Review
- Nanoparticle and virus-like particle vaccine approaches against SARS-CoV-2
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Chulwoo Kim , Jae-Deog Kim , Sang-Uk Seo
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J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):335-346. Published online January 28, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1608-z
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Abstract
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The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
infection has provoked an urgent need for prophylactic measures.
Several innovative vaccine platforms have been introduced
and billions of vaccine doses have been administered
worldwide. To enable the creation of safer and more effective
vaccines, additional platforms are under development. These
include the use of nanoparticle (NP) and virus-like particle
(VLP) technology. NP vaccines utilize self-assembling scaffold
structures designed to load the entire spike protein or
receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in a trimeric configuration.
In contrast, VLP vaccines are genetically modified
recombinant viruses that are considered safe, as they are
generally replication-defective. Furthermore, VLPs have indigenous
immunogenic potential due to their microbial origin.
Importantly, NP and VLP vaccines have shown stronger immunogenicity
with greater protection by mimicking the physicochemical
characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. The study of NPand
VLP-based coronavirus vaccines will help ensure the development
of rapid-response technology against SARS-CoV-2
variants and future coronavirus pandemics.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Caspase-3 inhibitor inhibits enterovirus D68 production
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Wenbo Huo , Jinghua Yu , Chunyu Liu , Ting Wu , Yue Wang , Xiangling Meng , Fengmei Song , Shuxia Zhang , Ying Su , Yumeng Liu , Jinming Liu , Xiaoyan Yu , Shucheng Hua
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):812-820. Published online September 1, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0241-y
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56
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8
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Abstract
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Enterovirus D68 (EVD68) is an emerging pathogen that recently
caused a large worldwide outbreak of severe respiratory
disease in children. However, the relationship between
EVD68 and host cells remains unclear. Caspases are involved
in cell death, immune response, and even viral production.
We found that caspase-3 was activated during EVD68 replication
to induce apoptosis. Caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVDFMK)
inhibited viral production, protected host cells from
the cytopathic effects of EVD68 infection, and prevented
EVD68 from regulating the host cell cycle at G0/G1. Meanwhile,
caspase-3 activator (PAC-1) increased EVD68 production.
EVD68 infection therefore activates caspase-3 for virus
production. This knowledge provides a potential direction
for the prevention and treatment of disease related to EVD68.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Non-Polio Enterovirus Inhibitors: Scaffolds, Targets, and Potency─What’s New?
Hugo Fernando Georges Roux, Franck Touret, Pascal Rathelot, Pietro Sciò, Antonio Coluccia, Patrice Vanelle, Manon Roche
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Jing Li, Qilan Jiang, Jun Jiang, Rui Jiang
The Journal of Sexual Medicine.2024; 21(8): 652. CrossRef - MDA5 Enhances Invasive Candida albicans Infection by Regulating Macrophage Apoptosis and Phagocytosis/Killing Functions
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Lili Zhang, Jiaxin Yang, Huili Li, Zhe Zhang, Zhilin Ji, Lirong Zhao, Wei Wei, Rebecca Ellis Dutch
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Ying Su, Ting Wu, Xiao-Yan Yu, Wen-Bo Huo, Shao-Hua Wang, Chen Huan, Yu-Meng Liu, Jin-Ming Liu, Min-Na Cui, Xin-Hua Li, Jing-Hua Yu
Phytomedicine.2022; 99: 153977. CrossRef - Urolithin A inhibits enterovirus 71 replication and promotes autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells in vitro
Shengyu Wang, Junhua Qiao, Yaping Chen, Langfei Tian, Xin Sun
Archives of Virology.2022; 167(10): 1989. CrossRef - Mst1/2-ALK promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell apoptosis during Listeria monocytogenes infection
Aijiao Gao, Huixin Tang, Qian Zhang, Ruiqing Liu, Lin Wang, Yashan Liu, Zhi Qi, Yanna Shen
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(7): 681. CrossRef
- Performance comparison of fecal preservative and stock solutions for gut microbiome storage at room temperature
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Chanhyeok Park , Kyeong Eui Yun , Jeong Min Chu , Ji Yeon Lee , Chang Pyo Hong , Young Do Nam , Jinuk Jeong , Kyudong Han , Yong Ju Ahn
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):703-710. Published online June 25, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0092-6
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51
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14
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Abstract
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The gut microbiome, which is symbiotic within the human
body, assists in human digestion. It plays significant roles
in identifying intestinal disease as well as in maintaining a
healthy body with functional immune and metabolic activities.
To confirm the consistency of fecal intestinal microbial
research, it is necessary to study the changes in intestinal microbial
flora according to the fecal collection solution and
storage period. We collected fecal samples from three healthy
Korean adults. To examine the efficacy of fecal collection solution,
we used NBgene-Gut, OMNIgene-Gut, 70% ethanol
(Ethanol-70%), and RNAlater. The samples were stored for
up to two months at room temperature using three different
methods
, and we observed changes in microbial communities
over time. We analyzed clusters of changes in the microbial
flora by observing fecal stock solutions and metagenome
sequencing performed over time. In particular, we confirmed
the profiling of alpha and beta diversity and microbial classification
according to the differences in intestinal environment
among individuals. We also confirmed that the microbial
profile remained stable for two months and that the microbial
profile did not change significantly over time. In addition,
our results suggest the possibility of verifying microbial
profiling even for long-term storage of a single sample. In conclusion,
collecting fecal samples using a stock solution rather
than freezing feces seems to be relatively reproducible and
stable for GUT metagenome analysis. Therefore, stock solution
tubes in intestinal microbial research can be used without
problems.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Omnigene-Guttm ensures fecal microbiome stability in the pediatric population
Raoull Hoogendijk, Thijs J. M. van den Broek, Hyunju Lee, Sabine Mueller, Cassie Kline, John Bianco, Janetta Top, Marcel R. de Zoete, Lennart Kester, Friso Calkoen, Jasper van der Lugt
AMB Express.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Microbes for lung cancer detection: feasibility and limitations
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Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Importance of Human Faecal Biobanking: From Collection to Storage
Izabela Lewandowska, Katarzyna Grzech, Jolanta Krzysztoń-Russjan
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Xin-meng Li, Xiao Shi, Yao Yao, Yi-cun Shen, Xiang-ling Wu, Ting Cai, Lun-xi Liang, Fen Wang, Po-Yu Liu
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Microbial Composition and Stool Short Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Fibromyalgia
Yunkyung Kim, Geun-Tae Kim, Jihun Kang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 3183. CrossRef - Best practice for wildlife gut microbiome research: A comprehensive review of methodology for 16S rRNA gene investigations
Leigh Combrink, Ian R. Humphreys, Quinn Washburn, Holly K. Arnold, Keaton Stagaman, Kristin D. Kasschau, Anna E. Jolles, Brianna R. Beechler, Thomas J. Sharpton
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Xin-meng Li, Xiao Shi, Yao Yao, Yi-cun Shen, Xiang-ling Wu, Fen Wang
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Kate Lawrence, Kyriaki Myrissa, Miguel Toribio-Mateas, Lori Minini, Alice M. Gregory
Pilot and Feasibility Studies.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Can the genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. be associated with the climatic region of its human carriers?
B. Ake-Canche, E. Rodriguez-Bataz, J.Y Esquivel-Piña, A. Tolentino-Loreto, S. Arroyo-Escalante, J. Martínez-Ocaña, M. Romero-Valdovinos, O. Valenzuela, G.E. Orozco-Mosqueda, F. Martinez-Hernandez, P. Maravilla, A. Martinez
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2022; 106: 105383. CrossRef - Critical evaluation of faecal microbiome preservation using metagenomic analysis
Alena L Pribyl, Donovan H Parks, Nicola Z Angel, Joel A Boyd, Alexander G Hasson, Liang Fang, Samantha L MacDonald, Blake A Wills, David L A Wood, Lutz Krause, Gene W Tyson, Philip Hugenholtz
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Jinuk Jeong, Kyeongeui Yun, Seyoung Mun, Won-Hyong Chung, Song-Yi Choi, Young-do Nam, Mi Young Lim, Chang Pyo Hong, ChanHyeok Park, Yong Ju Ahn, Kyudong Han
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Dietary fiber and probiotics influence the gut microbiome and melanoma immunotherapy response
Christine N. Spencer, Jennifer L. McQuade, Vancheswaran Gopalakrishnan, John A. McCulloch, Marie Vetizou, Alexandria P. Cogdill, Md A. Wadud Khan, Xiaotao Zhang, Michael G. White, Christine B. Peterson, Matthew C. Wong, Golnaz Morad, Theresa Rodgers, Jona
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Miguel A. Toribio-Mateas, Adri Bester, Natalia Klimenko
Foods.2021; 10(9): 2040. CrossRef
- Pten gene deletion in intestinal epithelial cells enhances susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice
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Cody Howe , Jonathon Mitchell , Su Jin Kim , Eunok Im , Sang Hoon Rhee
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(11):1012-1018. Published online September 25, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9320-3
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55
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Abstract
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Although phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is typically
considered a tumor-suppressor gene, it was recently
suggested that PTEN regulates TLR5-induced immune and
inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs),
suggesting an immunomodulatory function of PTEN in the
gut. However, this alternative function of PTEN has not yet
been evaluated in an in vivo context of protection against
enteropathogenic bacteria. To address this, we utilized IECrestricted
Pten knockout (PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC) and littermate Pten+/+
mice. These mice were subjected to the streptomycin-pretreated
mouse model of Salmonella infection, and subsequently
given an oral gavage of a low inoculum (2 × 104 CFU)
of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium).
This bacterial infection not only increased the mortality
of PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice compared to Pten+/+ mice, but
also induced deleterious gastrointestinal inflammation in
PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice manifested by massive histological damage
to the intestinal mucosa. S. Typhimurium infection upregulated
pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the intestine
of PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice compared to controls. Furthermore,
bacterial loads were greatly increased in the liver,
mesenteric lymph node, and spleen of PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice
compared to controls. Together, these results suggest that
IEC-restricted Pten deficiency renders the host greatly susceptible
to Salmonella infection and support an immuneregulatory
role of PTEN in the gut.
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Citations
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- Exploring Protein Functions of Gut Bacteriome and Mycobiome in Thai Infants Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Through Metaproteomic and Host Interaction Analysis
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(24): 13533. CrossRef - QTL Mapping-Based Identification of Visceral White-Nodules Disease Resistance Genes in Larimichthys polyactis
Qian Li, Jiajie Zhu, Sifang Liu, Haowen Liu, Tianle Zhang, Ting Ye, Bao Lou, Feng Liu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(20): 10872. CrossRef - Cannabinoid enhancement of lncRNA MMP25-AS1/MMP25 interaction reduces neutrophil infiltration and intestinal epithelial injury in HIV/SIV infection
Lakmini S. Premadasa, Eunhee Lee, Marina McDew-White, Xavier Alvarez, Sahana Jayakumar, Binhua Ling, Chioma M. Okeoma, Siddappa N. Byrareddy, Smita Kulkarni, Mahesh Mohan
JCI Insight.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Regulator of RNase E activity modulates the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium
Jaejin Lee, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Jaeyoung Park, Sunwoo Kim, Minho Lee, Kangseok Lee
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 165: 105460. CrossRef - Endoribonuclease-mediated control of hns mRNA stability constitutes a key regulatory pathway for Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 expression
Minho Lee, Minkyung Ryu, Minju Joo, Young-Jin Seo, Jaejin Lee, Hong-Man Kim, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Yong-Hak Kim, Jeehyeon Bae, Kangseok Lee, William Navarre
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Yunna Lee, Elise L. Ma, Marisa Patel, Gayoung Kim, Cody Howe, Charalabos Pothoulakis, Yong Sung Kim, Eunok Im, Sang Hoon Rhee
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(3): 1043. CrossRef - Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in Non-neoplastic Digestive Disease: More Than Just Tumor Suppressor
Tianyu He, Xiaoyun Zhang, Jianyu Hao, Shigang Ding
Frontiers in Physiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) of Japanese Flounder—Its Regulation by miRNA and Role in Autophagy, Apoptosis and Pathogen Infection
Wenrui Li, Xiaolu Guan, Li Sun
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(20): 7725. CrossRef - Chlorogenic Acid Promotes Autophagy and Alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Through the lncRNAGAS5/miR-23a/PTEN Axis and the p38 MAPK Pathway
Shirui Tan, Fang Yan, Qingrong Li, Yaping Liang, Junxu Yu, Zhenjun Li, Feifei He, Rongpeng Li, Ming Li
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- Sublingual Administration of Bacteria-Expressed Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) Induces Protection against Infection with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus
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Byoung-Shik Shim , Jung-ah Choi , Ho-Hyun Song , Sung-Moo Park , In Su Cheon , Ji-Eun Jang , Sun Je Woo , Chung Hwan Cho , Min-Suk Song , Hyemi Kim , Kyung Joo Song , Jae Myun Lee , Suhng Wook Kim , Dae Sub Song , Young Ki Choi , Jae-Ouk Kim , Huan Huu Nguyen , Dong Wook Kim , Young Yil Bahk , Cheol-Heui Yun , Man Ki Song
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):130-135. Published online March 2, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2399-z
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25
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Abstract
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Influenza viruses are respiratory pathogens that continue to pose a significantly high risk of morbidity and mortality of humans worldwide. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for minimizing damages by influenza outbreaks. In addition, rapid development and production of efficient vaccine with convenient administration is required in case of influenza pandemic. In this study, we generated recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin protein 1 (sHA1) of 2009 pandemic influenza virus as a vaccine candidate using a wellestablished bacterial expression system and administered it into mice via sublingual (s.l.) route. We found that s.l. immunization with the recombinant sHA1 plus cholera toxin (CT) induced mucosal antibodies as well as systemic antibodies including neutralizing Abs and provided complete protection against infection with pandemic influenza virus A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) in mice. Indeed, the protection efficacy was comparable with that induced by intramuscular (i.m.) immunization route utilized as general administration route of influenza vaccine. These results suggest that s.l. vaccination with the recombinant non-glycosylated HA1 protein offers an alternative strategy to control influenza outbreaks including pandemics.
- Immune Response Induced by ppGpp-Defective Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum in Chickens
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Sang-Ik Park , Jae-Ho Jeong , Hyon E. Choy , Joon Haeng Rhee , Hee-Sam Na , Tae-Hoon Lee , Moon Her , Kyoung-Oh Cho , Yeongjin Hong
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(5):674-681. Published online November 3, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0179-6
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28
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Abstract
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To protect chickens from typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum), the attenuated 9R strain has been used in the field as a vaccine. However, safety concerns have been raised because the mutations in 9R are undefined while its efficacy is still a question under debate. A global regulator, ppGpp, synthesized by RelA and SpoT, has been shown to induce various virulence genes in S. Gallinarum (Jeong et al., 2008). In this study, two mutant strains defective in ppGpp-synthesis were constructed in wild-type S. Gallinarum (∆ppGpp) and 9R strain (9R-∆ppGpp) backgrounds and tested as live vaccines in chickens. After oral inoculation, the LD50 values of ∆ppGpp and 9R-∆ppGpp were approximately 5×1010 colony forming unit (CFU) similarly as 9R strain, which was ~105-fold higher than that of the wildtype S. Gallinarum strain. Immunological analyses revealed immunization with either of the two attenuated ppGpp-defective strains induced significant antibody responses, the production of antibody-secreting B cells in blood, proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, and splenic expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TGF-β4, at levels comparable to the 9R strain. Chickens immunized with the mutants (1×108 CFU) were 80% protected against oral challenge with 1×109 wild-type virulent bacteria (4,000-fold LD50 dose), similar to the level of protection achieved by 9R immunization. Based on these data, live attenuated ∆ppGpp-defective strains may serve as novel vaccines to control fowl typhoid in chickens.
- Immunological Responses Induced by asd and wzy/asd Mutant Strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in BALB/c Mice
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Hong Hua Piao , Vo Thi Minh Tam , Hee Sam Na , Hyun Ju Kim , Phil Youl Ryu , Soo Young Kim , Joon Haeng Rhee , Hyon E. Choy , Suhng Wook Kim , Yeongjin Hong
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(4):486-495. Published online August 20, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0023-z
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41
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Abstract
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Attenuated bacteria have long been developed as vaccine candidates but can have some disadvantages, such as the potential for damage to immune organs due to insufficient clearance. To minimize these disadvantages, we generated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mutants SHJ2104 (asd::cm) and HTSaYA (wzy::km, asd::cm). The wzy gene codes for the O-antigen polymerase, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, and asd codes for aspartate ß- semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which participates in cell wall formation. The strains synthesized LPS with a short-chain length, and showed lower cytotoxicity and reduced intracellular proliferation in animal cells compared to wild-type bacteria. After oral infection, the mutants were cleared in immune tissues, including the Peyer’s patch, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen, within 5 days. The LD50 of the mutants in Balb/c mice was estimated to be 106 higher than wild-type bacteria when administered either via an oral or i.p. route, indicating that the two strains are highly attenuated. To compare the immune response to and protective effects of the mutants against wild-type bacterial infection, we inoculated the mutants into mice via an oral (1×1010 CFU) or i.p. (1×107 CFU) route once or twice at a two week interval. All immune responses, such as serum IgG and secretory IgA levels, cytokine production, and delayed hypersensitivity, were highly induced by two rounds of immunization. HTSaYA and SHJ2104 induced similar immune responses, and mice immunized with HTSaYA or SHJ2104 via an i.p. route were protected against wild-type Salmonella infection even at 100-fold of the LD50 (5×106 CFU). Taken together, these data indicate that HTSaYA and SHJ2104 could be developed as live attenuated Salmonella vaccine candidates.
- Comparative Analysis of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium abscessus Infection and Its Antigens in Two Murine Models
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Bo-Young Jeon , Jeongyeon Kwak , Seung-Sub Lee , SangNae Cho , Chul Jae Won , Jin Man Kim , Sung Jae Shin
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J. Microbiol. 2009;47(5):633-640. Published online October 24, 2009
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0139-1
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Scopus
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Abstract
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Mycobacterium abscessus has been identified as an emerging pulmonary pathogen in humans. Because little is known regarding immune responses elicited by M. abscessus or its antigens, immunological responses were studied in two murine models subjected to intravenous (high-dose or systemic infection) or pulmonary
(low-dose or local infection) inoculation with M. abscessus ATCC 19977. An overall comparison between the two models showed similar patterns of bacterial survival and host immune responses. The colonization of M. abscessus was the highest at 5 days post-infection (dpi) and its elimination was positively correlated with cell-mediated immunity in both challenges. However, an inverse relationship was observed between progressive inflammation and mycobacterial colonization levels in mice infected with a high dose at 14 dpi. Regarding antigens, culture filtrate (CF) of M. abscessus strongly induced IFN-γ secretion, whereas cellular extract (CE) antigen elicited strong antibody responses. The antibody response to M. abscessus antigens in mice subjected to low-dose infection increased when the cellular immune response decreased over 14 dpi. However, the antibody response for the high-dose infection increased promptly after the infection. In comparison
of cytokine expression in lung homogenates after M. abscessus infection, Th1 and Th2 cytokines increased simultaneously in the high-dose infection, whereas only cell-mediated immunity developed in the low-dose pulmonary infection. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the immune response to M. abscessus infection according to systemic or pulmonary infection, but may also aid in immunological diagnosis and vaccine development.
Journal Article
- Analysis of Immune Responses Against Nucleocapsid Protein of the Hantaan Virus Elicited by Virus Infection or DNA Vaccination
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Gyu-Jin Woo , Eun-Young Chun , Keun Hee Kim , Wankee Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2005;43(6):537-545.
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DOI: https://doi.org/2292 [pii]
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Abstract
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Even though neutralizing antibodies against the Hantaan virus (HTNV) has been proven to be critical against viral infections, the cellular immune responses to HTNV are also assumed to be important for viral clearance. In this report, we have examined the cellular and humoral immune responses against the HTNV nucleocapsid protein (NP) elicited by virus infection or DNA vaccination. To examine the cellular immune response against HTNV NP, we used H-2Kb restricted T-cell epitopes of NP. The NP-specific CD8+ T cell response was analyzed using a 51Cr-release assay, intracellular cytokine staining assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay and tetramer binding assay in C57BL/6 mice infected with HTNV. Using these methods, we found that HTNV infection elicited a strong NP-specific CD8+ T cell response at eight days after infection. We also found that several different methods to check the NP-specific CD8+ T cell response showed a very high correlation among analysis. In the case of DNA vaccination by plasmid encoding nucleocapsid gene, the NP-specific antibody response was elicited 2 ~ 4 weeks after immunization and maximized at 6~8 weeks. NP-specific CD8+ T cell response reached its peak 3 weeks after immunization. In a challenge test with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing NP (rVV-HTNV-N), the rVV-HTNV-N titers in DNA vaccinated mice were decreased about 100-fold compared to the negative control mice.