Norovirus (NoV) is the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Vitamin A has demonstrated the
potential to protect against gastrointestinal infections. However, the effects of vitamin A on human norovirus (HuNoV)
infections remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how vitamin A administration affects NoV replication.
We demonstrated that treatment with retinol or retinoic acid (RA) inhibited NoV replication in vitro based on their effects
on HuNoV replicon-bearing cells and murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) replication in murine cells. MNV replication in vitro
showed significant transcriptomic changes, which were partially reversed by retinol treatment. RNAi knockdown of CCL6,
a chemokine gene that was downregulated by MNV infection but upregulated by retinol administration, resulted in increased
MNV replication in vitro. This suggested a role of CCL6 in the host response to MNV infections. Similar gene expression
patterns were observed in the murine intestine after oral administration of RA and/or MNV-1.CW1. CCL6 directly decreased
HuNoV replication in HG23 cells, and might indirectly regulate the immune response against NoV infection. Finally, relative
replication levels of MNV-1.CW1 and MNV-1.CR6 were significantly increased in CCL6 knockout RAW 264.7 cells. This
study is the first to comprehensively profile transcriptomes in response to NoV infection and vitamin A treatment in vitro,
and thus may provide new insights into dietary prophylaxis and NoV infections.
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) is an important zoonotic
pathogen that presents a significant threat both to pigs
and to workers in the pork industry. The initial steps of S. suis
2 pathogenesis are unclear. In this study, we found that the
type II histidine triad protein HtpsC from the highly virulent
Chinese isolate 05ZYH33 is structurally similar to internalin
A (InlA) from Listeria monocytogenes, which plays an important
role in mediating listerial invasion of epithelial cells. To
determine if HtpsC and InlA function similarly, an isogenic
htpsC mutant (ΔhtpsC) was generated in S. suis by homologous
recombination. The htpsC deletion strain exhibited a
diminished ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells from
different sources. Double immunofluorescence microscopy
also revealed reduced survival of the ΔhtpsC mutant after cocultivation
with epithelium. Adhesion to epithelium and invasion
by the wild type strain was inhibited by a monoclonal
antibody against E-cadherin. In contrast, the htpsC-deficient
mutant was unaffected by the same treatment, suggesting that
E-cadherin is the host-cell receptor that interacts with HtpsC
and facilitates bacterial internalization. Based on these results,
we propose that HtpsC is involved in the process by which
S. suis 2 penetrates host epithelial cells, and that this protein
is an important virulence factor associated with cell adhesion
and invasion.
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Our understanding of the interactions between microbial communities
and their niche in the host gut has improved owing
to recent advances in environmental microbial genomics.
Integration of metagenomic and metataxonomic sequencing
data with other omics data to study the gut microbiome
has become increasingly common, but downstream analysis
after data integration and interpretation of complex omics
data remain challenging. Here, we review studies that have
explored the gut microbiome signature using omics approaches,
including metagenomics, metataxonomics, metatranscriptomics,
and metabolomics. We further discuss recent
analytics programs to analyze and integrate multi-omics datasets
and further utilization of omics data with other advanced
techniques, such as adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing,
microbial culturomics, and machine learning, to
evaluate important microbiome characteristics in the gut.
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An obligate anaerobic, Gram-reaction-negative, non-sporeforming,
non-motile, rod shaped bacterium designated YMC
B3181T was isolated from the blood of a patient with peritonitis.
Strain B3181T grew at 20 to 40°C with optimum growth
at 37°C. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed strain
B3181T belongs to the genus Parabacteroides and is closely
related to Parabacteroides faecis 157T (97.3%), Parabacteroides
gordonii MS-1T (96.6%), and Parabacteroides goldsteinii
DSM 19448T (95.7%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA
was 42.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-
C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH, and the predominant respiratory
quinones were MK-9 and MK-10 menaquinones. Genomic
and chemotaxonomic data supported affiliation of B3181T
with the genus Parabacteroides. Strain B3181T was phylogenetically
and phenotypically different from recognized species
of the genus Parabacteroides. Accordingly, this isolate
belongs to a novel species for which the name Parabacteroides
chongii sp. nov. (type strain YMC B3181T = LMG
30065T = KACC 19034T) is proposed.
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A Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming
bacterial strain, designated YN3PY1T, was isolated from a
chloroethene-dechlorinating consortium originally enriched
from river sediment. The strain enhanced the dechlorination
of cis-dichloroethene to ethene by Dehalococcoides, especially
at the early stages of cultivation. Strain YN3PY1T was
the first isolate of the genus Bacteroides, obtained from animal-
independent environments, and its 16S rRNA gene had
the highest sequence similarity (97.1%) with Bacteroides luti
JCM 19020T in the ‘Coprosuis’ clade of the genus Bacteroides.
Strain YN3PY1T formed a phylogenetic cluster with other
phylotypes detected from sediments and paddy soil, and the
cluster was affiliated with a linage of so-called free-living
Bacteroides detected from animal-independent environments,
suggesting specific adaptations to sediment-like environments.
The strain showed typical phenotypes of Bacteroides, i.e.,
polysaccharolytic anaerobe having anteiso-C15:0 as the most
abundant fatty acid and MK-11 as one of the major respiratory
quinones. Additionally, the strain uniquely transforms
glucose to lactate and malate, has MK-12 as another major
respiratory quinone, and grows at comparatively low temperatures,
i.e. 10–40°C, with an optimum at 28°C. Based on
the presented data, strain YN3PY1T (= KCTC 15656T = NBRC
113168T) can be proposed as a novel species of the genus
Bacteroides and named as Bacteroides sedimenti sp. nov.
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Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common
nosocomial infections. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota
due to consumption of antibiotics is a major contributor to
CDI. Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has
been applied to treat CDI. However, FMT has important limitations
including uncontrolled exposure to pathogens and
standardization issues. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate
alternative treatment methods, such as bacteriotherapy, as
well as the mechanism through which beneficial bacteria inhibit
the growth of C. difficile. Here, we report bile acid-mediated
inhibition of C. difficile by Bacteroides strains which
can produce bile salt hydrolase (BSH). Bacteroides strains
are not commonly used to treat CDI; however, as they comprise
a large proportion of the intestinal microbiota, they can
contribute to bile acid-mediated inhibition of C. difficile. The
inhibitory effect on C. difficile growth increased with increasing
bile acid concentration in the presence of Bacteroides
ovatus SNUG 40239. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect on
C. difficile growth was significantly attenuated when bile acid
availability was reduced by cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant.
The findings of this study are important due to
the discovery of a new bacterial strain that in the presence
of available bile acids inhibits growth of C. difficile. These results will facilitate development of novel bacteriotherapy
strategies to control CDI.
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Specific fecal DNA markers were investigated for major pollution sources, cow, human, and pig, and occurrence of the identified markers was analyzed in river waters using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) techniques and sequencing of 16S rDNA of Bacteroides-Prevotella. The unique and specific DNA markers for cow and human were identified as a 222 bp and 60 bp peak in HaeIII T-RFLP profiles, respectively, and the pig-specific marker was not identified but the unique T-RFLP profile of pig could be used as a substitution. Human-specific marker was detected in most of the river waters tested (92.1%) and T-RFLP profiles of river waters were shown to be similar to those of human feces. Cluster analysis of T-RFLP data showed that the fecal sources were multiple (human plus cow and human plus dairy cow) in most of the river waters. The phylogenetic analysis for the clones recovered from the fecal and water samples showed that the clones from cow formed a discreet cluster from those of other sources. The other clones from human, pig, and river water formed two groups all together. The results of this study could be used to identify and control the fecal pollution source in the bodies of water in Korea.