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- The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin‑associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells
- Kyung-Soo Lee , Jun-Young Park , Yu-Jin Jeong , Moo-Seung Lee
- J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):715-727. Published online September 4, 2023
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0
- 53 View
- 0 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening, extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure., contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB). Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses, autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Estimation of IL-8 and TNF-α Levels in Pediatric Diarrhea Patients Infected with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
Safaa A. AL-Isawi, Shaimaa Jassim Alsultany
Medical Journal of Babylon.2024; 21(3): 533. CrossRef - Structural basis to identify a target site in Shiga toxin for the inhibitor discovery against growth of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
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Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Estimation of IL-8 and TNF-α Levels in Pediatric Diarrhea Patients Infected with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Comparing the sugar profiles and primary structures of alkali-extracted water-soluble polysaccharides in cell wall between the yeast and mycelial phases from Tremella fuciformis
- Hanyu Zhu , Yuan Yuan , Juan Liu , Liesheng Zheng , Liguo Chen , Aimin Ma
- J. Microbiol. 2016;54(5):381-386. Published online April 20, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5533-x
- 42 View
- 0 Download
- 22 Crossref
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Abstract
- To gain insights into dimorphism, cell wall polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis strains were obtained from alkaliextracted water-soluble fractions PTF-M38 (from the mycelial form), PTF-Y3 and PTF-Y8 (from the yeast form) of T. fuciformis strains were used to gain some insights into dimorphism study. Their chemical properties and structural features were investigated using gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, UV and IR spectrophotometry and Congo red binding reactions. The results indicated that the backbones of PTF-M38, PTF-Y3 and PTF-Y8 were configured with α-linkages with average molecular weights of 1.24, 1.08, and 1.19 kDa, respectively. PTF-M38 was mainly composed of xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a ratio of 1:1.47:0.48:0.34, while PTF-Y3 and PTF-Y8 were mainly composed of xylose, mannose and glucose in a ratio of 1:1.65:4.06 and 1:1.21:0.44, respectively. The sugar profiles of PTF-M38, PTF-Y3 and PTF-Y8 were also established for further comparison. These profiles showed that all three polysaccharides contained the same sugars but in different ratios, and the carbon sources (xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose) affected the sugar ratios within the polysaccharides.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Extraction, structure and bioactivity of
Tremella Fuciformis polysaccharides: A review
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Food Science and Technology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Characterization of a G protein α subunit encoded gene from the dimorphic fungus-Tremella fuciformis
Hanyu Zhu, Dongmei Liu, Liesheng Zheng, Liguo Chen, Aimin Ma
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2019; 121: 1005. CrossRef - Comparison of structural, antioxidant and immuno‐stimulating activities of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis in two different regions of China
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Zhijun Wang, Jianhua Xie, Mingyue Shen, Shaoping Nie, Mingyong Xie
Trends in Food Science & Technology.2018; 74: 147. CrossRef - Use of the yeast-like cells of Tremella fuciformis as a cell factory to produce a Pleurotus ostreatus hydrophobin
Hanyu Zhu, Dongmei Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Danfeng Ren, Liesheng Zheng, Liguo Chen, Aimin Ma
Biotechnology Letters.2017; 39(8): 1167. CrossRef - Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide suppresses hydrogen peroxide-triggered injury of human skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1
Tao Shen, Chao Duan, Beidong Chen, Meng Li, Yang Ruan, Danni Xu, Doudou Shi, Dan Yu, Jian Li, Changtao Wang
Molecular Medicine Reports.2017; 16(2): 1340. CrossRef - An Improved Total RNA Extraction Method for White Jelly Mushroom Tremella fuciformis Rich in Polysaccharides
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- Extraction, structure and bioactivity of
Tremella Fuciformis polysaccharides: A review
Review
- REVIEW] Revisiting old friends: Developments in understanding Histoplasma capsulatum pathogenesis
- Jon P. Woods
- J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):265-276. Published online February 27, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6044-5
- 49 View
- 0 Download
- 27 Crossref
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Abstract
- Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus and causative agent of histoplasmosis, which is a respiratory and systemic infection that is particularly severe in immunocompromised hosts and represents the fungal homolog of tuberculosis. In highly endemic regions, the majority of individuals have been infected and carry the organism in a persistent latent form that is a danger for reactivation if host defenses are suppressed. H. capsulatum has been a model organism for intracellular pathogenesis and fungal morphogenesis for decades. New genomic information and application of approaches for molecular genetic manipulation are shedding new light on virulence mechanisms.
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Citations
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