Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Inhibition of Virulence Associated Traits by β-Sitosterol Isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flowers Against Candida albicans: Mechanistic Insight and Molecular Docking Studies: Pallvi Mohana, Atamjit Singh, Farhana Rashid, Sharabjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur, Rupali Rana, Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi, Neena Bedi, Rajinder Kaur, Saroj Arora; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1165-1175. Published online November 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00174-5

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Abstract: The emerging drug resistance and lack of safer and more potent antifungal agents make Candida infections another hot topic in the healthcare system. At the same time, the potential of plant products in developing novel antifungal drugs is also in the limelight. Considering these facts, we have investigated the different extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of the Malvaceae family for their antifungal efficacy against five different pathogenic Candida strains. Among the various extracts, the chloroform extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (26.6 ± 0.5 mm) against the Candida albicans strain. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction was isolated, and a sterol compound was identified as β-sitosterol. Mechanistic studies were conducted to understand the mechanism of action, and the results showed that β-sitosterol has significant antifungal activity and is capable of interrupting biofilm formation and acts by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans cells. Microscopic and molecular docking studies confirmed these findings. Overall, the study validates the antifungal efficacy of Candida albicans due to the presence of β-sitosterol which can act as an effective constituent for antifungal drug development individually or in combination.

Fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides Bonati) Acts as a Fungicide Against Candida albicans by Damaging Its Cell Wall: Youwei Wu, Hongxia Zhang, Hongjie Chen, Zhizhi Du, Qin Li, Ruirui Wang; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):661-670. Published online July 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00146-9

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Abstract: Fleagrass, a herb known for its pleasant aroma, is widely used as a mosquito repellent, antibacterial agent, and for treating colds, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of fleagrass and carvacrol against Candida albicans were investigated by evaluating the growth and the mycelial and biofilm development of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the integrity of the cell membrane and cell wall of C. albicans. Fleagrass exhibited high fungicidal activity against C. albicans at concentrations of 0.5% v/v (via the Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell wall and membrane after treatment with the essential oil, which was further confirmed by the increased levels of β-1,3-glucan and chitin in the cell wall. This study showed that fleagrass exerts good fungicidal and hyphal growth inhibition activity against C. albicans by disrupting its cell wall, and thus, fleagrass may be a potential antifungal drug.

Licochalcone A Protects Vaginal Epithelial Cells Against Candida albicans Infection Via the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway: Wei Li, Yujun Yin, Taoqiong Li, Yiqun Wang, Wenyin Shi; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(7):525-533. Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00134-z

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Abstract: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of women worldwide. Licochalcone A (LA), a natural compound with diverse biological activities, holds promise as a protective agent against Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection. This study aims to investigate the potential of LA to safeguard vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) from C. albicans infection and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. To simulate VVC in vitro, VK2-E6E7 cells were infected with C. albicans. Candida albicans biofilm formation, C. albicans adhesion to VK2-E6E7 cells, and C. albicans-induced cell damage and inflammatory responses were assessed by XTT reduction assay, fluorescence assay, LDH assay, and ELISA. CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of LA on VK2-E6E7 cells. Western blotting assay was performed to detect protein expression. LA dose-dependently hindered C. albicans biofilm formation and adhesion to VK2-E6E7 cells. Furthermore, LA mitigated cell damage, inhibited the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in C. albicans-induced VK2-E6E7 cells. The investigation into LA's impact on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway revealed that LA downregulated TLR4 expression and inhibited NF-κB activation in C. albicans-infected VK2-E6E7 cells. Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression partially abated LA-mediated protection, further highlighting the role of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. LA holds the potential to safeguard VECs against C. albicans infection, potentially offering therapeutic avenues for VVC management.

Those Nematode‑Trapping Fungi That are not Everywhere: Hints Towards Soil Microbial Biogeography: Wei Deng , Fa Zhang , Davide Fornacca , Xiao-Yan Yang , Wen Xiao; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):511-523. Published online April 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00043-7

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Abstract

The existence of biogeography for microorganisms is a raising topic in ecology and researchers are employing better distinctions between single species, including the most rare ones, to reveal potential hidden patterns. An important volume of evidence supporting heterogeneous distributions for bacteria, archaea and protists is accumulating, and more recently a few efforts have targeted microscopic fungi. We propose an insight into this latter kingdom by looking at a group of soil nematode-trapping fungi whose species are well-known and easily recognizable. We chose a pure culture approach because of its reliable isolation procedures for this specific group. After morphologically and molecularly identifying all species collected from 2250 samples distributed in 228 locations across Yunnan province of China, we analyzed occurrence frequencies and mapped species, genera, and richness. Results showed an apparent cosmopolitan tendency for this group of fungi, including species richness among sites. However, only four species were widespread across the region, while nonrandom heterogeneous distributions were observed for the remaining 40 species, both in terms of statistical distribution of species richness reflected by a significant variance-to-mean ratio, as well as in terms of visually discernible spatial clusters of rare species and genera on the map. Moreover, several species were restricted to only one location, raising the question of whether endemicity exists for this microbial group. Finally, environmental heterogeneity showed a marginal contribution in explaining restricted distributions, suggesting that other factors such as geographical isolation and dispersal capabilities should be explored. These findings contribute to our understanding of the cryptic geographic distribution of microorganisms and encourage further research in this direction.

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Linking watershed formation with the phylogenetic distribution of a soil microscopic fungus in Yunnan Province, China
Davide Fornacca, Wei Deng, Yaoquan Yang, Fa Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Wen Xiao
BMC Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Nuclear Dynamics in Nematode-Trapping Fungi Based on Fluorescent Protein Labeling
Liang Zhou, Zhiwei He, Keqin Zhang, Xin Wang
Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(12): 1183. CrossRef

Microbial co-occurrence network in the rhizosphere microbiome: its association with physicochemical properties and soybean yield at a regional scale: Sarbjeet Niraula , Meaghan Rose , Woo-Suk Chang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(10):986-997. Published online September 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2363-x

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Abstract

Microbial communities in the rhizosphere play a crucial role in determining plant growth and crop yield. A few studies have been performed to evaluate the diversity and co-occurrence patterns of rhizosphere microbiomes in soybean (Glycine max) at a regional scale. Here, we used a culture-independent
method
to compare the bacterial communities of the soybean rhizosphere between Nebraska (NE), a high-yield state, and Oklahoma (OK), a low-yield state. It is well known that the rhizosphere microbiome is a subset of microbes that ultimately get colonized by microbial communities from the surrounding bulk soil. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in the soybean yield are attributed to the variations in the rhizosphere microbes at taxonomic, functional, and community levels. In addition, soil physicochemical properties were also evaluated from each sampling site for comparative study. Our result showed that distinct clusters were formed between NE and OK in terms of their soil physicochemical property. Among 3 primary nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), potassium is more positively correlated with the high-yield state NE samples. We also attempted to identify keystone communities that significantly affected the soybean yield using co-occurrence network patterns. Network analysis revealed that communities formed distinct clusters in which members of modules having significantly positive correlations with the soybean yield were more abundant in NE than OK. In addition, we identified the most influential bacteria for the soybean yield in the identified modules. For instance, included are class Anaerolineae, family Micromonosporaceae, genus Plantomyces, and genus Nitrospira in the most complex module (ME9) and genus Rhizobium in ME23. This research would help to further identify a way to increase soybean yield in low-yield states in the U.S. as well as worldwide by reconstructing the microbial communities in the rhizosphere.

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The rhizosphere microbiome of 51 potato cultivars with diverse plant growth characteristics
Benoit Renaud Martins, Viviane Radl, Krzysztof Treder, Dorota Michałowska, Karin Pritsch, Michael Schloter
FEMS Microbiology Ecology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Response of Soil Microorganisms and Phenolic to Pseudostelariae heterophylla Cultivation in Different Soil Types
Yingying Liu, Dan Wu, Yongjun Kan, Li Zhao, Chang Jiang, Wensheng Pang, Juan Hu, Meilan Zhou
Eurasian Soil Science.2024; 57(3): 446. CrossRef
Analysis of the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of Angelica dahurica var. formosana from different experimental sites and varieties (strains)
Meiyan Jiang, Fei Yao, Yunshu Yang, Yang Zhou, Kai Hou, Yinyin Chen, Dongju Feng, Wei Wu
PeerJ.2023; 11: e15997. CrossRef
Long-term fertilization coupled with rhizobium inoculation promotes soybean yield and alters soil bacterial community composition
Wanling Wei, Dawei Guan, Mingchao Ma, Xin Jiang, Fenliang Fan, Fangang Meng, Li Li, Baisuo Zhao, Yubin Zhao, Fengming Cao, Huijun Chen, Jun Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Complete gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont genome assembly from a seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia satsuma: Ajit Kumar Patra , Yong min Kwon , Youngik Yang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(9):916-927. Published online August 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2057-4

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Abstract

Siboglinid tubeworms thrive in hydrothermal vent and seep habitats via a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria. Difficulties in culturing tubeworms and their symbionts in a laboratory setting have hindered the study of host-microbe interactions. Therefore, released symbiont genomes are fragmented, thereby limiting the data available on the genome that affect subsequent analyses. Here, we present a complete genome of gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont from the tubeworm Lamellibrachia satsuma collected from a seep in Kagoshima Bay, assembled using a hybrid approach that combines sequences generated from the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. The genome consists of a single circular chromosome with an assembly size of 4,323,754 bp and a GC content of 53.9% with 3,624 protein-coding genes. The genome is of high quality and contains no assembly gaps, while the completeness and contamination are 99.33% and 2.73%, respectively. Comparative genome analysis revealed a total of 1,724 gene clusters shared in the vent and seep tubeworm symbionts, while 294 genes were found exclusively in L. satsuma symbionts such as transposons, genes for defense mechanisms, and inorganic ion transportations. The addition of this complete endosymbiont genome assembly would be valuable for comparative studies particularly with tubeworm symbiont genomes as well as with other chemosynthetic microbial communities.

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Genomic and transcriptomic analyses illuminate the molecular basis of the unique lifestyle of a tubeworm, Lamellibrachia satsuma
Taiga Uchida, Yuki Yoshioka, Yu Yoshida, Manabu Fujie, Ayuta Yamaki, Akira Sasaki, Koji Inoue, Chuya Shinzato
DNA Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Effect of biostimulation and bioaugmentation on hydrocarbon degradation and detoxification of diesel-contaminated soil: a microcosm study: Patricia Giovanella , Lídia de Azevedo Duarte , Daniela Mayumi Kita , Valéria Maia de Oliveira , Lara Durães Sette; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):634-643. Published online May 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0395-2

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Abstract

Soil contamination with diesel oil is quite common during processes of transport and storage. Bioremediation is considered a safe, economical, and environmentally friendly approach for contaminated soil treatment. In this context, studies using hydrocarbon bioremediation have focused on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis to assess process effectiveness, while ecotoxicity has been neglected. Thus, this study aimed to select a microbial consortium capable of detoxifying diesel oil and apply this consortium to the bioremediation of soil contaminated with this environmental pollutant through different bioremediation approaches. Gas chromatography (GC-FID) was used to analyze diesel oil degradation, while ecotoxicological bioassays with the bioindicators Artemia sp., Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox), and Cucumis sativus were used to assess detoxification. After 90 days of bioremediation, we found that the biostimulation and biostimulation/ bioaugmentation approaches showed higher rates of diesel oil degradation in relation to natural attenuation (41.9 and 26.7%, respectively). Phytotoxicity increased in the biostimulation and biostimulation/bioaugmentation treatments during the degradation process, whereas in the Microtox test, the toxicity was the same in these treatments as that in the natural attenuation treatment. In both the phytotoxicity and Microtox tests, bioaugmentation treatment showed lower toxicity. However, compared with natural attenuation, this approach did not show satisfactory hydrocarbon degradation. Based on the microcosm experiments results, we conclude that a broader analysis of the success of bioremediation requires the performance of toxicity bioassays.

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Heavy fuel oil-contaminated soil remediation by individual and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation with Medicago sativa and with cold plasma-treated M. sativa
Jūratė Žaltauskaitė, Rimas Meištininkas, Austra Dikšaitytė, Laima Degutytė-Fomins, Vida Mildažienė, Zita Naučienė, Rasa Žūkienė, Kazunori Koga
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2024; 31(20): 30026. CrossRef
Soil Corrosivity Under Natural Attenuation
Larissa O. da Silva, Sara H. de Oliveira, Rafael G. C. da Silva, Magda R. S. Vieira, Ivanilda R. de Melo, Severino L. Urtiga Filho
Materials Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Updating risk remediation-endpoints for petroleum-contaminated soils? A case study in the Ecuadorian Amazon region
Daniel Hidalgo-Lasso, Karina García-Villacís, Jeaneth Urvina Ulloa, Darwin Marín Tapia, Patricio Gómez Ortega, Frederic Coulon
Heliyon.2024; 10(9): e30395. CrossRef
Recent advances in the development and applications of luminescent bacteria–based biosensors
Yingying Li, Yuankun Zhao, Yiyang Du, Xuechun Ren, He Ding, Zhimin Wang
Luminescence.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Oil biodegradation studies with an immobilized bacterial consortium in plant biomass for the construction of bench-scale bioreactor
Rachel M. Ferreira, Bernardo D. Ribeiro, Danielle.M.A. Stapelfeldt, Rodrigo P. do Nascimento, Maria de.F.R. Moreira
Cleaner Chemical Engineering.2023; 6: 100107. CrossRef
Application of Luminescent Bacteria Bioassay in the Detection of Pollutants in Soil
Kai Zhang, Meng Liu, Xinlong Song, Dongyu Wang
Sustainability.2023; 15(9): 7351. CrossRef
Salicylate or Phthalate: The Main Intermediates in the Bacterial Degradation of Naphthalene
Vasili M. Travkin, Inna P. Solyanikova
Processes.2021; 9(11): 1862. CrossRef

Review

Microbial source tracking using metagenomics and other new technologies: Shahbaz Raza , Jungman Kim , Michael J. Sadowsky , Tatsuya Unno; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(3):259-269. Published online February 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0668-9

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Abstract

The environment is under siege from a variety of pollution sources. Fecal pollution is especially harmful as it disperses pathogenic bacteria into waterways. Unraveling origins of mixed sources of fecal bacteria is difficult and microbial source tracking (MST) in complex environments is still a daunting task. Despite the challenges, the need for answers far outweighs the difficulties experienced. Advancements in qPCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have shifted the traditional culture-based MST approaches towards culture independent technologies, where communitybased MST is becoming a method of choice. Metagenomic tools may be useful to overcome some of the limitations of community-based MST methods as they can give deep insight into identifying host specific fecal markers and their association with different environments. Adoption of machine learning (ML) algorithms, along with the metagenomic based MST approaches, will also provide a statistically robust and automated platform. To compliment that, ML-based approaches provide accurate optimization of resources. With the successful application of ML based models in disease prediction, outbreak investigation and medicine prescription, it would be possible that these methods would serve as a better surrogate of traditional MST approaches in future.

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Universal microbial indicators provide surveillance of sewage contamination in harbours worldwide
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Esther Karunakaran, Rick Battarbee, Simon Tait, Bruno Melo Brentan, Cathal Berney, James Grinham, Maria Angeles Herrero, Ronex Omolo, Isabel Douterelo
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Journal Articles

Genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait loci mapping of agronomic traits in Gloeostereum incarnatum: Wan-Zhu Jiang , Fang-Jie Yao , Li-Xin Lu , Ming Fang , Peng Wang , You-Min Zhang , Jing-Jing Meng , Jia Lu , Xiao-Xu Ma , Qi He , Kai-Sheng Shao; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):41-50. Published online November 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0242-5

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Abstract

Gloeostereum incarnatum is an edible medicinal mushroom widely grown in China. Using the whole genome of G. incarnatum, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and synthetic primers were designed to construct its first genetic linkage map. The 1,048.6 cm map is composed of 10 linkage groups and contains 183 SSR markers. In total, 112 genome assembly sequences were anchored, representing 16.43 Mb and covering 46.41% of the genome. Selfing populations were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) targeting, and the composite interval mapping method was used to co-localize the mycelium growth rate (potato dextrose agar and sawdust), growth period, yield and fruiting body length, and width and thickness. The 14 QTLs of agronomic traits had LOD values of 3.20–6.51 and contribution rates of 2.22– 13.18%. No linkage relationship was found between the mycelium growth rate and the growth period, but a linkage relationship was observed among the length, width and thickness of the fruiting bodies. Using NCBI’s BLAST alignment, the genomic sequences corresponding to the QTL regions were compared, and a TPR-like protein candidate gene was selected. Using whole-genome data, 138 candidate genes were found in four sequence fragments of two SSR markers located in the same scaffold. The genetic map and QTLs established in this study will aid in developing selective markers for agronomic traits and identifying corresponding genes, thereby providing a scientific basis for the further gene mapping of quantitative traits and the marker-assisted selection of functional genes in G. incarnatum breeding programs.

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Dicarboxylic Amino Acid Permease 7219 Regulates Fruiting Body Type of Auricularia heimuer
Jia Lu, Lixin Lu, Fangjie Yao, Ming Fang, Xiaoxu Ma, Jingjing Meng, Kaisheng Shao
Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(9): 876. CrossRef
Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth traits in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
Junxiao Sun, Cuirong Luo, Bo Peng, Guohui Peng, Yunfei Tan, Xufeng Bai
Aquaculture and Fisheries.2023; 8(6): 727. CrossRef
Improved Genetic Map and Localization of Quantitative Trait Loci for Quality Traits in Auricularia heimuer
Jia Lu, Ming Fang, Fangjie Yao, Lixin Lu, Xiaoxu Ma, Jingjing Meng, Kaisheng Shao
Horticulturae.2023; 9(7): 763. CrossRef
Assemblies of the genomes of parasitic wasps using meta-assembly and scaffolding with genetic linkage
Kameron T Wittmeyer, Sara J Oppenheim, Keith R Hopper, J Hesselberth
G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
EST-SSR Primer Development and Genetic Structure Analysis of Psathyrostachys juncea Nevski
Zhen Li, Lan Yun, Zhiqi Gao, Tian Wang, Xiaomin Ren, Yan Zhao
Frontiers in Plant Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the Genome Sequence of Strain GiC-126 of Gloeostereum incarnatum with Genetic Linkage Map
Wan-Zhu Jiang, Fang-Jie Yao, Ming Fang, Li-Xin Lu, You-Min Zhang, Peng Wang, Jing-Jing Meng, Jia Lu, Xiao-Xu Ma, Qi He, Kai-Sheng Shao, Asif Ali Khan, Yun-Hui Wei
Mycobiology.2021; 49(4): 406. CrossRef

[Protocol]Rapid method for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in a dimorphic fungus, Candida albicans: Jueun Kim , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):11-16. Published online June 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9143-2

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Abstract

A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is a method to identify how much a protein of interest binds to the DNA region. This method is indispensable to study the mechanisms of how the transcription factors or chromatin modifications regulate the gene expression. Candida albicans is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus, which can change its morphology very rapidly from yeast to hypha in response to the environmental signal. The morphological change of C. albicans is one of the critical factors for its virulence. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how to regulate the expression of genes for C. albicans to change its morphology. One of the essential methods for us to understand this regulation is a ChIP assay. There have been many efforts to optimize the protocol to lower the background signal and to analyze the results accurately because a ChIP assay can provide very different results even with slight differences in the experimental procedure. We have optimized the rapid and efficient ChIP protocol so that it could be applied equally for both yeast and hyphal forms of C. albicans. Our method in this protocol is also comparatively rapid to the method widely used. In this protocol, we described our rapid method for the ChIP assay in C. albicans in detail.

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Transcription tuned by S-nitrosylation underlies a mechanism for Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent vancomycin killing
Xueqin Shu, Yingying Shi, Yi Huang, Dan Yu, Baolin Sun
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Identification, Dimorphism and Virulence of C. albicans
Mohsen A. Sayed, Gihad A. Sayed, Eman Abdullah M. Ali
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2023; : 1007. CrossRef
Methyltransferase-like 3 silenced inhibited the ferroptosis development via regulating the glutathione peroxidase 4 levels in the intracerebral hemorrhage progression
Liu Zhang, Xiangyu Wang, Wenqiang Che, Yongjun Yi, Shuoming Zhou, Yongjian Feng
Bioengineered.2022; 13(6): 14215. CrossRef
Ino80 is required for H2A.Z eviction from hypha‐specific promoters and hyphal development of Candida albicans
Qun Zhao, Baodi Dai, Hongyu Wu, Wencheng Zhu, Jiangye Chen
Molecular Microbiology.2022; 118(1-2): 92. CrossRef
Set1-mediated H3K4 methylation is required for Candida albicans virulence by regulating intracellular level of reactive oxygen species
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Virulence.2021; 12(1): 2648. CrossRef

β-1,3-Glucan/CR3/SYK pathway-dependent LC3B-II accumulation enhanced the fungicidal activity in human neutrophils: Ding Li , Changsen Bai , Qing Zhang , Zheng Li , Di Shao , Xichuan Li; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(4):263-270. Published online February 5, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8298-1

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Abstract

Since molecular genotyping has been established for the Candida species, studies have found that a single Candida strain (endemic strain) can persist over a long period of time and results in the spread of nosocomial invasive candidiasis without general characteristics of horizontal transmissions. Our previous study also found the existence of endemic strains in a cancer center in Tianjin, China. In the current study, we performed further investigation on endemic and non-endemic Candida albicans strains, with the aim of explaining the higher morbidity of endemic strains. In an in vivo experiment, mice infected with endemic strains showed significantly shorter survival time and higher kidney fungal burdens compared to mice infected with non-endemic strains. In an in vitro experiment, the killing percentage of neutrophils to endemic strains was significantly lower than that to non-endemic strains, which is positively linked to the ratio of LC3B-II/I in neutrophils. An immunofluorescence assay showed more β-1,3-glucan exposure on the cell walls of nonendemic strains compared to endemic strains. After blocking the β-glucan receptor (CR3) or inhibiting downstream kinase (SYK) in neutrophils, the killing percent to C. albicans (regardless of endemic and non-endemic strains) and the ratio of LC3B-II/I of neutrophils were significantly decreased. These data suggested that the killing capability of neutrophils to C. albicans was monitored by β-1,3-glucan via CR3/SYK pathway-dependent LC3B-II accumulation and provided an explanation for the variable killing capability of neutrophils to different strains of C. albicans, which would be beneficial in improving infection control and therapeutic strategies for invasive candidiasis.

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LC3B: A microtubule-associated protein influences disease progression and prognosis
Yan Chen, Hong Yi, Shan Liao, Junyu He, Yanhong Zhou, Yan Lei
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Reviews

REVIEW] Plasma membrane organization promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans: Lois M. Douglas , James B. Konopka; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):178-191. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5621-y

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Abstract

Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen capable of causing lethal systemic infections. The plasma membrane plays key roles in virulence because it not only functions as a protective barrier, it also mediates dynamic functions including secretion of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, invasive hyphal morphogenesis, endocytosis, and nutrient uptake. Consistent with this functional complexity, the plasma membrane is composed of a wide array of lipids and proteins. These components are organized into distinct domains that will be the topic of this review. Some of the plasma membrane domains that will be described are known to act as scaffolds or barriers to diffusion, such as MCC/eisosomes, septins, and sites of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum. Other zones mediate dynamic processes, including secretion, endocytosis, and a special region at hyphal tips that facilitates rapid growth. The highly organized architecture of the plasma membrane facilitates the coordination of diverse functions and promotes the pathogenesis of C. albicans.

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REVIEW] Hgc1-Cdc28–how much does a single protein kinase do in the regulation of hyphal development in Candida albicans?: Yue Wang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):170-177. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5550-9

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Abstract

The fungal human pathogen Candida albicans can cause invasive infection with high mortality rates. A key virulence factor is its ability to switch between three morphologies: yeast, pseudohyphae and hyphae. In contrast to the ovalshaped unicellular yeast cells, hyphae are highly elongated, tube-like, and multicellular. A long-standing question is what coordinates all the cellular machines to construct cells with distinct shapes. Hyphal-specific genes (HSGs) are thought to hold the answer. Among the numerous HSGs found, only UME6 and HGC1 are required for hyphal development. UME6 encodes a transcription factor that regulates many HSGs including HGC1. HGC1 encodes a G1 cyclin which partners with the Cdc28 cyclin-dependent kinase. Hgc1- Cdc28 simultaneously phosphorylates and regulates multiple substrates, thus controlling multiple cellular apparatuses for morphogenesis. This review is focused on major progresses made in the past decade on Hgc1’s roles and regulation in C. albicans hyphal development and other traits important for infection.

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MINIREVIEW] Histone deacetylase-mediated morphological transition in Candida albicans: Jueun Kim , Ji-Eun Lee , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(12):805-811. Published online December 2, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5488-3

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Abstract

Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen, which switches its morphology from single-cell yeast to filament through the various signaling pathways responding to diverse environmental cues. Various transcriptional factors such as Nrg1, Efg1, Brg1, Ssn6, and Tup1 are the key components of these signaling pathways. Since C. albicans can regulate its transcriptional gene expressions using common eukaryotic regulatory systems, its morphological transition by these signaling pathways could be linked to the epigenetic regulation by chromatin structure modifiers. Histone proteins, which are critical components of eukaryotic chromatin structure, can regulate the eukaryotic chromatin structure through their own modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Recent studies revealed that various histone modifications, especially histone acetylation and deacetylation, participate in morphological transition of C. albicans collaborating with well-known transcription factors in the signaling pathways. Here, we review recent studies about chromatin-mediated morphological transition of C. albicans focusing on the interaction between transcription factors in the signaling pathways and histone deacetylases.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Deletion analysis of LSm, FDF, and YjeF domains of Candida albicans Edc3 in hyphal growth and oxidative-stress response: Eung-Chul Kim , Jinmi Kim; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):111-115. Published online January 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4727-y

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Abstract

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen whose responses to environmental changes are associated with the virulence attributes. Edc3 is known to be an enhancer of the mRNA decapping reactions and a scaffold protein of cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies). Recent studies of C. albicans Edc3 suggested its critical roles in filamentous growth and stress-induced apoptotic cell death. The edc3/edc3 deletion mutant strain showed increased cell survival and less ROS accumulation upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide. To investigate the diverse involvement of Edc3 in the cellular processes, deletion mutations of LSm, FDF, or YjeF domain of Edc3 were constructed. The edc3-LSmΔ or edc3-YjeFΔ mutation showed the filamentation defect, resistance to oxidative stress, and decreased ROS accumulation. In contrast, the edc3-FDFΔ mutation exhibited a wild-type level of filamentous growth and a mild defect in ROS accumulation. These results suggest that Lsm and YjeF domains of Edc3 are critical in hyphal growth and oxidative stress response.

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