Journal of Microbiology

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FgVAC1 is an Essential Gene Required for Golgi-to-Vacuole Transport and Fungal Development in Fusarium graminearum: Sieun Kim, Jiyeun Park, You-Kyoung Han, Hokyoung Son; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):649-660. Published online July 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00160-x

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Abstract: Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight in cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rice worldwide. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized FgVAC1, an essential gene in F. graminearum that encodes a Rab5 effector involved in membrane tethering functions. The essentiality of FgVAC1 was confirmed through a conditional promoter replacement strategy using the zearalenone-inducible promoter (P_ZEAR). Cytological analyses revealed that FgVac1 colocalizes with FgRab51 on early endosomes and regulates the proper transport of the vacuolar hydrolase FgCpy1 to the vacuole. Suppression of FgVAC1 led to inhibited vegetative growth, reduced asexual and sexual reproduction, decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis, and diminished pathogenicity. Our findings highlight the significant role of FgVac1 in vacuolar protein sorting, fungal development, and plant infection in F. graminearum.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk‑Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Abirami Arasu , Nagaram Prabha , Durga Devi , Praveen Kumar Issac , Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Reem A. Aljeidi , Dina S. Hussein , Magesh Mohan , Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb , Ajay Guru , Jesu Arockiaraj; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):993-1011. Published online December 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00086-w

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Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances, serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical tests, FTIR, and GC–MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A. cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly targeting its virulence.

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Cultural Perspectives on the Sustainable Use and Added Value of Plant-Based Food Dyes—A Case Study from Bulgaria
Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Dessislava Dimitrova
Sustainability.2024; 16(20): 9049. CrossRef

Rasiella rasia gen. nov. sp. nov. within the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater recirculating aquaculture system: Seong-Jin Kim , Young-Sam Kim , Sang-Eon Kim , Hyun-Kyoung Jung , Jeeeun Park , Min-Ju Yu , Kyoung-Ho Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(11):1070-1076. Published online October 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2099-7

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Abstract

A novel bacterium designated RR4-40T was isolated from a biofilter of seawater recirculating aquaculture system in Busan, South Korea. Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, irregular short rod, non-motile, and oxidase- and catalase-negative. Growth was observed at 15–30°C, 0.5–6% NaCl (w/v), and pH 5.0–9.5. The strain grew optimally at 28°C, 3% salinity (w/v), and pH 8.5. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RR4-40T was most closely related to Marinirhabdus gelatinilytica NH83T (94.16% of 16S rRNA gene similarity) and formed a cluster with genera within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The values of the average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) between genomes of strain RR4-40T and M. gelatinilytica NH83T were 72.91, 18.2, and 76.84%, respectively, and the values against the strains in the other genera were lower than those. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (31.34%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (13.65%), iso-C16:0 3-OH (10.61%), and iso-C15:1 G (10.38%). The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, aminolipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the DNA G + C content of strain RR4-40T was 37.4 mol%. According to the polyphasic analysis, strain RR4-40T is considered to represent a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Rasiella rasia gen. nov, sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RR4-40T (= KCTC 52650T = MCCC 1K04210T).

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Rhodobacteraceae are Prevalent and Ecologically Crucial Bacterial Members in Marine Biofloc Aquaculture
Meora Rajeev, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(11): 985. CrossRef
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Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
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Biofilm characterization of Fusarium solani keratitis isolate: increased resistance to antifungals and UV light: Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara , Diana Laura Venegas-Cortés , María Ángeles Martínez-Rivera , Néstor Octavio Pérez , Aida Verónica Rodriguez-Tovar; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):485-497. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8637-2

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Abstract

Fusarium solani has drawn phytopathogenic, biotechnological, and medical interest. In humans, it is associated with localized infections, such as onychomycosis and keratomycosis, as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. One pathogenicity factor of filamentous fungi is biofilm formation. There is still only scarce information about the in vitro mechanism of the formation and composition of F. solani biofilm. In this work, we describe the biofilm formed by a clinical keratomycosis isolate in terms of its development, composition and susceptibility to different antifungals and ultraviolet light (UV) at different biofilm formation stages. We found five biofilm formation stages using scanning electron microscopy: adherence, germination, hyphal development, maturation, and cell detachment. Using epifluorescence microscopy with specific fluorochromes, it was elucidated that the extracellular matrix consists of carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Specific inhibitors for these molecules showed significant biofilm reductions. The antifungal susceptibility against natamycin, voriconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B was evaluated by metabolic activity and crystal violet assay, with the F. solani biofilm preformation to 24 h increased in resistance to natamycin, voriconazole, and caspofungin, while the biofilm preformation to 48 h increased in resistance to amphotericin B. The preformed biofilm at 24 h protected and reduced UV light mortality. F. solani isolate could produce a highly structured extra biofilm; its cellular matrix consists of carbohydrate polymers, proteins, and eDNA. Biofilm confers antifungal resistance and decreases its susceptibility to UV light. The fungal biofilm functions as a survival strategy against antifungals and environmental factors.

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FgIlv3a is crucial in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, vegetative differentiation, and virulence in Fusarium graminearum: Xin Liu , Yichen Jiang , Yinghui Zhang , Mingzheng Yu , Hongjun Jiang , Jianhong Xu , Jianrong Shi; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(8):694-703. Published online May 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9123-6

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Abstract

Dihydroxyacid dehydratase (DHAD), encoded by ILV3, catalyses the third step in the biosynthetic pathway of branchedchain amino acids (BCAAs), which include isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and valine (Val). Enzymes involved in BCAA biosynthesis exist in bacteria, plants, and fungi but not in mammals and are therefore attractive targets for antimicrobial or herbicide development. In this study, three paralogous ILV3 genes (FgILV3A, FgILV3B, and FgILV3C) were identified in the genome of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Deletion of FgILV3A alone or combined with FgILV3B or FgILV3C indicated an important role for FgILV3A in BCAA biosynthesis. FgILV3A deletion mutants lost the ability to grow on medium lacking amino acids. Exogenous supplementation of 1 mM Ile and Val rescued the auxotrophy of ΔFgIlv3A, though 5 mM was required to recover the growth defects in ΔFgIlv3AB and ΔFgIlv3AC strains, indicating that FgIlv3b and FgIlv3c exhibit redundant but accessory roles with FgIlv3a in BCAA biosynthesis. The auxotrophy of ΔFgIlv3A resulted in pleiotropic defects in aerial hyphal growth, in conidial formation and germination, and in aurofusarin accumulation. In addition, the mutants showed reduced virulence and deoxynivalenol production. Overall, our study demonstrates that FgIlv3a is crucial for BCAA biosynthesis in F. graminearum and a candidate fungicide target for FHB management.

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AflaILVB/G/I and AflaILVD are involved in mycelial production, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and fungal virulence in Aspergillus flavus
Yarong Zhao, Chulan Huang, Rui Zeng, Peirong Chen, Kaihang Xu, Xiaomei Huang, Xu Wang
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Histone H3 N-Terminal Lysine Acetylation Governs Fungal Growth, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity through Regulating Gene Expression in Fusarium pseudograminearum
Hang Jiang, Lifang Yuan, Liguo Ma, Kai Qi, Yueli Zhang, Bo Zhang, Guoping Ma, Junshan Qi
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Identification and Characterization of an Antifungal Gene Mt1 from Bacillus subtilis by Affecting Amino Acid Metabolism in Fusarium graminearum
Pei Song, Wubei Dong
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Branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in fungi
Gary Jones, Jane Usher, Joel T. Steyer, Richard B. Todd
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Characterization of siderophore produced by Pseudomonas syringae BAF.1 and its inhibitory effects on spore germination and mycelium morphology of Fusarium oxysporum: Sumei Yu , Chunying Teng , Jinsong Liang , Tao Song , Liying Dong , Xin Bai , Yu Jin , Juanjuan Qu; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(11):877-884. Published online October 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7191-z

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Abstract

In this study, an antagonistic bacterium against Fusarium oxysporum was identified and designated as Pseudomonas syringae strain BAF.1 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis and physiological-biochemical characteristics. It produced catechol-species siderophore at a molecular weight of 488.59 Da and a maximum amount of 55.27 μg/ml with glucose as a carbon source and asparagine as a nitrogen source at a C/N ratio of 10:1, 30°C and pH 7. The siderophore exhibited prominent antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum with a maximum inhibition rate of 95.24% and had also suppressive effects on other kinds of 11 phytopathogenic fungi in the absence of FeCl3·6H2O. Spore germination was completely inhibited by 50 μl of the siderophorecontaining solution, and the ultrastructures of mycelia and spores were also considerably suppressed by siderophore treatment as established by electron microscopy observation. These results indicate that the siderophore produced by Pseudomonas syringae BAF.1 could be potentially used for biocontrol of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum.

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Poly-γ-glutamic acid productivity of Bacillus subtilis BsE1 has positive function in motility and biocontrol against Fusarium graminearum: Luyao Wang , Ning Wang , Dandan Mi , Yuming Luo , Jianhua Guo; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(7):554-560. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6589-y

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Abstract

In this study, we investigate the relationship between γ-PGA productivity and biocontrol capacity of Bacillus subtilis BsE1; one bacterial isolate displayed 62.14% biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium root rot. The γ-PGA yield assay, motility assay, wheat root colonization assay, and biological control assay were analysed in different γ-PGA yield mutants of BsE1. The pgsB (PGA-synthase-CapB gene) deleted mutant of BsE1 reduced γ-PGA yield and exhibited apparent decline of in vitro motile ability. Deletion of pgsB impaired colonizing capacity of BsE1 on wheat root in 30 days, also lowered biocontrol efficacies from 62.08% (wild type BsE1) to 14.22% in greenhouse experiment against Fusarium root rot. The knockout of pgdS and ggt (genes relate to two γ-PGA degrading enzymes) on BsE1, leads to a considerable improvement in polymer yield and biocontrol efficacy, which attains higher level compared with wild type BsE1. Compared with ΔpgsB mutant, defense genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytoalexin expressed changes by notable levels on wheat roots treated with BsE1, demonstrating the functional role γ-PGA plays in biocontrol against Fusarium root rot. γ-PGA is not only important to the motile and plant root colonization ability of BsE1, but also essential to the biological control performed by BsE1 against Fusarium root rot. Our goal in this study is to reveals a new perspective of BCAs screening on bacterial isolates, without good performance during pre-assays of antagonism ability.

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A novel Bacillus sp. with antagonistic activity against a plant pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, and its potential antagonistic mechanism
Shanrui Shen, Feifan Yu, Xinyi Hao, Jing Chen, Huan Gao, Xiaofang Lai
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Multiple roles of a putative vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 74, FgVPS74, in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum: Hee-Kyoung Kim , Ki Woo Kim , Sung-Hwan Yun; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):243-249. Published online April 8, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5067-7

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Abstract

Fusarium graminearum, a member of the F. graminearum species complex, is a filamentous ascomycetous group that causes serious diseases in cereal crops. A screen of insertional mutants of F. graminearum, generated using a restriction enzyme-mediated integration method, identified a mutant designated R7048 showing pleiotropic phenotypes in several mycological traits. The vector insertion site in the R7048 genome was identified as the KpnI site within an ORF annotated as FGSG_06346 (designated FgVPS74), which showed similarity to vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 74 in the baker yeast. Both targeted gene deletion and complementation analyses confirmed that FgVPS74 was involved in hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual development, mycotoxin production, and virulence towards host plants in F. graminearum. Electron microscopy analysis revealed no significant changes in morphology of the vacuole or other organelles, but a greater number of mitochondria were produced in the ΔFgVPS74 strain compared to the wild-type progenitor. Expression of a GFP-tagged FgVPS74 construct under its native promoter in the ΔFgVPS74 strain exhibited localization of GFP signal to putative vesicle structures, but not to the vacuolar membrane. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that a functional vacuolar protein-sorting pathway mediated by FgVPS74 is crucial for fungal growth and development in F. graminearum.

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Multi-omics lights on the toxicological effects of Cr contamination on Penicillium janthinellum P1
Qiuquan Chen, Binbin Chi, Huiying Chen, Xia Li, Bixia Xiong, Quan Guo, F. Song, Q. Chen, M. Anpo
E3S Web of Conferences.2024; 561: 03011. CrossRef
Expanding the Biological Role of Lipo-Chitooligosaccharides and Chitooligosaccharides in Laccaria bicolor Growth and Development
Manuel I. Villalobos Solis, Nancy L. Engle, Margaret K. Spangler, Sylvain Cottaz, Sébastien Fort, Junko Maeda, Jean-Michel Ané, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Jesse L. Labbé, Robert L. Hettich, Paul E. Abraham, Tomás A. Rush
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Comparative proteomics analyses of mycelial, conidial, and Secreted Proteins of high-pathogenic and weak-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum isolates
Eman Elagamey, Magdi A.E. Abdellatef, Arunima Sinha, Said M. Kamel
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2021; 115: 101675. CrossRef
A Novel DCL2-Dependent Micro-Like RNA Vm-PC-3p-92107_6 Affects Pathogenicity by Regulating the Expression of Vm-VPS10 in Valsa mali
Feiran Guo, Jiahao Liang, Ming Xu, Gao Zhang, Lili Huang, Hao Feng
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Sheetal M. Bhosle, Ragiba Makandar
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Photodynamic treatment with phenothiazinium photosensitizers kills both ungerminated and germinated microconidia of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium solani
Henrique Dantas de Menezes, Ludmilla Tonani, Luciano Bachmann, Mark Wainwright, Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga, Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress
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FgFlbD Regulates Hyphal Differentiation Required for Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in the Ascomycete Fungus Fusarium graminearum: Hokyoung Son , Myung-Gu Kim , Suhn-Kee Chae , Yin-Won Lee; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(11):930-939. Published online October 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4384-6

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Abstract

Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal plant pathogen that infects major cereal crops. The fungus produces both sexual and asexual spores in order to endure unfavorable environmental conditions and increase their numbers and distribution across plants. In a model filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, early induction of conidiogenesis is orchestrated by the fluffy genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize fluffy gene homologs involved in conidiogenesis and their mechanism of action in F. graminearum. We characterized five fluffy gene homologs in F. graminearum and found that FlbD is the only conserved regulator for conidiogenesis in A. nidulans and F. graminearum. Deletion of fgflbD prevented hyphal differentiation and the formation of perithecia. Successful interspecies complementation using A. nidulans flbD demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms responsible for FlbD functions are conserved in F. graminearum. Moreover, abaA-wetA pathway is positively regulated by FgFlbD during conidiogenesis in F. graminearum. Deleting fgflbD abolished morphological effects of abaA overexpression, which suggests that additional factors for FgFlbD or an AbaA-independent pathway for conidiogenesis are required for F. graminearum conidiation. Importantly, this study led to the construction of a genetic pathway of F. graminearum conidiogenesis and provides new insights into the genetics of conidiogenesis in fungi.

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FgGmtB Plays an Important Role in Growth, Reproduction, Virulence and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum
Chenming Zhao, Xiaoyue Yang, Wenqiang Jiang, Guifen Zhang, Dongfang Ma
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A feedback regulation of FgHtf1-FgCon7 loop in conidiogenesis and development of Fusarium graminearum
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2024; 261: 129841. CrossRef
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Con7 is a key transcription regulator for conidiogenesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum
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A Network of Sporogenesis-Responsive Genes Regulates the Growth, Asexual Sporogenesis, Pathogenesis and Fusaric Acid Production of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
Songmao Lu, Huobing Deng, Yaqi Lin, Meimei Huang, Haixia You, Yan Zhang, Weijian Zhuang, Guodong Lu, Yingzi Yun
Journal of Fungi.2023; 10(1): 1. CrossRef
An anecdote of mechanics for Fusarium biocontrol by plant growth promoting microbes
Rohit Patel, Krina Mehta, Jignesh Prajapati, Arpit Shukla, Paritosh Parmar, Dweipayan Goswami, Meenu Saraf
Biological Control.2022; 174: 105012. CrossRef
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Lili Jia, Yuyun Huang, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Marc Stadler, Yanchun Shao, Wanping Chen, Fusheng Chen
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eIF3k Domain-Containing Protein Regulates Conidiogenesis, Appressorium Turgor, Virulence, Stress Tolerance, and Physiological and Pathogenic Development of Magnaporthe oryzae Oryzae
Lili Lin, Jiaying Cao, Anqiang Du, Qiuli An, Xiaomin Chen, Shuangshuang Yuan, Wajjiha Batool, Ammarah Shabbir, Dongmei Zhang, Zonghua Wang, Justice Norvienyeku
Frontiers in Plant Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulation and Dynamics of Gene Expression During the Life Cycle of Fusarium graminearum
Elizabeth K. Brauer, Rajagopal Subramaniam, Linda J. Harris
Phytopathology®.2020; 110(8): 1368. CrossRef
FgHtf1 Regulates Global Gene Expression towards Aerial Mycelium and Conidiophore Formation in the Cereal Fungal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum
Gaili Fan, Huawei Zheng, Kai Zhang, Veena Devi Ganeshan, Stephen Obol Opiyo, Dan Liu, Mingyang Li, Guangpu Li, Thomas K. Mitchell, Yingzi Yun, Zonghua Wang, Guo-dong Lu, M. Julia Pettinari
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Rewiring of transcriptional networks as a major event leading to the diversity of asexual multicellularity in fungi
Oier Etxebeste, Ainara Otamendi, Aitor Garzia, Eduardo A. Espeso, Marc S. Cortese
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2019; 45(5-6): 548. CrossRef
The transcription factor FgMed1 is involved in early conidiogenesis and DON biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum
Gaili Fan, Kai Zhang, Jing Zhang, Jie Yang, Xiaoshuang Yang, Yanpei Hu, Jiawei Huang, Yangyan Zhu, Wenying Yu, Hongli Hu, Baohua Wang, WonBo Shim, Guo-dong Lu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2019; 103(14): 5851. CrossRef
Developmental regulators FlbE/D orchestrate the polarity site-to-nucleus dynamics of the fungal bZIP transcription factor FlbB
Ainara Otamendi, Elixabet Perez-de-Nanclares-Arregi, Elixabet Oiartzabal-Arano, Marc S. Cortese, Eduardo A. Espeso, Oier Etxebeste
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2019; 76(21): 4369. CrossRef
Evolution of asexual and sexual reproduction in the aspergilli
M. Ojeda-López, W. Chen, C.E. Eagle, G. Gutiérrez, W.L. Jia, S.S. Swilaiman, Z. Huang, H.-S. Park, J.-H. Yu, D. Cánovas, P.S. Dyer
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Set1 and Kdm5 are antagonists for H3K4 methylation and regulators of the major conidiation‐specific transcription factor gene ABA1 in Fusarium fujikuroi
Slavica Janevska, Ulrich Güldener, Michael Sulyok, Bettina Tudzynski, Lena Studt
Environmental Microbiology.2018; 20(9): 3343. CrossRef
Comparative genomics of geographically distant Fusarium fujikuroi isolates revealed two distinct pathotypes correlating with secondary metabolite profiles
Eva-Maria Niehaus, Hee-Kyoung Kim, Martin Münsterkötter, Slavica Janevska, Birgit Arndt, Svetlana A. Kalinina, Petra M. Houterman, Il-Pyung Ahn, Ilaria Alberti, Stefano Tonti, Da-Woon Kim, Christian M. K. Sieber, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Sung-Hwan Yun, Ulrich G
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Penicillium oxalicum PoFlbC regulates fungal asexual development and is important for cellulase gene expression
Guangshan Yao, Zhonghai Li, Ruimei Wu, Yuqi Qin, Guodong Liu, Yinbo Qu
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2016; 86: 91. CrossRef

Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii Isolates from Different Agro-Ecological Regions of India: Rupesh Kumar Mishra , Brajesh Kumar Pandey , Vijai Singh , Amita John Mathew , Neelam Pathak , Mohammad Zeeshan; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):405-412. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2638-3

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Abstract: Twenty one isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Fop), causing a vascular wilt in guava (Psidium guajava L.), were collected from different agro-ecological regions of India. The pathogenicity test was performed in guava seedlings, where the Fop isolates were found to be highly pathogenic. All 21 isolates were confirmed as F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii by a newly developed, species-specific primer against the conserved regions of 28S rDNA and the intergenic spacer region. RAPD and PCR-RFLP were used for genotyping the isolates to determine their genetic relationships. Fifteen RAPD primers were tested, of which five primers produced prominent, polymorphic, and reproducible bands. RAPD yielded an average of 6.5 polymorphic bands per primer, with the amplified DNA fragments ranging from 200–2,000 bp in size. A dendrogram constructed from these data indicated a 22–74% level of homology. In RFLP analysis, two major bands (350 and 220 bp) were commonly present in all isolates of F. oxysporum. These findings provide new insight for rapid, specific, and sensitive disease diagnosis. However, genotyping could be useful in strain-level discrimination of isolates from different agro-ecological regions of India.

Journal Article

Fumigant Activity of Volatiles from Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1 against Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon: Zhifang Wang , Changlu Wang , Fengjuan Li , Zhenjing Li , Mianhua Chen , Yurong Wang , Xi Qiao , Hong Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):477-483. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2586-y

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Abstract: The fumigant activity of volatiles generated by Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1 against Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon was investigated. The results showed that the mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of F. moniliforme were significantly suppressed, and that membrane permeability was disrupted in the presence of the volatiles. Gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry analysis revealed 31 kinds of volatile organic compound from the volatiles. Among them, two earthy-smelling substances, namely, 2-methylisoborneol (50.97%) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalinol (3.10%) were found. The most abundant compound, 2-methylisoborneol, exhibited inhibitory activity against F. moniliforme by fumigation. All these results suggested that S. alboflavus TD-1 can be a promising starter for the inhibition of F. moniliforme through fumigant action.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

The Role of a Dark Septate Endophytic Fungus, Veronaeopsis simplex Y34, in Fusarium Disease Suppression in Chinese Cabbage: Rida O. Khastini , Hiroyuki Ohta , Kazuhiko Narisawa; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):618-624. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2105-6

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35 Scopus

Abstract: The soil-inhabiting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum has been an increasing threat to Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.). A dark septate endophytic fungus, Veronaeopsis simplex Y34, isolated from Yaku Island, Japan, was evaluated in vitro for the ability to suppress Fusarium disease. Seedlings grown in the presence of the endophyte showed a 71% reduction in Fusarium wilt disease and still had good growth. The disease control was achieved through a synergetic effect involving a mechanical resistance created by a dense network of V. simplex Y34 hyphae, which colonized the host root, and siderophore production acting indirectly to induce a resistance mechanism in the plant. Changes in the relative abundance of the fungal communities in the soil as determined by fluorescently labelled T-RFs (terminal restriction fragments), appeared 3 weeks after application of the fungus. Results showed the dominance of V. simplex Y34, which became established in the rhizosphere and out-competed F. oxysporum.

Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes: Vladimir Vujanovic , Yit Kheng Goh , Prasad Daida; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):97-102. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5

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23 Scopus

Abstract: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.

Megabase-sized DNA Isolation and Electrophoretic Karyotype of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht: Park, Min Seon , Min, Byung Re; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(2):132-135.

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Abstract: To investigate the electrophoretic karytype of Fusarium oxysporum, intact chromosomal DNA was separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PEGE). DNA extraction from nulcei, mycelia and protoplasts were compared with one another and with the quantity and the suitability for PFGE separation in agarose gel. As a result, the most useful extracting method for intact DNA was found to be that from protoplasts. By varying the electrophoretic conditions, 8 chromosomal DNA bounds were resolved. Using the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as size standards, the size of Fusarium oxysporum chromosomes was estimated to range from approximately 0.6 Mb TO 6.7 Mb, and total genome size was 26.7 Mb. The suitability of electrophoretic karyotyping as a tool for strain characterization is discussed.

Comparison of electrophoretic karyotypes in fusarium: Min , Byung Re; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):334-338.

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Abstract: The electrophoretic karyotypes of 6 species in different Fusarium sections were examined by using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. Intact chromosomal DNA was prepared from protoplasts and up to 9 distinct bands were separated on 0.7% or 0.8% agarose gel under several different conditions. Putative chromosome numbers varied from 6 to 9 amd polymorphic karyotypes were observed in different Fusarium sections. Using Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes as standards, the sizes of the Fusarium spp. chromosomes were estimated. The electrophoretic karyotypes of F. moniliforme and F. subglutinans (section Liseola) were similar. Unidentified filamentour fungi, F. beomiforme was much closer to F. axysporum (section Elecgans) in karyotype and the karyotypes of F. napiforme were more similar to those of section Liseola than any other sections. F. graminearum (section Discolor) had a distinctive electrophoretic karyotype.

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