Antibiotic treatment failure threatens our ability to control bacterial infections that can cause chronic diseases. Persister bacteria
are a subpopulation of physiological variants that becomes highly tolerant to antibiotics. Membrane proteins play crucial
roles in all living organisms to regulate cellular physiology. Although a diverse membrane component involved in persistence
can result in antibiotic treatment failure, the regulations of antibiotic persistence by membrane proteins has not been fully
understood. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding with regards to membrane proteins in
Gram-negative bacteria as a regulator for antibiotic persistence, highlighting various physiological mechanisms in bacteria.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Amino Acid and Au(III) Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanozymes for Antimicrobial Applications Yunzhu Xu, Dahai Hou, Min Zhao, Tong Zhao, Yong Ma, Yafeng Zhang, Yang Guo, Weiwei Tao, Hui Wang ACS Applied Nano Materials.2024; 7(19): 22505. CrossRef
PhoPQ-mediated lipopolysaccharide modification governs intrinsic resistance to tetracycline and glycylcycline antibiotics in
Escherichia coli
Byoung Jun Choi, Umji Choi, Dae-Beom Ryu, Chang-Ro Lee, Mehrad Hamidian, You-Hee Cho mSystems.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacterial Regulatory Mechanisms for the Control of Cellular Processes: Simple Organisms’ Complex Regulation Jin-Won Lee Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(3): 273. CrossRef
Since most bacterial cells are starving, they must enter a resting
stage. Persister is the term used for metabolically-dormant
cells that are not spores, and these cells arise from stress
such as that from antibiotics as well as that from starvation.
Because of their lack of metabolism, persister cells survive
exposure to multiple stresses without undergoing genetic
change; i.e., they have no inherited phenotype and behave as
wild-type cells once the stress is removed and nutrients are
presented. In contrast, mutations allow resistant bacteria to
grow in the presence of antibiotics and slow growth allows
tolerant cells to withstand higher concentrations of antibiotics;
hence, there are three closely-related phenotypes: persistent,
resistant, and tolerant. In addition, since dormancy
is so prevalent, persister cells must have a means for resuscitating
(since so many cells should obtain this resting state).
In this review, we focus on what is known about the formation
and resuscitation of persister cells.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Glucose Supplementation Enhances the Bactericidal Effect of Penicillin and Gentamicin on Streptococcus sanguinis Persisters Kazuya Takada, Yoshie Yoshioka, Kazumasa Morikawa, Wataru Ariyoshi, Ryota Yamasaki Antibiotics.2025; 14(1): 36. CrossRef
Molecular physiological characterization of the dynamics of persister formation in
Staphylococcus aureus
Shiqi Liu, Yixuan Huang, Sean Jensen, Paul Laman, Gertjan Kramer, Sebastian A. J. Zaat, Stanley Brul, Benjamin P. Howden Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of Clostridioides difficile Persister Cells and Their Role in Antibiotic Tolerance Osvaldo Inostroza, Juan A. Fuentes, Paulina Yáñez, Giovanni Espinoza, Omar Fica, Camila Queraltó, José Rodríguez, Isidora Flores, Ruth González, Jorge A. Soto, Iván L. Calderón, Fernando Gil Microorganisms.2024; 12(7): 1394. CrossRef
Toxin/antitoxin systems induce persistence and work in concert with restriction/modification systems to inhibit phage Laura Fernández-García, Sooyeon Song, Joy Kirigo, Michael E. Battisti, Maiken E. Petersen, María Tomás, Thomas K. Wood, M. -N. Frances Yap Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Ribosomal dormancy at the nexus of ribosome homeostasis and protein synthesis Saloni Koli, Sunil Shetty BioEssays.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cyclic di-GMP as an antitoxin regulates bacterial genome stability and antibiotic persistence in biofilms Hebin Liao, Xiaodan Yan, Chenyi Wang, Chun Huang, Wei Zhang, Leyi Xiao, Jun Jiang, Yongjia Bao, Tao Huang, Hanbo Zhang, Chunming Guo, Yufeng Zhang, Yingying Pu eLife.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Unveiling the critical roles of cellular metabolism suppression in antibiotic tolerance Sayed Golam Mohiuddin, Han Ngo, Mehmet A. Orman npj Antimicrobials and Resistance.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular typing and genome sequencing allow the identification of persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains and the tracking of the contamination source in food environments R. Lucchini, L. Carraro, M. Pauletto, M. Gallo, N.A. Andreani, G. Weiss, C. Tessaro, M. Babbucci, B. Cardazzo International Journal of Food Microbiology.2023; 386: 110025. CrossRef
Staphylococcus aureus Dormancy: Waiting for Insurgency Ahmad Nasser, Shiva Jahanbakhshi, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Maryam Banar, Azin Sattari-Maraji, Taher Azimi Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.2023; 24(15): 1898. CrossRef
Persister Cell Formation and Elevated lsrA and lsrC Gene Expression upon Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure in a Periodontal Pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Yohei Nakamura, Koji Watanabe, Yoshie Yoshioka, Wataru Ariyoshi, Ryota Yamasaki Microorganisms.2023; 11(6): 1402. CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of the initial wake up of vibrio splendidus persister cells Guohua Jiang, Ya Li, Jinxia Zhang, Weisheng Li, Wei Dang, Weiwei Zhang World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Exposure to stressors and antimicrobials induces cell-autonomous ultrastructural heterogeneity of an intracellular bacterial pathogen Marc Schulte, Michael Hensel, Katarzyna Miskiewicz Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Feasibility of novel approaches to detect viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the spectrum of the tuberculosis disease Sogol Alebouyeh, Brian Weinrick, Jacqueline M. Achkar, Maria J. García, Rafael Prados-Rosales Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Overexpression of a DNA Methyltransferase Increases Persister Cell Formation in Acinetobacter baumannii Hyunkeun Kim, Jee Hong Kim, Hongbaek Cho, Kwan Soo Ko, Minsu Kim Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Rare UV-resistant cells in clonal populations of Escherichia coli Shunsuke Ichikawa, Mika Okazaki, Mina Okamura, Norihiro Nishimura, Hideto Miyake Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.2022; 231: 112448. CrossRef
Contribution of Drugs Interfering with Protein and Cell Wall Synthesis to the Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms: An In Vitro Model Gianmarco Mangiaterra, Elisa Carotti, Salvatore Vaiasicca, Nicholas Cedraro, Barbara Citterio, Anna La Teana, Francesca Biavasco International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(4): 1628. CrossRef
Cellular Self-Digestion and Persistence in Bacteria Sayed Golam Mohiuddin, Sreyashi Ghosh, Han G. Ngo, Shayne Sensenbach, Prashant Karki, Narendra K. Dewangan, Vahideh Angardi, Mehmet A. Orman Microorganisms.2021; 9(11): 2269. CrossRef
The progress of type II persisters of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to a non-culturable state during prolonged exposure to antibiotic stress with revival being aided through acid-shock treatment and provision of methyl pyruvate Heather Chen, Andrew Green, Kailey Martz, Xueyang Wu, Abdulhakeem Alzahrani, Keith Warriner Canadian Journal of Microbiology.2021; 67(7): 518. CrossRef
RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Bacteria: Impact on Host Adaptation and Virulence Laura Antoine, Roberto Bahena-Ceron, Heemee Devi Bunwaree, Martin Gobry, Victor Loegler, Pascale Romby, Stefano Marzi Genes.2021; 12(8): 1125. CrossRef
Self-healing functionalization of sulfonated hafnium oxide and copper oxide nanocomposite for effective biocidal control of multidrug-resistant bacteria Ranjith Kumar Manoharan, Prakash Gangadaran, Sivasankaran Ayyaru, Byeong-Cheol Ahn, Young-Ho Ahn New Journal of Chemistry.2021; 45(21): 9506. CrossRef
Are we really studying persister cells? Sooyeon Song, Thomas K. Wood Environmental Microbiology Reports.2021; 13(1): 3. CrossRef
Antibiotic tolerance is associated with a broad and complex transcriptional response in E. coli Heather S. Deter, Tahmina Hossain, Nicholas C. Butzin Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Vibrio splendidus persister cells induced by host coelomic fluids show a similar phenotype to antibiotic‐induced counterparts Yanan Li, Thomas K. Wood, Weiwei Zhang, Chenghua Li Environmental Microbiology.2021; 23(9): 5605. CrossRef
Ciprofloxacin-induced persister-cells in Campylobacter jejuni
Armen Ovsepian, Marianne Halberg Larsen, Christina Skovgaard Vegge, Hanne Ingmer
Microbiology
.2020; 166(9): 849. CrossRef
Reactive Oxygen Species Penetrate Persister Cell Membranes of Escherichia coli for Effective Cell Killing Aki Kawano, Ryota Yamasaki, Tatsuya Sakakura, Yoshiyuki Takatsuji, Tetsuya Haruyama, Yoshie Yoshioka, Wataru Ariyoshi Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Persister cells resuscitate via ribosome modification by 23S rRNA pseudouridine synthase RluD Sooyeon Song, Thomas K. Wood Environmental Microbiology.2020; 22(3): 850. CrossRef
Evidence of defined temporal expression patterns that lead a gram-negative cell out of dormancy Nandhini Ashok, Carl E. Bauer, Cinthia Núñez PLOS Genetics.2020; 16(3): e1008660. CrossRef
Role of Tobramycin in the Induction and Maintenance of Viable but Non-Culturable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an In Vitro Biofilm Model Gianmarco Mangiaterra, Nicholas Cedraro, Salvatore Vaiasicca, Barbara Citterio, Roberta Galeazzi, Emiliano Laudadio, Giovanna Mobbili, Cristina Minnelli, Davide Bizzaro, Francesca Biavasco Antibiotics.2020; 9(7): 399. CrossRef
‘Artemisinin Resistance’: Something New or Old? Something of a Misnomer? Thomas E. Wellems, Juliana M. Sá, Xin-zhuan Su, Sean V. Connelly, Angela C. Ellis Trends in Parasitology.2020; 36(9): 735. CrossRef
Leveraging Peptide Substrate Libraries to Design Inhibitors of Bacterial Lon Protease Brett M. Babin, Paulina Kasperkiewicz, Tomasz Janiszewski, Euna Yoo, Marcin Dra̧g, Matthew Bogyo ACS Chemical Biology.2019; 14(11): 2453. CrossRef
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems and Bacterial Persistence (Review) M. V. Zamakhaev, A. V. Goncharenko, M. S. Shumkov Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology.2019; 55(6): 571. CrossRef
Identification of a potent indigoid persister antimicrobial by screening dormant cells Sooyeon Song, Ting Gong, Ryota Yamasaki, Jun‐Seob Kim, Thomas K. Wood Biotechnology and Bioengineering.2019; 116(9): 2263. CrossRef
Perspectives towards antibiotic resistance: from molecules to population Joon-Hee Lee Journal of Microbiology.2019; 57(3): 181. CrossRef
L-Tryptophan Represses Persister Formation via Inhibiting Bacterial Motility and Promoting Antibiotics Absorption Yan Li, Bo Liu, Jingjing Guo, Hua Cong, Shenyi He, Huaiyu Zhou, Faliang Zhu, Qun Wang, Lining Zhang Future Microbiology.2019; 14(9): 757. CrossRef
The aim of this study was an analysis of the staphylococcal flora of the nasal cavity of 42 healthy horses from 4 farms, along with species identification of CoNS isolates and determination of resistance to 18 antimicrobial agents, particularly phenotypic and genotypic methicillin resistance. From the 81 swabs, 87 staphylococci were isolated. All isolates possessed the gap gene but the coa gene was not detected in any of these isolates. Using PCR-RFLP of the gap gene, 82.8% of CoNS were identified: S. equorum (14.9%), S. warneri (14.9%), S. sciuri (12.6%), S. vitulinus (12.6%), S. xylosus (11.5% ), S. felis (5.7%), S. haemolyticus (3.4%), S. simulans(3.4%), S. capitis (1.1%), S. chromogenes (1.1%), and S. cohnii subsp. urealyticus (1.1%). To our knowledge, this was the first isolation of S. felis from a horse. The species identity of the remaining Staphylococcus spp. isolates (17.2%) could not be determined from the gap gene PCR-RFLP analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. Based on 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer PCR, 11 different ITS-PCR profiles were identified for the 87 analyzed isolates. Results of API Staph were consistent with molecular identification of 17 (19.5%) isolates. Resistance was detected to only 1 or 2 of the 18 antimicrobial agents tested in the 17.2% CoNS isolates, including 6.9% MRCoNS. The mecA gene was detected in each of the 5 (5.7%) phenotypically cefoxitin-resistant isolates and in 12 (13.8%) isolates susceptible to cefoxitin. In total, from 12 horses (28.6%), 17 (19.5%) MRCoNS were isolated. The highest percentage of MRCoNS was noted among S. sciuri isolates (100%).
Iron increased the susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to quinolones. In the presence of iron, increased susceptibilities to ofloxacin were observed in twenty-six out of thirty isolates and with no change in four isolates. In the case of norfloxacin, iron increased susceptibilities of twelve isolates but did not render any change in eighteen isolates. In the case of ciprofloxacin, iron decreased the MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) of twenty isolates, increased the MIC of one isolate, and did not change the MICs of nine isolates. To find out how iron increased susceptibility to ofloxacin, bacterial cells were grown in Muller Hinton (MH) media and succinate minimal media (SMM) to induce iron acquisition systems and the intracellular ofloxacin concentrations were assayed in the presence of iron. The addition of iron to the media decreased the MICs of cells whether they were grown in MH or SMM. Siderophores, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (an inhibitor of proton motive force), and ouabain (an inhibitor of ATPase) did not decrease the effect of iron. Results suggested that the increase in the intracellular ofloxacin concentration by iron is accomplished not by decreasing the efflux but by increasing the ofloxacin permeability.