Journal of Microbiology

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The Proportion of Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae Complex from Meju by Analyses of the Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Genes: Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Soo-Hyun Chung , Hyeon-Dong Shin , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):766-772. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3128-3

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Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae complex are frequently isolated from meju, a fermented soybean product, that is used as the starting material for ganjang (soy sauce) and doenjang (soybean paste) production. In this study, we examined the aflatoxin producing capacity of A. flavus/oryzae strains isolated from meju. 192 strains of A. flavus/oryzae were isolated from more than 100 meju samples collected from diverse regions of Korea from 2008 to 2011, and the norB-cypA, omtA, and aflR genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster were analyzed. We found that 178 strains (92.7%) belonged to non-aflatoxigenic group (Type I of norB-cypA, IB-L-B-, IC-AO, or IA-L-B- of omtA, and AO type of aflR), and 14 strains (7.3%) belonged to aflatoxin-producible group (Type II of norB-cypA, IC-L-B+/B- or IC-L-B+ of omtA, and AF type of aflR). Only 7 strains (3.6%) in the aflatoxin-producible group produced aflatoxins on Czapek yeast-extract medium. The aflatoxin-producing capability of A. flavus/ oryzae strains from other sources in Korea were also investigated, and 92.9% (52/56) strains from air, 93.9% (31/33) strains from rice straw, 91.7% (11/12) strains from soybean, 81.3% (13/16) strains from corn, 82% (41/50) strains from peanut, and 73.2% (41/56) strains from arable soil were included in the non-aflatoxigenic group. The proportion of non-aflatoxigenicity of meju strains was similar to that of strains from soybean, air and rice straw, all of which have an effect on the fermentation of meju. The data suggest that meju does not have a preference for non-aflatoxigenic or aflatoxin-producible strains of A. flavus/oryzae from the environment of meju. The non-aflatoxigenic meju strains are proposed to be named A. oryzae, while the meju strains that can produce aflatoxins should be referred to A. flavus in this study.

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NOTE] Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov., from Traditional Meju in Korea: Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Martin Meijer , Eline Majoor , Patricia A. vanKuyk , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):712-714. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2347-3

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Abstract: Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov. isolated from meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans in Korea, is described. The species was also found from black bean, bread and salami in the Netherlands. It is characterized by abundant yellow to reddish brown ascomata and small lenticular ascospores (4.5–5.5 μm) with a wide furrow, low equatorial crests and tuberculate or reticulate convex surface. The species was resolved as phylogenetically distinct from the other reported Aspergillus species with an Eurotium teleomorph based on multilocus sequence typing using partial fragments of the β-tubulin, calmodulin, ITS and RNA polymerase II genes.

Zygomycota Associated with Traditional Meju, a Fermented Soybean Starting Material for Soy Sauce and Soybean Paste: Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , Mina Lee , Seong-Yeol Baek , Soon-wo Kwon , Jos Houbraken , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):386-393. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1437-6

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Abstract: Various zygomycota species were detected during a study of the mycobiota of meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans, used in Korean cuisine. Two hundred and sixty-eight strains were isolated from 98 finished meju products collected in various regions of Korea from 2009 to 2011, and 96 strains were isolated from in-process meju on various farms from 2010 to 2011. The isolated zygomycota were identified using phenotypic characteristics combined with DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA and the D1/D2 nuclear ribosomal large subunit. Of 364 zygomycota strains, 108 were identified as Mucor circinelloides, 96 as M. racemosus, 60 as Lichtheimia ramosa, 22 as Rhizopus stolonifer, 16 as Lichtheimia corymbifera, and the other 62 strains comprised 10 other species. The psychrotrophic species, Mucor circinelloides and M. racemosus were predominantly present during low temperature fermentation (LTF) and the thermotolerant species Lichtheimia ramosa and Rhizomucor species were predominant during high temperature fermentation (HTF). The results suggest that temperature has a large influence on the zygomycota composition during the fermentation process of meju.

Journal Article

NOTE] Taxonomy of Eurotium Species Isolated from Meju: Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , Mina Lee , Seong-Yeol Baek , Soon-Wo Kwon , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):669-674. Published online September 2, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0376-y

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Abstract: Eurotium strains were isolated from 77 loaves of meju (dried fermented soybeans), in various regions of Korea from 2008 to 2010. Morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of β-tubulin were examined. They were identified as Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. herbariorum, E. repens, E. rubrum, and E. tonophilum. Of these species, E. chevalieri and E. tonophilum had not been previously reported in association with meju. E. chevalieri and E. repens were the species isolated most frequently. This paper summarizes the morphological characteristics of six Eurotium species and provides key to identify the species from meju.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Analyses of Bacterial Communities in Meju, a Korean Traditional Fermented Soybean Bricks, by Cultivation-Based and Pyrosequencing Methods: Yi-Seul Kim , Min-Cheol Kim , Soon-Wo Kwon , Soo-Jin Kim , In-Cheol Park , Jong-Ok Ka , Hang-Yeon Weon; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):340-348. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0302-3

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106 Scopus

Abstract: Despite the importance of meju as a raw material used to make Korean soy sauce (ganjang) and soybean paste (doenjang), little is known about the bacterial diversity of Korean meju. In this study, the bacterial communities in meju were examined using both culture-dependent and independent methods in order to evaluate the diversity of the bacterial population. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains isolated from meju samples showed that the dominant species were related to members of the genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus. The community DNAs extracted from nine different meju samples were analyzed by barcoded pyrosequencing method targeting of the V1 to V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. In total, 132,374 sequences, with an average read length of 468 bp, were assigned to several phyla, with Firmicutes (93.6%) representing the predominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria (4.5%) and Bacteroidetes (0.8%). Other phyla accounted for less than 1% of the total bacterial sequences. Most of the Firmicutes were Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, mainly represented by members of the genera Enterococcus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc, whose ratio varied among different samples. In conclusion, this study indicated that the bacterial communities in meju were very diverse and a complex microbial consortium containing various microorganisms got involved in meju fermentation than we expected before.

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