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- Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase reciprocally regulate glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in Candida albicans
- Sa-Ouk Kang , Min-Kyu Kwak
- J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):76-91. Published online December 23, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0552-7
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Abstract
- Glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity controls cellular glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated two predominant methylglyoxal scavengers– NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1)–in glutathione-depleted γ- glutamyl cysteinyl synthetase-disrupted Candida albicans. However, experimental evidence for Candida pathophysiology lacking the enzyme activities of Mgd1 and Adh1 on glutathione- dependent redox regulation remains unclear. Herein, we have aimed to demonstrate that glutathione-dependent enzyme activities coupled with cellular ROS changes is regulated by methylglyoxal accumulation in Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptants. Δmgd1/Δadh1 showed severe growth defects and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. The observed complementary and reciprocal methylglyoxal-oxidizing and methylglyoxalreducing activities between Δmgd1 and Δadh1 were not always exhibited in Δmgd1/Δadh1. Although intracellular accumulation of methylglyoxal and pyruvate was shown in all disruptants, to a greater or lesser degree, methylglyoxal was particularly accumulated in the Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptant. While cellular ROS significantly increased in Δmgd1 and Δadh1 as compared to the wild-type, Δmgd1/Δadh1 underwent a decrease in ROS in contrast to Δadh1. Despite the experimental findings underlining the importance of the undergoing unbalanced redox state of Δmgd1/Δadh1, glutathione- independent antioxidative enzyme activities did not change during proliferation and filamentation. Contrary to the significantly lowered glutathione content and Glr1 enzyme activity, the activity staining-based glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly increased in this mutant. Additionally, the enhanced GLR1 transcript supported our results in Δmgd1/Δadh1, indicating that deficiencies of both Adh1 and Mgd1 activities stimulate specific glutathione-dependent enzyme activities. This suggests that glutathione-dependent redox regulation is evidently linked to C. albicans pathogenicity under the control of methylglyoxal-scavenging activities.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants
Sampurna Garai, Bidisha Bhowal, Mayank Gupta, Sudhir K Sopory, Sneh L. Singla-Pareek, Ashwani Pareek, Charanpreet Kaur
Plant Science.2024; 338: 111922. CrossRef -
Roles of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 in the biological activities of
Candida albicans
Ziqi Wang, Qi Zhang, Haoying Zhang, Yuanyuan Lu
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2024; : 1. CrossRef
- Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Increased Carotenoid Production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous G276 Using Plant Extracts
- Soo-Ki Kim , Jun-Hyeong Lee , Chi-Ho Lee , Yoh-Chang Yoon
- J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):128-132.
- DOI: https://doi.org/2523 [pii]
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Abstract
- The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (previously named Phaffia rhodozyma) produces astaxanthin pigment among many carotenoids. The mutant X. dendrorhous G276 was isolated by chemical mutagenesis. The mutant produced about 2.0 mg of carotenoid per g of yeast cell dry weight and 8.0 mg/L of carotenoid after 5 days batch culture with YM media; in comparison, the parent strain produced 0.66 mg/g of yeast cell dry weight and a carotenoid concentration of 4.5 mg/L. We characterized the utilization of carbon sources by the mutant strain and screened various edible plant extracts to enhance the carotenoid production. The addition of Perilla frutescens (final concentration, 5%) or Allium fistulosum extracts (final concentration, 1%) enhanced the pigment production to about 32 mg/L. In a batch fermentor, addition of Perilla frutescens extract reduced the cultivation time by two days compared to control (no extract), which usually required five-day incubation to fully produce astaxanthin. The results suggest that plant extracts such as Perilla frutescens can effectively enhance astaxanthin production.
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