Several follow-up studies have found that COVID-19 (coronavirus
disease 2019) patients had persistent symptoms after
discharge. Gut microbiota play an important role in human
health and immune responses. Therefore, this study investigated
the gut microbiota of recovered COVID-19 patients
and the correlations between gut microbiota and persistent
symptoms after discharge. Stool samples were collected from
15 recovered healthcare workers (HCWs) with COVID-19
at three months after discharge, in addition, stool samples
were collected from 14 healthy controls (HCs) to perform 16S
rRNA gene sequencing between May and July 2020. Compared
with HCs, recovered HCWs had reduced bacterial diversity
at three months after discharge, with a significantly
higher relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens, and
a significantly lower relative abundance of beneficial bacteria.
In addition, Escherichia unclassified was positively correlated
with persistent symptoms at three months after discharge,
including fatigue (r = 0.567, p = 0.028), chest tightness after
activity (r = 0.687, p = 0.005), and myalgia (r = 0.523, p = 0.045).
Intestinibacter bartlettii was positively correlated with anorexia
(r = 0.629, p = 0.012) and fatigue (r = 0.545, p = 0.036).
However, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was negatively correlated
with chest tightness after activity (r = -0.591, p = 0.02),
and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens was negatively correlated
with cough (r = -0.635, p = 0.011). In conclusion, the gut
microbiota of recovered HCWs with COVID-19 at three months
after discharge was different from that of HCs, and altered
gut microbiota was correlated with persistent symptoms after
discharge, highlighting that gut microbiota may play an important
role in the recovery of patients with COVID-19.
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Aroma ester components produced by fermenting yeast cells
via alcohol acetyltransferase (AATase)-catalyzed intracellular
reactions are responsible for the fruity character of fermented
alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine. Acetate esters
are reportedly produced at relatively high concentrations by
non-Saccharomyces species. Here, we identified 12 ATF orthologues
(SfATFs) encoding putative AATases, in the diploid
genome of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera KJJ81, an isolate from
wheat-based Nuruk in Korea. The identified SfATF proteins
(SfAtfp) display low sequence identities with S. cerevisiae
Atf1p (between 13.3 and 27.0%). All SfAtfp identified, except
SfAtf(A)4p and SfAtf(B)4p, contained the activation domain
(HXXXD) conserved in other Atf proteins. Culture supernatant
analysis using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry
confirmed that the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains
expressing SfAtf(A)2p, SfAtf(B)2p, and SfAtf(B)6p produced
high levels of isoamyl and phenethyl acetates. The volatile
aroma profiles generated by the SfAtf proteins were distinctive
from that of S. cerevisiae Atf1p, implying difference in
the substrate preference. Cellular localization analysis using
GFP fusion revealed the localization of SfAtf proteins proximal
to the lipid particles, consistent with the presence of amphipathic
helices at their N- and C-termini. This is the first
report that systematically characterizes the S. fibuligera ATF
genes encoding functional AATases responsible for acetate
ester formation using higher alcohols as substrate, demonstrating
their biotechnological potential for volatile ester production.
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specificity under a given experimental condition using
stable isotopes. Lack of labelling and the nondestructive pretreatment
and measurement process of Raman spectroscopy
have also aided in the sorting of microbial cells with interesting
phenotypes for subsequently conducting physiology
experiments through cultivation or genome analysis. In this
review, we provide an overview of the principles, advantages,
and status of utilization of Raman spectroscopy for studies
linking microbial phenotypes and functions. We expect Raman
spectroscopy to become a next-generation phenotyping
tool that will greatly contribute in enhancing our understanding
of microbial functions in natural and engineered
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The gut microbiome provides ecological information about
host animals, but we still have limited knowledge of the gut
microbiome, particularly for animals inhabiting remote locations,
such as Antarctica. Here, we compared fecal microbiota
between southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
and Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli), that are top predatory
marine mammals in the Antarctic ecosystem, using 16S
rRNA amplicon sequencing and assessed the relationships
of the gut microbial communities to functional profiles using
gut metabolite analysis. The bacterial community did not
differ significantly by host species or sex at the phylum level,
but the distinction at the family level was obvious. The family
Ruminococcaceae (Firmicutes) was more abundant in southern
elephant seals than in Weddell seals, and the families
Acidaminococcaceae (Firmicutes) and Pasteurellaceae (Gammaproteobacteria)
were uniquely present in Weddell seals.
The fecal bacterial community structure was distinctively clustered
by host species, with only 6.7% of amplicon sequence
variants (ASVs) shared between host species. This result implies
that host phylogeny rather than other factors, such as
diet or age, could be the major driver of fecal microbiotic diversification.
Interestingly, there was no apparent sex effect
on bacterial community structure in Weddell seals, but the
effect of sex was pronounced in adult southern elephant seals
mainly due to the prevalence of Edwardsiella sp., suggesting
that extreme sexual dimorphism may modulate the gut microbiota
of southern elephant seals. Unlike the clear distinction
in the taxonomic composition of fecal bacterial communities,
there were no discernible differences in the profiles
of potential microbial functions and gut metabolites between
host species or sexes, indicating that functional redundancy
dominates the gut microbiota of seals surveyed in this study.
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During meiosis, crossing over allows for the exchange of genes
between homologous chromosomes, enabling their segregation
and leading to genetic variation in the resulting gametes.
Spo11, a topoisomerase-like protein expressed in eukaryotes,
and diverse accessory factors induce programmed doublestrand
breaks (DSBs) to initiate meiotic recombination during
the early phase of meiosis after DNA replication. DSBs
are further repaired via meiosis-specific homologous recombination.
Studies on budding yeast have provided insights
into meiosis and genetic recombination and have improved
our understanding of higher eukaryotic systems. Cohesin, a
chromosome-associated multiprotein complex, mediates sister
chromatid cohesion (SCC), and is conserved from yeast
to humans. Diverse cohesin subunits in budding yeast have
been identified in DNA metabolic pathways, such as DNA
replication, chromosome segregation, recombination, DNA
repair, and gene regulation. During cell cycle, SCC is established
by multiple cohesin subunits, which physically bind
sister chromatids together and modulate proteins that involve
in the capturing and separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin
components include at least four core subunits that establish
and maintain SCC: two structural maintenance chromosome
subunits (Smc1 and Smc3), an α-kleisin subunit (Mcd1/Scc1
during mitosis and Rec8 during meiosis), and Scc3/Irr1 (SA1
and SA2). In addition, the cohesin-associated factors Pds5
and Rad61 regulate structural modifications and cell cyclespecific
dynamics of chromatin to ensure accurate chromosome
segregation. In this review, we discuss SCC and the
recombination pathway, as well as the relationship between
the two processes in budding yeast, and we suggest a possible
conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome dynamics
from yeast to humans.
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A novel strategy was developed for isolating suppressors from sporulation-deficient mutants. The mutation in the BCY1 gene, which codes for the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, when homozygous, results in diploids being meiosis and sporulation deficient. Two plasmids, YCp-MATα and YEp-SPOT7-lacZ, were introduced into MATα BCY1^+ or MATα bcy1 haploid cells. The transformant of the BCY1^+ haploid cell produced β-galactosidase under nutrient starvation, but the bcy1 transformant did not. Using this system, the mutagenesis experiment performed on the bcy1 transformant strain resulted in a number of sporulation mutants that produced β-galactosidase under nutrient starvation. One complementation group, sob1, was identified from the isolated suppressor mutants and characterized as a single recessive mutation by tetrad analysis. Genetic analysis revealed that the sob1 mutation suppressed the sporulation deficiency, the failure to arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and the sensitivity to heat or nitrogen starvation caused by the bcy1 mutation. However, the sob1 mutation did not suppress the sporulation deficiency of ime1 and of ime2 diploids. These results suggest that the sob1 mutation affects a gene which functions as a downstream regulator in both meiosis and cell cycle regulation.