobacteridae, and Rubrobacteridae), four orders (Acidimicrobiales, Actinomycetales, Bifidobacteriales, and Solirubrobacterales), 12 suborders, 36 families, and 93 genera. Most of the species belonged to the subclass Actinobacteridae, and almost of the members of this subclass were affiliated with the order Actinomycetales. A number of novel isolates belonged to the families Nocardioidaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Intrasporangiaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as the genera Nocardioides, Streptomyces, and Microbacterium. Twenty-six novel genera and one novel family, Motilibacteraceae, were created first with Korean indigenous isolates. Most of the Korean indigenous actionobacterial species were isolated from natural environments such as soil, seawater, tidal flat sediment, and fresh-water. A considerable number of species were isolated from artificial resources such as fermented foods, wastewater, compost, biofilm, and water-cooling systems or clinical specimens. Korean indigenous actinobacterial species were isolated from whole territory of Korea, and especially a large number of species were from Jeju, Gyeonggi, Jeonnam, Daejeon, and Chungnam. A large number of novel actinobacterial species continue to be discovered since the Korean government is encouraging the search for new bacterial species and researchers are endeavoring to find out novel strains from extreme or untapped environments.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Diversity of the Bacterial Community in the Rice Rhizosphere Managed Under Conventional and No-tillage Practices: Zubair Aslam , Muhammad Yasir , Hwan Sik Yoon , Che Ok Jeon , Young Ryun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):747-756. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2528-8

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Abstract

Bacterial diversity in the rice rhizosphere at different rice growth stages, managed under conventional and no-tillage practices, was explored using a culture-based approach. Actinobacteria are among the bacterial phyla abundant in the rice rhizosphere. Their diversity was further examined by constructing metagenomic libraries based on the 16S rRNA gene, using actinobacterial- and streptomycete-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The study included 132 culturable strains and 125 clones from the 16S rRNA gene libraries. In conventional tillage, there were 38% Proteobacteria, 22% Actinobacteria, 33% Firmicutes, 5% Bacteroidetes, and 2% Acidobacteria, whereas with no-tillage management there were 63% Proteobacteria, 24% Actinobacteria, 6% Firmicutes, and 8% Bacteroidetes as estimated using the culturedependent
method
during the four stages of rice cultivation. Principal coordinates analysis was used to cluster the bacterial communities along axes of maximal variance. The different growth stages of rice appeared to influence the rhizosphere bacterial profile for both cultivation practices. Novel clones with low similarities (89–97%) to Actinobacteria and Streptomyces were retrieved from both rice fields by screening the 16S rRNA gene libraries using actinobacterial- and streptomycete-specific primers. By comparing the actinobacterial community retrieved by culture-dependent and molecular methods, it was clear that a more comprehensive assessment of microbial diversity in the rice rhizosphere can be obtained using a combination of both techniques than by using either method alone. We also succeeded in culturing a number of bacteria that were previously described as unculturable. These were in a phylogenetically deep lineage when compared with related cultivable genera.

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Effects of Nutritional Input and Diesel Contamination on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Communities in Antarctic Soils: Jiwon Han , Jaejoon Jung , Seunghun Hyun , Hyun Park , Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):916-924. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2636-x

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Abstract: Pollution of Antarctic soils may be attributable to increased nutritional input and diesel contamination via anthropogenic activities. To investigate the effect of these environmental changes on the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem, soil enzyme activities and microbial communities in 3 types of Antarctic soils were evaluated. The activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase were dramatically increased, whereas the activities of β-glucosidase, urease, arylsulfatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were negligible. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase activities in the 3 types of soils increased 3- to 10-fold in response to nutritional input, but did not increase in the presence of diesel contamination. Consistent with the enzymatic activity data, increased copy numbers of the phoA gene, encoding an alkaline phosphomonoesterase, and the 16S rRNA gene were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, dehydrogenase activity and 16S rRNA gene copy number increased slightly after 30 days, even under diesel contamination, probably because of adaptation of the bacterial population. Intact Antarctic soils showed a predominance of Actinobacteria phylum (mostly Pseudonorcarida species) and other phyla such as Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were present in successively lower proportions. Nutrient addition might act as a selective pressure on the bacterial community, resulting in the prevalence of Actinobacteria phylum (mostly Arthrobacter species). Soils contaminated by diesel showed a predominance of Proteobacteria phylum (mostly Phyllobacterium species), and other phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Gemmatimonadetes were present in successively lower proportions. Our data reveal that nutritional input has a dramatic impact on bacterial communities in Antarctic soils and that diesel contamination is likely toxic to enzymes in this population.

NOTE] Microlunatus terrae sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Soil: Jae-Jin Lee , Myung Kyum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):547-552. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1623-6

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Abstract: Strain BS6T, a Gram-positive non-motile bacterium, was isolated from soil in South Korea and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BS6T belonged to the family Propionibacteriaceae in the class Actinobacteria. Strain BS6T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Microlunatus soli CC-012602T (98.6%) and high sequence similarities with Microlunatus species (94.5–98.6%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C17:0, anteiso-C15:0, summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c), and iso-C16:0. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid, and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on these data, BS6T (=KCTC 19858T =JCM 17661T =CCARM 9244T =KEMC 9004-079T) should be classified as a type strain of a novel species, for which the name Microlunatus terrae sp. nov. is proposed.

Diversity and Physiological Properties of Root Endophytic Actinobacteria in Native Herbaceous Plants of Korea: Tae-Ui Kim , Sung-Heun Cho , Ji-Hye Han , Young Min Shin , Hyang Burm Lee , Seung Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):50-57. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1417-x

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Abstract: Endophytic actinobacterial diversity in the native herbaceous plant species of Korea was analyzed using a culturebased approach. Sixty one actinobacterial strains were isolated, and assigned to 15 genera based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. The members of the genus Streptomyces comprised 45.9% of the total isolates, followed by Micromonospora (18.8%), Rhodococcus (6.6%), Microbispora (4.9%), and Micrococcus (4.9%). Other minor constituents included members of Microbacterium, Streptacidiphilus, Arthrobacter, Dietzia, Kitasatospora, Herbiconiux, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rathayibacter, and Tsukamurella. Among the isolates, 65.6% exhibited at least one hydrolytic enzyme activity out of four, and 45.9% exhibited antagonistic activity against at least one fungal pathogen out of five, thus demonstrating that endophytic actinobacteria can be an important source of bioactive compounds. Notably, most strains of Streptomyces proved active for both enzymatic and antagonistic activities.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Acidophilic Sporoactinobacteria Isolated from Various Soils: Sung-Heun Cho , Ji-Hye Han , Chi Nam Seong , Seung Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(6):600-606.; DOI: https://doi.org/2468 [pii]

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Abstract: Spore forming actinobacteria (sporoactinobacteria) isolated from soils with an acidic pH in Pinus thunbergii forests and coal mine waste were subjected to taxonomic characterization. For the isolation of acidophilic actinobacteria, acidified starch casein agar (pH adjusted to 4-5) was used. The numbers of actinobacteria growing in acidic media were between 3.2 × 104 and 8.0 × 106 CFU/g soil. Forty three acidophilic actinobacterial strains were isolated and their 16S rDNA sequences were determined. The isolates were divided into eight distinctive phylogenetic clusters within the variation encompassed by the family Streptomycetaceae. Four clusters among them were assigned to the genus Streptacidiphilus, whereas the remaining four were assigned to Streptomyces. The clusters belonging to either Streptomyces or Streptacidiphilus did not form monophyletic clade. The growth pH profiles indicated that the representative isolates grew best between pH 5 and 6. It is evident from this study that acidity has played a critical role in the differentiation of the family Streptomycetaceae, and also that different mechanisms might have resulted in the evolution of two groups, Streptacidiphilus (strict acidophiles) and neutrotolerant acidophilic Streptomyces. The effect of geographic separation was clearly seen among the Streptacidiphilus isolates, which may be a key factor in speciation of the genus.

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