Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Gene deletion and constitutive expression of the pectate lyase gene 1 (MoPL1) lead to diminished virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae: Alex Wegner , Florencia Casanova , Marco Loehrer , Angelina Jordine , Stefan Bohnert , Xinyu Liu , Zhengguang Zhang , Ulrich Schaffrath; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):79-88. Published online December 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1074-7

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Phytopathogenic fungi are known to secrete specific proteins which act as virulence factors and promote host colonization. Some of them are enzymes with plant cell wall degradation capability, like pectate lyases (Pls). In this work, we examined the involvement of Pls in the infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. From three Plgenes annotated in the M. oryzae genome, only transcripts of MoPL1 considerably accumulated during the infection process with a peak at 72 h post inoculation. Both, gene deletion and a constitutive expression of MoPL1 in M. oryzae led to a significant reduction in virulence. By contrast, mutants that constitutively expressed an enzymatic inactive version of MoPl1 did not differ in virulence compared to the wild type isolate. This indicates that the enzymatic activity of MoPl1 is responsible for diminished virulence, which is presumably due to degradation products recognized as danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which strengthen the plant immune response. Microscopic analysis of infection sites pointed to an increased plant defense response. Additionally, MoPl1 tagged with mRFP, and not the enzymatic inactive version, focally accumulated in attacked plant cells beneath appressoria and at sites where fungal hyphae transverse from one to another cell. These findings shed new light on the role of pectate lyases during tissue colonization in the necrotrophic stage of M. oryzae's life cycle.

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Enhanced Resistance to Pokkah Boeng Disease in Sugarcane Through Host‐Induced Gene Silencing Targeting FsCYP51 in Fusarium sacchari
Liuyu Yin, Zhen Huang, Yuming Zhou, Minyan Lu, Lixiang Zhu, Ruolin Di, Zhenzhen Duan, Yixue Bao, Qin Hu, Charles A. Powell, Baoshan Chen, Jisen Zhang, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao
Plant, Cell & Environment.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fusarium sacchari FsNis1 induces plant immunity
Ruolin Di, Lixiang Zhu, Zhen Huang, Minyan Lu, Liuyu Yin, Caixia Wang, Yixue Bao, Zhenzhen Duan, Charles A. Powell, Qin Hu, Jisen Zhang, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao
Gene.2024; 907: 148260. CrossRef
Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii
Wen Li, Peng Li, Yizhen Deng, Zijing Zhang, Junjian Situ, Ji Huang, Minhui Li, Pinggen Xi, Zide Jiang, Guanghui Kong
New Phytologist.2024; 242(6): 2682. CrossRef
Unravelling transcriptional responses of the willow to Fusarium kuroshium infection
Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Luis A. Martínez-Rodríguez, Eric E. Hernández-Domínguez, Mizraim Olivares-Miranda, Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas, Emanuel Villafán, Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres, Diana Sánchez-Rangel
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2024; 133: 102379. CrossRef
Recognition of the inducible, secretory small protein OsSSP1 by the membrane receptor OsSSR1 and the co-receptor OsBAK1 confers rice resistance to the blast fungus
Tianfeng Zhao, Shijie Ma, Ziying Kong, Haimiao Zhang, Yi Wang, Junzhe Wang, Jiazong Liu, Wanzhen Feng, Tong Liu, Chunyan Liu, Suochen Liang, Shilin Lu, Xinyu Li, Haipeng Zhao, Chongchong Lu, Muhammad Zunair Latif, Ziyi Yin, Yang Li, Xinhua Ding
Molecular Plant.2024; 17(5): 807. CrossRef
A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance
Wen Li, Peng Li, Yizhen Deng, Junjian Situ, Zhuoyuan He, Wenzhe Zhou, Minhui Li, Pinggen Xi, Xiangxiu Liang, Guanghui Kong, Zide Jiang
Nature Communications.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Roles of Three FgPel Genes in the Development and Pathogenicity Regulation of Fusarium graminearum
Lu Cai, Xiao Xu, Ye Dong, Yingying Jin, Younes M. Rashad, Dongfang Ma, Aiguo Gu
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(10): 666. CrossRef
Pectate Lyase from Fusarium sacchari Induces Plant Immune Responses and Contributes to Virulence
Caixia Wang, Zhen Huang, Zhenzhen Duan, Lixiang Zhu, Ruolin Di, Yixue Bao, Charles A. Powell, Qin Hu, Baoshan Chen, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao, Lindsey Price Burbank
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pectate Lyase Genes Abundantly Expressed During the Infection Regulate Morphological Development of Colletotrichum camelliae and CcPEL16 Is Required for Full Virulence to Tea Plants
Hong Jiang, Qinghai Cao, Xinchao Wang, Wuyun Lv, Yuchun Wang, Aaron P. Mitchell
mSphere.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Small GTPases RasA and RasB regulate development, patulin production, and virulence of Penicillium expansum
Yuanyuan Zong, Xuemei Zhang, Di Gong, Feng Zhang, Lirong Yu, Yang Bi, Edward Sionov, Dov Prusky
Postharvest Biology and Technology.2023; 197: 112192. CrossRef
Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal the potential pathogenic mechanism of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on pitaya
Meng Wang, Min Xu, Zhouwen Wang, Yi Ding, Shaoling Kang, Senrong Jiang, Shuangshuang Wei, Jun Xie, Jiaquan Huang, Dongdong Li, Wenbin Hu, Hongli Li, Xingyu Jiang, Hua Tang, Yonglin Wang
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of RT-qPCR reference genes suitable for gene function studies in the pitaya canker disease pathogen Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
Meng Wang, Zhouwen Wang, Shuangshuang Wei, Jun Xie, Jiaquan Huang, Dongdong Li, Wenbin Hu, Hongli Li, Hua Tang
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Influences of genetically perturbing synthesis of the typical yellow pigment on conidiation, cell wall integrity, stress tolerance, and cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei: Weixin Zhang , Ning An , Junqi Guo , Zhixing Wang , Xiangfeng Meng , Weifeng Liu; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):426-434. Published online January 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0433-0

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Abstract

The prominent protein producing workhorse Trichoderma reesei secretes a typical yellow pigment that is synthesized by a gene cluster including two polyketide synthase encoding genes sor1 and sor2. Two transcription factors (YPR1 and YPR2) that are encoded in the same cluster have been shown to regulate the expression of the sor genes. However, the physiological relevance of the yellow pigment synthesis in T. reesei is not completely clear. In this study, a yellow pigment hyper-producer OEypr1 and three yellow pigment non-producers, OEypr1-sor1, Δypr1, and OEypr2, were constructed. Their phenotypic features in mycelial growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity, stress tolerance, and cellulase production were determined. Whereas hyperproduction of the yellow pigment caused significant defects in all the physiological aspects tested, the non-producers showed similar colony growth, but improved conidiation, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress tolerance compared to the control strain. Moreover, in contrast to the severely compromised extracellular cellobiohydrolase production in the yellow pigment hyperproducer, loss of the yellow pigment hardly affected induced cellulase gene expression. Our results demonstrate that interfering with the yellow pigment synthesis constitutes an engineering strategy to endow T. reesei with preferred features for industrial application.

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Co-inoculation of Soybean Seedling with Trichoderma asperellum and Irpex laceratus Promotes the Absorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Zengyuan Tian, Xiaomin Wang, Yanyi Li, Yu Xi, Mengting He, Yuqi Guo
Current Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Small GTPase Rab7 is involved in stress adaptation to carbon starvation to ensure the induced cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei
Lin Liu, Zhixing Wang, Yu Fang, Renfei Yang, Yi Pu, Xiangfeng Meng, Weifeng Liu
Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
TrLys9 participates in fungal development and lysine biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei
Jinling Lan, Lin Zhang, Jie Gao, Ronglin He
The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology.2023; 69(3): 159. CrossRef
MAPkinases regulate secondary metabolism, sexual development and light dependent cellulase regulation in Trichoderma reesei
Miriam Schalamun, Sabrina Beier, Wolfgang Hinterdobler, Nicole Wanko, Johann Schinnerl, Lothar Brecker, Dorothea Elisa Engl, Monika Schmoll
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
C-terminus of serine–arginine protein kinase-like protein, SrpkF, is involved in conidiophore formation and hyphal growth under salt stress in Aspergillus aculeatus
Natsumi Kobayashi, Ryohei Katayama, Kentaro Minamoto, Takashi Kawaguchi, Shuji Tani
International Microbiology.2023; 27(1): 91. CrossRef
Global regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei by the transcription factor Ypr1, as revealed by transcriptome analysis
Jie Yang, Jia-Xiang Li, Fei Zhang, Xin-Qing Zhao
Engineering Microbiology.2023; 3(2): 100065. CrossRef
Dual Regulatory Role of Chromatin Remodeler ISW1 in Coordinating Cellulase and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei
Yanli Cao, Renfei Yang, Fanglin Zheng, Xiangfeng Meng, Weixin Zhang, Weifeng Liu, Xiaorong Lin
mBio.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Heterologous Expression of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Trichoderma reesei for Waste Valorization
Mary L. Shenouda, Maria Ambilika, Elizabeth Skellam, Russell J. Cox
Journal of Fungi.2022; 8(4): 355. CrossRef
Morphologically favorable mutant of Trichoderma reesei for low viscosity cellulase production
Mukund G. Adsul, Pooja Dixit, Jitendra K. Saini, Ravi P. Gupta, Sankara Sri Venkata Ramakumar, Anshu S. Mathur
Biotechnology and Bioengineering.2022; 119(8): 2167. CrossRef
Identification of a Bidirectional Promoter from Trichoderma reesei and Its Application in Dual Gene Expression
Xiaoxiao Wu, Fuzhe Li, Renfei Yang, Xiangfeng Meng, Weixin Zhang, Weifeng Liu
Journal of Fungi.2022; 8(10): 1059. CrossRef
A histone H3K9 methyltransferase Dim5 mediates repression of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei
Lei Wang, Jialong Liu, Xiaotong Li, Xinxing Lyu, Zhizhen Liu, Hong Zhao, Xiangying Jiao, Weixin Zhang, Jun Xie, Weifeng Liu
Microbial Biotechnology.2022; 15(10): 2533. CrossRef
Transcriptome Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Genes Expressed in Cultured and Lichenized Conditions of Cladonia rangiferina
Natalia Sveshnikova, Michele D. Piercey-Normore
Diversity.2021; 13(11): 529. CrossRef
From induction to secretion: a complicated route for cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei
Su Yan, Yan Xu, Xiao-Wei Yu
Bioresources and Bioprocessing.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Phenotypic characterization of a conserved inner membrane protein YhcB in Escherichia coli: Chul Gi Sung , Umji Choi , Chang-Ro Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(7):598-605. Published online April 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0078-4

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Abstract

Although bacteria have diverse membrane proteins, the function of many of them remains unknown or uncertain even in Escherichia coli. In this study, to investigate the function of hypothetical membrane proteins, genome-wide analysis of phenotypes of hypothetical membrane proteins was performed under various envelope stresses. Several genes responsible for adaptation to envelope stresses were identified. Among them, deletion of YhcB, a conserved inner membrane protein of unknown function, caused high sensitivities to various envelope stresses and increased membrane permeability, and caused growth defect under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, yhcB deletion resulted in morphological aberration, such as branched shape, and cell division defects, such as filamentous growth and the generation of chromosome- less cells. The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the yhcB mutant was highly susceptible to various anti-folate antibiotics. Notably, all phenotypes of the yhcB mutant were completely or significantly restored by YhcB without the transmembrane domain, indicating that the localization of YhcB on the inner membrane is dispensable for its function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that YhcB is involved in cell morphology and cell division in a membrane localization-independent manner.

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Co-ordinated assembly of the multilayered cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
Elayne M Fivenson, Laurent Dubois, Thomas G Bernhardt
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 79: 102479. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in overactive fatty acid biosynthesis
Hannah M. Stanley, M. Stephen Trent, K. Heran Darwin
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Factor LapD Is Required for the Regulation of LpxC Amounts and Lipopolysaccharide Trafficking
Alicja Wieczorek, Anna Sendobra, Akshey Maniyeri, Magdalena Sugalska, Gracjana Klein, Satish Raina
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 9706. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in dysregulation of coordinated peptidoglycan, LPS and phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth
Emily C. A. Goodall, Georgia L. Isom, Jessica L. Rooke, Karthik Pullela, Christopher Icke, Zihao Yang, Gabriela Boelter, Alun Jones, Isabel Warner, Rochelle Da Costa, Bing Zhang, James Rae, Wee Boon Tan, Matthias Winkle, Antoine Delhaye, Eva Heinz, Jean-F
PLOS Genetics.2021; 17(12): e1009586. CrossRef
The inner membrane protein LapB is required for adaptation to cold stress in an LpxC-independent manner
Han Byeol Lee, Si Hyoung Park, Chang-Ro Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(7): 666. CrossRef

Mutants defective in the production of encapsulin show a tan-phaselocked phenotype in Myxococcus xanthus: Dohee Kim , Juo Choi , Sunjin Lee , Hyesook Hyun , Kyoung Lee , Kyungyun Cho; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(9):795-802. Published online June 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8683-9

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Abstract

Myxococcus xanthus, a myxobacterium, displays phase variation between yellow phase and tan phase. We found that deletion of the encA gene encoding encapsulin and the encF gene encoding a metalloprotease causes formation of tan colonies that never transform into yellow colonies. The encA and encF mutants were defective in the production of DKxanthene and myxovirescin. They did not produce extracellular polysaccharides; hence, the cells did not aggregate in liquid and showed reduced swarming on agar plates. The mutants had defective sporulation, but were rescued extracellularly by wild type cells. All these traits indicate that the encA and encF mutants are likely to be tan-phase-locked, and encapsulin has a close relationship with phase variation in M. xanthus. The encA and encF genes are localized in the same gene cluster, encBAEFG (MXAN_3557~MXAN_3553). Unlike the encA and encF genes, deletion of other genes in the cluster did not show tan-phase-locked phenotype.

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Encapsulated Ferritin-like Proteins: A Structural Perspective
Elif Eren, Norman R. Watts, Felipe Montecinos, Paul T. Wingfield
Biomolecules.2024; 14(6): 624. CrossRef
A widespread bacterial protein compartment sequesters and stores elemental sulfur
Robert Benisch, Michael P. Andreas, Tobias W. Giessen
Science Advances.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Structure and heterogeneity of a highly cargo-loaded encapsulin shell
Seokmu Kwon, Michael P. Andreas, Tobias W. Giessen
Journal of Structural Biology.2023; 215(4): 108022. CrossRef
Bacterial Nanocompartments: Structures, Functions, and Applications
Harry Benjamin McDowell, Egbert Hoiczyk, Michael Y. Galperin
Journal of Bacteriology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Condensation and Protection of DNA by the Myxococcus xanthus Encapsulin: A Novel Function
Ana V. Almeida, Ana J. Carvalho, Tomás Calmeiro, Nykola C. Jones, Søren V. Hoffmann, Elvira Fortunato, Alice S. Pereira, Pedro Tavares
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(14): 7829. CrossRef
Encapsulins
Tobias W. Giessen
Annual Review of Biochemistry.2022; 91(1): 353. CrossRef
Advances in encapsulin nanocompartment biology and engineering
Jesse A. Jones, Tobias W. Giessen
Biotechnology and Bioengineering.2021; 118(1): 491. CrossRef
Encapsulin nanocages: Protein encapsulation and iron sequestration
Ana V. Almeida, Ana J. Carvalho, Alice S. Pereira
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Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism
Robert J Nichols, Benjamin LaFrance, Naiya R Phillips, Devon R Radford, Luke M Oltrogge, Luis E Valentin-Alvarado, Amanda J Bischoff, Eva Nogales, David F Savage
eLife.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Nanotechnological Applications Based on Bacterial Encapsulins
Javier M. Rodríguez, Carolina Allende-Ballestero, Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen, José R. Castón
Nanomaterials.2021; 11(6): 1467. CrossRef

Bacillus piscis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the muscle of the antarctic fish Dissostichus mawsoni: Jae-Bong Lee , Seon Hwa Jeon , Seok-Gwan Choi , Hee-Young Jung , Myung Kyum Kim , Sathiyaraj Srinivasan; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(12):809-813. Published online November 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6473-1

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Abstract

In this paper, a new bacterial strain designated as 16MFT21T is isolated from the muscle of a fish caught in the Antarctic Ocean. Strain 16MFT21T is a Gram-staining-positive, catalase- oxidase-positive, rod-shaped facultative-aerobic bacterium. The phylogenetic analysis that is based on the 16S-rRNA gene sequence of strain 16MFT21T revealed that it belongs to the genus Bacillus in the family Bacillaceae in the class Bacilli. The highest degrees of the sequence similarity of the strain 16MFT21T is with Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580T (96.6%) and Bacillus sonorensis NBRC 101234T (96.6%). The isolate formed a pale-yellow pigment, and it grew in the presence of 0% to 10% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 2% NaCl), a pH of 6.0 to 10.0 (optimum pH􍾘from 7.0 to 8.0), and from 4°C to 30°C (optimum at 30°C). The major polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The predominant fatty acids are iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, and anteiso-C17:0. The main respiratory quinone is menaquinone- 7 (MK-7), and based on the use of the meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, the peptidoglycan cell-wall type is A1γ. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, strain 16MFT21T (=KCTC 18866T =JCM 31664T) for which the name Bacillus piscis sp. nov. is proposed should be classified as a new species.

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Culture-dependent and -independent analyses of bacterial compositions and its contributions to formation of γ-aminobutyric acid and poly-γ-glutamic acid in Cheonggukjang
Young Hun Jin, Jae-Hyung Mah
Food Research International.2024; 179: 114026. CrossRef
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Jong Hyoung Hong, Young Hun Jin, Alixander Mattay Pawluk, Jae-Hyung Mah
LWT.2024; 201: 116265. CrossRef
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Ebtehag A. E. Sakr, Dena Z. Khater, Zeinab M. H. Kheiralla, Kamel M. El‑khatib
Microbial Cell Factories.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Zhen Wang, Wenqing Wu, Luncheng Cui, Xiang Li, Muhammad Fakhar‐e‐Alam Kulyar, Haiqian Xiong, Nian Zhou, Huaihui Yin, Jiakui Li, Xiang Li
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Review

MINIREVIEW] Shiga Toxins Expressed by Human Pathogenic Bacteria Induce Immune Responses in Host Cells: Moo-Seung Lee , Myung Hee Kim , Vernon L. Tesh; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):724-730. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3429-6

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Abstract

Shiga toxins are a family of genetically and structurally related toxins that are the primary virulence factors produced by the bacterial pathogens Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain Escherichia coli strains. The toxins are multifunctional proteins inducing protein biosynthesis inhibition, ribotoxic and ER stress responses, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. The regulated induction of inflammatory responses is key to minimizing damage upon injury or pathogen-mediated infections, requiring the concerted activation of multiple signaling pathways to control cytokine/chemokine expression. Activation of host cell signaling cascades is essential for Shiga toxinmediated proinflammatory responses and the contribution of the toxins to virulence. Many studies have been reported defining the inflammatory response to Shiga toxins in vivo and in vitro, including production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/β (MIP-1α/β), macrophage chemoattractant monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Groβ. These cytokines and chemokines may contribute to damage in the colon and development of life threatening conditions such as acute renal failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome) and neurological abnormalities. In this review, we summarize recent findings in Shiga toxin-mediated inflammatory responses by different types of cells in vitro and in animal models. Signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory responses are briefly reviewed.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Antiviral Activities of Flavonoids Isolated from the Bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against Fish Pathogenic Viruses In Vitro: So Young Kang , Ji-Young Kang , Myung-Joo Oh; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):293-300. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2068-7

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Abstract: An 80% methanolic extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes bark showed significant anti-viral activity against fish pathogenic infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in a cell-based assay measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Activity-guided fractionation and isolation for the 80% methanolic extract of R. verniciflua yielded the most active ethyl acetate fraction, and methyl gallate (1) and four flavonoids: fustin (2), fisetin (3), butin (4) and sulfuretin (5). Among them, fisetin (3) exhibited high antiviral activities against both IHNV and VHSV showing EC50 values of 27.1 and 33.3 μM with selective indices (SI = CC50/EC50) more than 15, respectively. Fustin (2) and sulfuretin (5) displayed significant antiviral activities showing EC50 values of 91.2– 197.3 μM against IHNV and VHSV. In addition, the antiviral activity of fisetin against IHNV and VHSV occurred up to 5 hr post-infection and was not associated with direct virucidal effects in a timed addition study using a plaque reduction assay. These results suggested that the bark of R. verniciflua and isolated flavonoids have significant anti-viral activity against IHNV and VHSV, and also have potential to be used as anti-viral therapeutics against fish viral diseases.

Effects of Exopolysaccharide Production on Liquid Vegetative Growth, Stress Survival, and Stationary Phase Recovery in Myxococcus xanthus: Wei Hu , Jing Wang , Ian McHardy , Renate Lux , Zhe Yang , Yuezhong Li , Wenyuan Shi; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):241-248. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1349-5

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Abstract: Exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Myxococcus xanthus is a wellregulated cell surface component. In addition to its known functions for social motility and fruiting body formation on solid surfaces, EPS has also been proposed to play a role in multi-cellular clumping in liquid medium, though this phenomenon has not been well studied. In this report, we confirmed that M. xanthus clumps formed in liquid were correlated with EPS levels and demonstrated that the EPS encased cell clumps exhibited biofilm-like structures. The clumps protected the cells at physiologically relevant EPS concentrations, while cells lacking EPS exhibited significant reduction in long-term viability and resistance to stressful conditions. However, excess EPS production was counterproductive to vegetative growth and viable cell recovery declined in extended late stationary phase as cells became trapped in the matrix of clumps. Therefore, optimal EPS production by M. xanthus is important for normal physiological functions in liquid.

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Infections in Feral Oncorhynchus spp. (Family Salmonidae) in Michigan: Thomas P. Loch , Rakesh Kumar , Wei Xu , Mohamed Faisal; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):703-713. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0527-1

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Abstract: Members of the genus Oncorhynchus were introduced from the Pacific Northwest to the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and now constitute one of its most commercially and ecologically valuable fisheries. Recently, infections by a group of Gram-positive atypical lactobacilli belonging to the genus Carnobacterium have been detected in feral and captive Oncorhynchus spp. broodstock, some of which were associated with mortalities. Out of 1564 rainbow and steelhead trout (O. mykiss), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) that were bacteriologically examined, 57 Carnobacterium spp. isolates were recovered from the kidneys, spleen, swimbladder, and/or external ulcerations of 51 infected fish. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization, as well as partial 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of 30 representative isolates identified 29 as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and 1 as C. divergens, though some phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity was observed. Infections with C. maltaromaticum were associated with signitures typical of pseudokidney disease, but on occasion were also observed in fish displaying the gross and histopathological changes characteristic of nephrocalcinosis. While C. maltaromaticum infections were found to be widespread in both feral and farmed spawning populations of Oncorhynchus spp. residing within the Great Lakes basin, infection prevalence varied significantly according to fish species and strain, gender, and across time, but not by sampling location according to logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study further underscore the presence of phenotypic variations among Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains that necessitate genotypic analysis to achieve definitive identification.

Published Erratum

Erratum: Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea: Mingeun Sagong, Yong-Myung Kang, Na Yeong Kim, Eun Bi Noh, Gyeong-Beom Heo, Se-Hee An, Youn-Jeong Lee, Young Ki Choi, Kwang-Nyeong Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):489-489.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00149-6

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Evaluation of Endophytic Colonization of Citrus sinensis and Catharanthus roseus Seedlings by Endophytic Bacteria: Paulo Teixeira Lacava , Welington Luiz Araujo , Joao Lucio Azevedo; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(1):11-14.; DOI: https://doi.org/2498 [pii]

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Abstract: Over the last few years, the endophytic bacterial community associated with citrus has been studied as an important component interacting with Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). This bacterium may also colonize some model plants, such as Catharanthus roseus and Nicotiana clevelandii. In the present study, we compared the endophytic colonization of Citrus sinensis and Catharanthus roseus using the endophytic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae. We chose an appropriate strain, K. pneumoniae 342 (Kp342), labeled with the GFP gene. This strain was inoculated onto seedlings of C. sinensis and C. roseus. The isolation frequency was determined one week after the inoculation and the endophytic colonization of K. pneumoniae was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Although the endophytic bacterium was more frequently isolated from C. roseus than from C. sinensis, the colonization profiles for both host plants were similar, suggesting that C. roseus could be used as a model plant to study the interaction between endophytic bacteria and X. fastidiosa.

Isolation of Glucose Utilizing Mutant of Alcaligenes eutrophus, its Substrate Selectivity, and Accumulation of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate: Kim, Hye Yeon , Park, Jin Seo , Shin, Hyun Dong , Lee, yong Hyun; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(1):51-58.

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Abstract: A glucose utilizing mutant was selected from parent strain Alcaligenes eutrophus H16, and named as Glu-9. The mechanisms of glucose utilization of the mutant Glu-9 was investigated by measuring the D-[1-¹⁴C] glucose transport activity and the activities of key enzymes related to glucose and fructose uptake via facilitated diffusion. The uptaken glucose seems to activate key enzymes related to glucose matabolism. The selectivity between glucose and fructose of mutant Glu-9 was also analyzed by measuring glucose transport activity and enzyme activities under the various cultivation conditions using different carbon sources. Mutant Alcaligenes eutrophus Glu-9 preferentially consumed fructose from mixed substrates of glucose and fructose due to the inhibition of fructose to glucose transport activity. The characteristics of cell growth and PHB accumulation of Alcaligenes eutrophus Glu-9 were examined under various cultural conditions. Mutant strain Glu-9 showed tolerance in high concentration of glucose and increased yield of PHB production.

Expression of Chemokine and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Genes in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages Infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi: Young-Sang Koh; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(3):186-194.

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Abstract: Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection, is clinically and histopathologically characterized by local as well as systemic inflammatory reactions, indicating that orientiae induce mechanisms that amplify the inflammatory response. To reveal underlying mechanisms of chemoattraction and activation of responding leukocytes, expression of chemokine and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-[alpha]) genes in murine peritoneal macrophages after infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium O. tsutsugamushi was investigated. The genes that were upregulated included macrophage inflammatory proteins 1[alpha]/[beta] (MIP-1[alpha]/[beta]), MIP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), gamma-interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and TNF-[alpha]. Peak expression of these chemokines and TNF-[alpha] was observed between 1 and 3 h after infection. These responses returned to or approached baseline preinfection levels 6 h after challenge. Semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis revealed dramatic increases during infection in the steady-state levels of mRNA coding for the inhibitory subunit of NF-[kappa]B (I[kappa]B[alpha]), whose transcription is enhanced by binding of NF-[kappa]B within the I[kappa]B[alpha] promoter region. Thus, O. tsutsugamushi appears to be a strong inducer of chemokines and TNF-[alpha] which may significantly contribute to inflammation and tissue damage observed in scrub typhus by attracting and activating phagocytic leukocytes.

Chemokine Gene Expression in Mice during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection: Young-Sang Koh; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(3):266-270.

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Abstract: Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of scrub typhus which is histopathologically characterized by inflammatory manifestations. To understand the pathogenesis of scrub typhus, chemokine gene expression in mice after infection with O. tsutsugamushi was investigated. The mRNAs that were upregulated included macrophage inflammatory proteins 1[alpha]/[beta] (MIP-1[alpha]/[beta]), MIP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and gamma-interferon-inducible protein 10. Peak expression of these chemokines was observed six days after infection. These responses returned to or approached baseline preinfection levels by eight days after infection. Chemokine profiles in infected mice were well correlated with the kinetics of inflammatory cell infiltration. Thus, O. tsutsugamushi appears to be a strong inducer of chemokines which may significantly contribute to the inflammation observed in scrub typhus by attracting and activating phagocytic leukocytes.

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