Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Inhibition of Virulence Associated Traits by β-Sitosterol Isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flowers Against Candida albicans: Mechanistic Insight and Molecular Docking Studies: Pallvi Mohana, Atamjit Singh, Farhana Rashid, Sharabjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur, Rupali Rana, Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi, Neena Bedi, Rajinder Kaur, Saroj Arora; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1165-1175. Published online November 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00174-5

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Abstract: The emerging drug resistance and lack of safer and more potent antifungal agents make Candida infections another hot topic in the healthcare system. At the same time, the potential of plant products in developing novel antifungal drugs is also in the limelight. Considering these facts, we have investigated the different extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of the Malvaceae family for their antifungal efficacy against five different pathogenic Candida strains. Among the various extracts, the chloroform extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (26.6 ± 0.5 mm) against the Candida albicans strain. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction was isolated, and a sterol compound was identified as β-sitosterol. Mechanistic studies were conducted to understand the mechanism of action, and the results showed that β-sitosterol has significant antifungal activity and is capable of interrupting biofilm formation and acts by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans cells. Microscopic and molecular docking studies confirmed these findings. Overall, the study validates the antifungal efficacy of Candida albicans due to the presence of β-sitosterol which can act as an effective constituent for antifungal drug development individually or in combination.

Lipoteichoic Acid from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG as a Novel Intracanal Medicament Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation: Ji-Young Yoon, Somin Park, Dongwook Lee, Ok-Jin Park, WooCheol Lee, Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):897-905. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00165-6

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Abstract: The demand for safe and effective endodontic medicaments to control Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, a contributor to apical periodontitis, is increasing. Recently, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of family Lactobacillaceae has been shown to have anti-biofilm effects against various oral pathogens. Preliminary experiments showed that LTA purified from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (Lgg.LTA) was the most effective against E. faecalis biofilms among LTAs from three Lactobacillaceae including L. rhamnosus GG, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential of Lgg.LTA as an intracanal medicament in human root canals infected with E. faecalis. Twenty eight dentinal cylinders were prepared from extracted human teeth, where two-week-old E. faecalis biofilms were formed followed by intracanal treatment with sterile distilled water (SDW), N-2 methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), calcium hydroxide (CH), or Lgg.LTA. Bacteria and biofilms that formed in the root canals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The remaining E. faecalis cells in the root canals after intracanal medicament treatment were enumerated by culturing and counting. When applied to intracanal biofilms, Lgg.LTA effectively inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation as much as CH, while SDW and NMP had little effect. Furthermore, Lgg.LTA reduced both live and dead bacteria within the dentinal tubules, indicating the possibility of minimal re-infection in the root canals. Collectively, intracanal application of Lgg.LTA effectively inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation, implying that Lgg.LTA can be used as a novel endodontic medicament.

Enterococcus Phage vB_EfaS_HEf13 as an Anti-Biofilm Agent Against Enterococcus faecalis: Dongwook Lee, Jintaek Im, A Reum Kim, Woohyung Jun, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):683-693. Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00150-z

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Abstract: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is frequently found in the periapical lesion of patients with apical periodontitis. Its biofilm formation in root canal is closely related to the development of refractory apical periodontitis by providing increased resistance to endodontic treatments. Phage therapy has recently been considered as an efficient therapeutic strategy in controlling various periodontal pathogens. We previously demonstrated the bactericidal capacities of Enterococcus phage vB_EfaS_HEf13 (phage HEf13) against clinically-isolated E. faecalis strains. Here, we investigated whether phage HEf13 affects biofilm formation and pre-formed biofilm of clinically-isolated E. faecalis, and its combinatory effect with endodontic treatments, including chlorhexidine (CHX) and penicillin. The phage HEf13 inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted pre-formed biofilms of E. faecalis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, phage HEf13 destroyed E. faecalis biofilm exopolysaccharide (EPS), which is known to be a major component of bacterial biofilm. Furthermore, combined treatment of phage HEf13 with CHX or penicillin more potently inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted pre-formed biofilm than either treatment alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopic examination demonstrated that these additive effects of the combination treatments on disruption of pre-formed biofilm are mediated by relatively enhanced reduction in thickness distribution and biomass of biofilm. Collectively, our results suggest that the effect of phage HEf13 on E. faecalis biofilm is mediated by its EPS-degrading property, and its combination with endodontic treatments more potently suppresses E. faecalis biofilm, implying that phage HEf13 has potential to be used as a combination therapy against E. faecalis infections.

Phylogenetic Assessment of Understudied Families in Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota, Fungi)-Reporting Uncovered Species and Reflecting the Recent Taxonomic Updates in the Republic of Korea: Yoonhee Cho, Dohye Kim, Young Woon Lim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):429-447. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00120-5

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Abstract: Hymenochaetales Oberw. is an order classified in Basidiomycota of Fungi, and species in this order display notable diversity. They exhibit various fruiting body shapes, including clavarioid, effused-reflexed, and resupinate basidiomes. Few mycorrhizal species have been reported in Hymenochaetales, but wood-decaying species dominate the order. Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki and Schizoporaceae Jülich are the most species-rich families within Hymenochaetales, and most species in the Republic of Korea belong to these two families. As such, current taxonomic classification and nomenclature are not reflected upon species in the remaining Hymenochaetales families. For this study, a multifaceted morphological and multigenetic marker-based phylogenetic investigation was conducted to, firstly, comprehensively identify understudied Hymenochaetales specimens in Korea and, secondly, reflect the updates on the species classification. Five genetic markers were assessed for the phylogenetic analysis: nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nSSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 gene (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1 gene (TEF1). The results from phylogenetic analysis supported 18 species classified under eight families (excluding Hymenochaetaceae and Schizoporaceae) in Korea. Species formerly placed in Rickenellaceae and Trichaptum sensu lato have been systematically revised based on recent taxonomic reconstructions. In addition, our findings revealed one new species, Rickenella umbelliformis, and identified five formerly nationally unreported species classified under five understudied families. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of Hymenochaetales diversity and highlight the need for continued research.

[Protocol] Use of Cas9 Targeting and Red Recombination for Designer Phage Engineering: Shin-Yae Choi , Danitza Xiomara Romero-Calle , Han-Gyu Cho , Hee-Won Bae , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):1-10. Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00107-2

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Abstract

Bacteriophages (phages) are natural antibiotics and biological nanoparticles, whose application is significantly boosted by recent advances of synthetic biology tools. Designer phages are synthetic phages created by genome engineering in a way to increase the benefits or decrease the drawbacks of natural phages. Here we report the development of a straightforward genome engineering method to efficiently obtain engineered phages in a model bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This was achieved by eliminating the wild type phages based on the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and facilitating the recombinant generation based on the Red recombination system of the coliphage λ (λRed). The producer (PD) cells of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was created by miniTn7-based chromosomal integration of the genes for SpCas9 and λRed under an inducible promoter. To validate the efficiency of the recombinant generation, we created the fluorescent phages from a temperate phage MP29. A plasmid bearing the single guide RNA (sgRNA) gene for selectively targeting the wild type gp35 gene and the editing template for tagging the Gp35 with superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) was introduced into the PD cells by electroporation. We found that the targeting efficiency was affected by the position and number of sgRNA. The fluorescent phage particles were efficiently recovered from the culture of the PD cells expressing dual sgRNA molecules. This protocol can be used to create designer phages in P. aeruginosa for both application and research purposes.

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Pilin regions that select for the small RNA phages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus
Hee-Won Bae, Hyeong-Jun Ki, Shin-Yae Choi, You-Hee Cho, Kristin N. Parent
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics of bioaerosols under high-ozone periods, haze episodes, dust storms, and normal days in Xi’an, China
Yiming Yang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyan Hu, Zhenxing Shen
Particuology.2024; 90: 140. CrossRef
Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline
Dale W. Griffin, Nilgün Kubilay, Mustafa Koçak, Mike A. Gray, Timothy C. Borden, Eugene A. Shinn
Atmospheric Environment.2007; 41(19): 4050. CrossRef

Functional Characterization of DNA N‑Glycosylase Ogg1 and Ntg1 in DNA Damage Stress of Cryptococcus neoformans: Kwang-Woo Jung , Sunhak Kwon , Jong-Hyun Jung , Sangyong Lim , Yong-Sun Bahn; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):981-992. Published online December 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00092-y

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Abstract: Reactive oxygen species induce DNA strand breaks and DNA oxidation. DNA oxidation leads to DNA mismatches, resulting in mutations in the genome if not properly repaired. Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) are required for DNA strand breaks, whereas the base excision repair system mainly repairs oxidized DNAs, such as 8-oxoguanine and thymine glycol, by cleaving the glycosidic bond, inserting correct nucleotides, and sealing the gap. Our previous studies revealed that the Rad53-Bdr1 pathway mainly controls DNA strand breaks through the regulation of HRand NHEJ-related genes. However, the functional roles of genes involved in the base excision repair system remain elusive in Cryptococcus neoformans. In the present study, we identified OGG1 and NTG1 genes in the base excision repair system of C. neoformans, which are involved in DNA oxidation repair. The expression of OGG1 was induced in a Hog1-dependent manner under oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of NTG1 was strongly induced by DNA damage stress in a Rad53-independent manner. We demonstrated that the deletion of NTG1, but not OGG1, resulted in elevated susceptibility to DNA damage agents and oxidative stress inducers. Notably, the ntg1Δ mutant showed growth defects upon antifungal drug treatment. Although deletion of OGG1 or NTG1 did not increase mutation rates, the mutation profile of each ogg1Δ and ntg1Δ mutant was different from that of the wild-type strain. Taken together, we found that DNA N-glycosylase Ntg1 is required for oxidative DNA damage stress and antifungal drug resistance in C. neoformans.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk‑Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Abirami Arasu , Nagaram Prabha , Durga Devi , Praveen Kumar Issac , Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Reem A. Aljeidi , Dina S. Hussein , Magesh Mohan , Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb , Ajay Guru , Jesu Arockiaraj; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):993-1011. Published online December 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00086-w

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Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances, serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical tests, FTIR, and GC–MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A. cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly targeting its virulence.

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Cultural Perspectives on the Sustainable Use and Added Value of Plant-Based Food Dyes—A Case Study from Bulgaria
Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Dessislava Dimitrova
Sustainability.2024; 16(20): 9049. CrossRef

Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeographic Dynamics of Echovirus: Yan Wang , Pir Tariq Shah , Yue Liu , Amina Nawal Bahoussi , Li Xing; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(9):865-877. Published online September 15, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00078-w

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Abstract: Echoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family, forming a large group of Enterovirus B (EVB) within the Enteroviruses. Previously, Echoviruses were classified based on the coding sequence of VP1. In this study, we performed a reliable phylogenetic classification of 277 sequences isolated from 1992 to 2019 based on the full-length genomes of Echovirus. In this report, phylogenetic, phylogeographic, recombination, and amino acid variability landscape analyses were performed to reveal the evolutional characteristics of Echovirus worldwide. Echoviruses were clustered into nine major clades, e.g., G1–G9. Phylogeographic analysis showed that branches G2–G9 were linked to common strains, while the branch G1 was only linked to G5. In contrast, strains E12, E14, and E16 clustered separately from their G3 and G7 clades respectively, and became a separate branch. In addition, we identified a total of 93 recombination events, where most of the events occurred within the VP1-VP4 coding regions. Analysis of amino acid variation showed high variability in the a positions of VP2, VP1, and VP3. This study updates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of Echovirus and indicates that extensive recombination and significant amino acid variation in the capsid proteins drove the emergence of new strains.

Identification and Functional Analysis of Acyl‑Acyl Carrier Protein Δ9 Desaturase from Nannochloropsis oceanica: Ruigang Yang , Hui Wang , Lingyun Zhu , Lvyun Zhu , Tianzhong Liu , Dongyi Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(1):95-107. Published online January 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-00001-9

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Abstract: The oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica strain IMET1 has attracted increasing attention as a promising photosynthetic cell factory due to its unique excellent capacity to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols and eicosapentaenoic acid. To complete the genomic annotation for genes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of N. oceanica, we conducted the present study to identify a novel candidate gene encoding the archetypical chloroplast stromal acyl-acyl carrier protein Δ9 desaturase. The full-length cDNA was generated using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends, and the structure of the coding region interrupted by four introns was determined. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated the upregulated transcriptional abundance of this gene under nitrogen starvation condition. Fluorescence localization studies using EGFP-fused protein revealed that the translated protein was localized in chloroplast stroma. The catalytic activity of the translated protein was characterized by inducible expression in Escherichia coli and a mutant yeast strain BY4389, indicating its potential desaturated capacity for palmitoyl-ACP (C16:0-ACP) and stearoyl-ACP (C18:0-ACP). Further functional complementation assay using BY4839 on plate demonstrated that the expressed enzyme restored the biosynthesis of oleic acid. These results support the desaturated activity of the expressed protein in chloroplast stroma to fulfill the biosynthesis and accumulation of monounsaturated fatty acids in N. oceanica strain IMET1.

Analysis of phylogenetic markers for classification of a hydrogen peroxide producing Streptococcus oralis isolated from saliva by a newly devised differential medium: Ha Pham , Thi Dieu Thuy Tran , Youri Yang , Jae-Hyung Ahn , Hor-Gil Hur , Yong-Hak Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(8):795-805. Published online July 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2261-2

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced by alpha-hemolytic streptococci in aerobic conditions. However, the suitable method for detection of H2O2-producing streptococci in oral microbiota has not been setup. Here we show that o-dianisidine dye and horseradish peroxidase were useful in tryptic soy agar medium to detect and isolate H2O2-producing bacteria with the detection limit of one target colony in > 106 colony-forming units. As a proof, we isolated the strain HP01 (KCTC 21190) from a saliva sample using the medium and analyzed its characteristics. Further tests showed that the strain HP01 belongs to Streptococcus oralis in the Mitis group and characteristically forms short-chain streptococcal cells with a high capacity of acid tolerance and biofilm formation. The genome analysis revealed divergence of the strain HP01 from the type strains of S. oralis. They showed distinctive phylogenetic distances in their ROS-scavenging proteins, including superoxide dismutase SodA, thioredoxin TrxA, thioredoxin reductase TrxB, thioredoxin-like protein YtpP, and glutaredoxin- like protein NrdH, as well as a large number of antimicrobial resistance genes and horizontally transferred genes. The concatenated ROS-scavenging protein sequence can be used to identify and evaluate Streptococcus species and subspecies based on phylogenetic analysis.

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Alleviation of H2O2 toxicity by extracellular catalases in the phycosphere of Microcystis aeruginosa
Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Yeji Cha, Minkyung Kim, Woojun Park
Harmful Algae.2024; 137: 102680. CrossRef

Differences in the methanogen community between the nearshore and offshore sediments of the South Yellow Sea: Ye Chen , Yu Zhen , Jili Wan , Siqi Li , Jiayin Liu , Guodong Zhang , Tiezhu Mi; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(8):814-822. Published online July 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2022-2

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Abstract

The differences in methanogen abundance and community composition were investigated between nearshore and offshore sediments in the South Yellow Sea (SYS). Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indices revealed a higher diversity of methanogens in the nearshore sediments than in the offshore sediments. The Mann–Whitney U test demonstrated that the relative abundance of Methanococcoides was significantly higher in the offshore sediments, while the relative abundances of Methanogenium, Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, Methanolinea, and Methanomassiliicoccus were significantly higher in the nearshore sediments (P < 0.05). The abundance of the mcrA gene in the nearshore sediments was significantly higher than that in the offshore sediments. Furthermore, a similar vertical distribution of the methanogen and sulfatereducing bacteria (SRB) abundances was observed in the SYS sediments, implying there is potential cooperation between these two functional microbes in this environment. Finally, total organic carbon (TOC) was significantly correlated with methanogen community composition.

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Methylmercury cycling in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea: Reasons for the low system efficiency of methylmercury production
Lufeng Chen, Guoyi Cheng, Zhengwen Zhou, Yong Liang, Zhijia Ci, Yongguang Yin, Guangliang Liu, Yong Cai, Yanbin Li
Water Research.2024; 258: 121792. CrossRef
Diversity, composition, metabolic characteristics, and assembly process of the microbial community in sewer system at the early stage
Yiming Yuan, Guangyi Zhang, Hongyuan Fang, Haifeng Guo, Yongkang Li, Zezhuang Li, Siwei Peng, Fuming Wang
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2024; 31(9): 13075. CrossRef
Improved Quantitative Real-Time PCR Protocol for Detection and Quantification of Methanogenic Archaea in Stool Samples
Agata Anna Cisek, Iwona Bąk, Bożena Cukrowska
Microorganisms.2023; 11(3): 660. CrossRef

Predicting quorum sensing peptides using stacked generalization ensemble with gradient boosting based feature selection: Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan , Rahul Suresh , Kannapiran Ponraj; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):756-765. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2044-9

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Abstract

Bacteria exist in natural environments for most of their life as complex, heterogeneous, and multicellular aggregates. Under these circumstances, critical cell functions are controlled by several signaling molecules known as quorum sensing (QS) molecules. In Gram-positive bacteria, peptides are deployed as QS molecules. The development of antibodies against such QS molecules has been identified as a promising therapeutic intervention for bacterial control. Hence, the identification of QS peptides has received considerable attention. Availability of a fast and reliable predictive model to effectively identify QS peptides can help the existing high throughput experiments. In this study, a stacked generalization ensemble model with Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM)-based feature selection, namely EnsembleQS was developed to predict QS peptides with high accuracy. On selected GBM features (791D), the EnsembleQS outperformed finely tuned baseline classifiers and demonstrated robust performance, indicating the superiority of the model. The accuracy of EnsembleQS is 4% higher than those resulting from ensemble model on hybrid dataset. When evaluating an independent data set of 40 QS peptides, the EnsembleQS model showed an accuracy of 93.4% with Matthew’s Correlation Coefficient (MCC) and area under the ROC curve (AUC) values 􀁇􀁇of 0.91 and 0.951, respectively. These
results
suggest that EnsembleQS will be a useful computational framework for predicting QS peptides and will efficiently support proteomics research. The source code and all datasets used in this study are publicly available at https:// github.com/proteinexplorers/EnsembleQS.

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Revolutionizing physics: a comprehensive survey of machine learning applications
Rahul Suresh, Hardik Bishnoi, Artem V. Kuklin, Atharva Parikh, Maxim Molokeev, R. Harinarayanan, Sarvesh Gharat, P. Hiba
Frontiers in Physics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
DeepQSP: Identification of Quorum Sensing Peptides Through Neural Network Model
Md. Ashikur Rahman, Md. Mamun Ali, Kawsar Ahmed, Imran Mahmud, Francis M. Bui, Li Chen, Santosh Kumar, Mohammad Ali Moni
Results in Engineering.2024; 24: 102878. CrossRef
Computational tools for exploring peptide-membrane interactions in gram-positive bacteria
Shreya Kumar, Rex Devasahayam Arokia Balaya, Saptami Kanekar, Rajesh Raju, Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad, Richard K. Kandasamy
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal.2023; 21: 1995. CrossRef
DeepTPpred: A Deep Learning Approach With Matrix Factorization for Predicting Therapeutic Peptides by Integrating Length Information
Zhen Cui, Si-Guo Wang, Ying He, Zhan-Heng Chen, Qin-Hu Zhang
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.2023; 27(9): 4611. CrossRef
PSRQSP: An effective approach for the interpretable prediction of quorum sensing peptide using propensity score representation learning
Phasit Charoenkwan, Pramote Chumnanpuen, Nalini Schaduangrat, Changmin Oh, Balachandran Manavalan, Watshara Shoombuatong
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2023; 158: 106784. CrossRef

The putative sensor histidine kinase VadJ coordinates development and sterigmatocystin production in Aspergillus nidulans: Yanxia Zhao , Mi-Kyung Lee , Jieyin Lim , Heungyun Moon , Hee-Soo Park , Weifa Zheng , Jae-Hyuk Yu; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):746-752. Published online July 5, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1055-2

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The VosA-VelB heterocomplex governs expression of several genes associated with fungal development and secondary metabolism. In this study, we have investigated the functions of one of the VosA-VelB-activated developmental genes vadJ in development and production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The vadJ gene is predicted to encode a 957-amino acid length protein containing a highly conserved sensor histidine kinase domain. The deletion of vosA or velB resulted in decreased mRNA levels of vadJ throughout the life cycle, suggesting that VosA and VelB are necessary for proper expression of vadJ. Nullifying vadJ led to highly restricted colony growth, lowered formation of asexual spores, and about two-fold reduction in conidial viability. Conversely, the deletion of vadJ resulted in elevated production of sexual fruiting bodies and sterigmatocystin. These suggest that VadJ is necessary for proper coordination of asexual and sexual development, and sterigmatocystin production. In accordance with this idea, the deletion of vadJ led to elevated mRNA levels of the two key sexual developmental activators esdC and nsdD. In summary, the putative sensor histidine kinase VadJ represses sexual development and sterigmatocystin production, but activates asexual development in A. nidulans.

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Velvet Family Protein FpVelB Affects Virulence in Association with Secondary Metabolism in Fusarium pseudograminearum
Yuxing Wu, Sen Han, Yajiao Wang, Qiusheng Li, Lingxiao Kong
Cells.2024; 13(11): 950. CrossRef
Involvement of LaeA and Velvet Proteins in Regulating the Production of Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Secondary Metabolites
Xuwen Hou, Liyao Liu, Dan Xu, Daowan Lai, Ligang Zhou
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(8): 561. CrossRef
Adaptative responses of Neurospora crassa by histidine kinases upon the attack of the arthropod Sinella curviseta
Ting Lu, Xiao-meng Wang, Peng-xu Chen, Juan Xi, Han-bing Yang, Wei-fa Zheng, Yan-xia Zhao
Current Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Implication of VelB in the development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of Penicillium expansum
Nadia Tahtah, Chrystian Zetina-Serrano, Ophélie Rocher, Claire Naylies, Yannick Lippi, André El Khoury, Ali Atoui, Emilien L. Jamin, Isabelle P. Oswald, Sophie Lorber, Olivier Puel
Postharvest Biology and Technology.2023; 195: 112121. CrossRef
Regulators of the Asexual Life Cycle of Aspergillus nidulans
Ye-Eun Son, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
Cells.2023; 12(11): 1544. CrossRef
Post‐translational modifications drive secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Aspergillus: a review
Kunlong Yang, Jun Tian, Nancy P. Keller
Environmental Microbiology.2022; 24(7): 2857. CrossRef
The Putative C2H2 Transcription Factor VadH Governs Development, Osmotic Stress Response, and Sterigmatocystin Production in Aspergillus nidulans
Xiaoyu Li, Yanxia Zhao, Heungyun Moon, Jieyin Lim, Hee-Soo Park, Zhiqiang Liu, Jae-Hyuk Yu
Cells.2022; 11(24): 3998. CrossRef

Leucobacter coleopterorum sp. nov., Leucobacter insecticola sp. nov., and Leucobacter viscericola sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the diving beetles, Cybister brevis and Cybister lewisianus, and emended description of the genus Leucobacter: Dong-Wook Hyun , Hojun Sung , Pil Soo Kim , Ji-Hyun Yun , Jin-Woo Bae; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):360-368. Published online January 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0472-6

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Abstract

Three novel bacterial strains, HDW9AT, HDW9BT, and HDW9CT, isolated from the intestine of the diving beetles Cybister lewisianus and Cybister brevis, were characterized as three novel species using a polyphasic approach. The isolates were Gram-staining-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped. They grew optimally at 30°C (pH 7) in the presence of 0.5% (wt/vol) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they belong to the genus Leucobacter and are closely related to L. denitrificans M1T8B10T (98.4–98.7% sequence similarity). Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values among the isolates were 76.4–84.1%. ANI values for the isolates and the closest taxonomic species, L. denitrificans KACC 14055T, were 72.3–73.1%. The isolates showed ANI values of < 76.5% with all analyzable Leucobacter strains in the EzBioCloud database. The genomic DNA G + C content of the isolates was 60.3–62.5%. The polar lipid components were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and other unidentified glycolipids, phospholipids, and lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso- C15:0, iso-C16:0, and anteiso-C17:0. MK-10 was the major respiratory quinone, and MK-7 and MK-11 were the minor respiratory quinones. The whole-cell sugar components of the isolates were ribose, glucose, galactose, and mannose. The isolates harbored L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, L-serine, L-lysine, L-aspartic acid, glycine, and D-glutamic acid within the cell wall peptidoglycan. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses, strains HDW9AT, HDW9BT, and HDW9CT represent three novel species within the genus Leucobacter. We propose the name Leucobacter coleopterorum sp. nov. for strain HDW9AT (= KACC 21331T = KCTC 49317T = JCM 33667T), the name Leucobacter insecticola sp. nov. for strain HDW9BT (= KACC 21332T = KCTC 49318T = JCM 33668T), and the name Leucobacter viscericola sp. nov. for strain HDW9CT (= KACC 21333T = KCTC 49319T = JCM 33669T).

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Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid disrupts mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: A Reum Kim , Minji Kang , Yeon-Jee Yoo , Cheol-Heui Yun , Hiran Perinpanayagam , Kee-Yeon Kum , Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):314-319. Published online January 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9518-4

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Abstract

Apical periodontitis is caused by biofilm-mediated root canal infection. Early phase oral bacterial biofilms are inhibited by Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA). However, mature biofilms that develop over 3 weeks are more resistant to traditional endodontic medicaments. Therefore, this study examined the effectiveness of Lp.LTA on disrupting mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, and on enhancing the effects of endodontic medicaments. LTA was purified from L. plantarum through butanol extraction followed by hydrophobic and ion-exchange chromatography. E. faecalis biofilms were formed over 3 weeks on glass bottom dishes and in dentin blocks obtained from human single-rooted premolars. These mature biofilms were treated with or without Lp.LTA for 1 h, followed by additional treatment with either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), calcium hydroxide (CH), or triple antibiotics for 24 h. Biofilms on glass were live/dead stained and quantified by ZEN through confocal laser microscopy. Biofilms in dentin were fixed, sputter coated and analyzed by ImageJ with scanning electron microscopy. Preformed E. faecalis mature biofilms on the culture dishes were dose-dependently disrupted by Lp.LTA. Lp.LTA potentiated the effects of CHX or CH on the disruption of mature biofilm. Interestingly, CHX-induced disruption of preformed E. faecalis mature biofilms was synergistically enhanced only when pretreated with Lp.LTA. Furthermore, in the dentin block model, Lp.LTA alone reduced E. faecalis mature biofilm and pre-treatment with Lp.LTA promoted the anti-biofilm activity of CHX. Lp.LTA could be an anti-biofilm or supplementary agent that can be effective for E. faecalis-biofilminduced diseases.

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