Journal of Microbiology

Review

[Minireview]Cytoplasmic molecular chaperones in Pseudomonas species: Hyunhee Kim , Seongjoon Moon , Soojeong Ham , Kihyun Lee , Ute Römling , Changhan Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(11):1049-1060. Published online November 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2425-0

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Pseudomonas is widespread in various environmental and host niches. To promote rejuvenation, cellular protein homeostasis must be finely tuned in response to diverse stresses, such as extremely high and low temperatures, oxidative stress, and desiccation, which can result in protein homeostasis imbalance. Molecular chaperones function as key components that aid protein folding and prevent protein denaturation. Pseudomonas, an ecologically important bacterial genus, includes human and plant pathogens as well as growth-promoting symbionts and species useful for bioremediation. In this review, we focus on protein quality control systems, particularly molecular chaperones, in ecologically diverse species of Pseudomonas, including the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, the soil species Pseudomonas putida, and the psychrophilic Pseudomonas antarctica.

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Zhijie Xie, Fang Deng, Yuqin Wan, Yiping Luo, Qin Cao, Yichao Chen, Dong Li
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Stratified Distribution of Nutrients and Extremophile Biota within Freshwater Ice Covering the Surface of Lake Baikal: Nina A. Bondarenko , Olga I. Belykh , Ludmila P. Golobokova , Olga V. Artemyeva , Natalia F. Logacheva , Irina V. Tikhonova , Irina A. Lipko , Tatyana Ya. Kostornova , Valentina V. Parfenova , Tamara V. Khodzher , Young-Gun Zo; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):8-16. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1251-1

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Abstract: Biological entities and gradients of selected chemicals within the seemingly barren ice layers covering Lake Baikal were investigated. Ice cores 40–68 cm long were obtained from inshore and offshore sites of Southern Lake Baikal during the cold period of a year (March-April) in 2007 and 2008. In microscopic observations of the melted ice, both algae and bacteria were found in considerable numbers (>103 cells/L and >104 cells/ml, respectively). Among all organisms found, diatom was generally the most predominant taxon in the ice. Interestingly, both planktonic and benthic algae were present in considerable numbers (2–4×104 cells/L). Dominant phototrophic picoplankton were comprised of small green algae of various taxa and cyanobacteria of Synechococcus and Cyanobium. The bacterial community consisted mostly of short rod and cocci cells, either freeliving or aggregated. Large numbers of yeast-like cells and actinomycete mycelium were also observed. Concentrations of silica, phosphorus, and nitrate were low by an order of magnitude where biota was abundant. The profile of the ice could be interpreted as vertical stratification of nutrients and biomass due to biological activities. Therefore, the organisms in the ice were regarded to maintain high activity while thriving under freezing conditions. Based on the results, it was concluded that the freshwater ice covering the surface of Lake Baikal is considerably populated by extremophilic microorganisms that actively metabolize and form a detritus food chain in the unique large freshwater ecosystem of Lake Baikal.

Review

REVIEW] Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, and Their Viruses: Keizo Nagasaki; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):235-243. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0098-y

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Abstract: Since the first discovery of the very high virus abundance in marine environments, a number of researchers were fascinated with the world of “marine viruses”, which had previously been mostly overlooked in studies on marine ecosystems. In the present paper, the possible role of viruses infecting marine eukaryotic microalgae is enlightened, especially summarizing the most up-to-the-minute information of marine viruses infecting bloom-forming dinoflagellates and diatoms. To author’s knowledge, ~40 viruses infecting marine eukaryotic algae have been isolated and characterized to different extents. Among them, a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus “HcV” and a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus “HcRNAV” are the only dinoflagellate-infecting (lytic) viruses that were made into culture; their hosts are a bivalve-killing dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama. In this article, ecological relationship between H. circularisquama and its viruses is focused. On the other hand, several diatom-infecting viruses were recently isolated and partially characterized; among them, one is infectious to a pen-shaped bloom-forming diatom species Rhizosolenia setigera; some viruses are infectious to genus Chaetoceros which is one of the most abundant and diverse diatom group. Although the ecological relationships between diatoms and their viruses have not been sufficiently elucidated, viral infection is considered to be one of the significant factors affecting dynamics of diatoms in nature. Besides, both the dinoflagellate-infecting viruses and diatom-infecting viruses are so unique from the viewpoint of virus taxonomy; they are remarkably different from any other viruses ever reported. Studies on these viruses lead to an idea that ocean may be a treasury of novel viruses equipped with fascinating functions and ecological roles.

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