The emerging drug resistance and lack of safer and more potent antifungal agents make Candida infections another hot topic in the healthcare system. At the same time, the potential of plant products in developing novel antifungal drugs is also in the limelight. Considering these facts, we have investigated the different extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of the Malvaceae family for their antifungal efficacy against five different pathogenic Candida strains. Among the various extracts, the chloroform extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (26.6 ± 0.5 mm) against the Candida albicans strain.
Furthermore, the chloroform fraction was isolated, and a sterol compound was identified as β-sitosterol. Mechanistic studies were conducted to understand the mechanism of action, and the results showed that β-sitosterol has significant antifungal activity and is capable of interrupting biofilm formation and acts by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans cells. Microscopic and molecular docking studies confirmed these findings. Overall, the study validates the antifungal efficacy of Candida albicans due to the presence of β-sitosterol which can act as an effective constituent for antifungal drug development individually or in combination.
Biofilms are complex microbial architectures that attach to
surfaces and encase microorganisms in a matrix composed
of self-produced hydrated extracellular polymeric substances
(EPSs). In biofilms, microorganisms become much more
resistant to antimicrobial treatments, harsh environmental
conditions, and host immunity. Biofilm formation by microbial
pathogens greatly enhances survival in hosts and causes
chronic infections that result in persistent inflammation and
tissue damages. Currently, it is believed over 80% of chronic
infectious diseases are mediated by biofilms, and it is known
that conventional antibiotic medications are inadequate at
eradicating these biofilm-mediated infections. This situation
demands new strategies for biofilm-associated infections,
and currently, researchers focus on the development of antibiofilm
agents that are specific to biofilms, but are nontoxic,
because it is believed that this prevents the development of
drug resistance. Here, we review the most promising antibiofilm
agents undergoing intensive research and development.
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