Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov., a Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Cabbage Watery Kimchi: Subin Kim, Se Hee Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Misun Yun; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1089-1097. Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00188-z

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Abstract: Two Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-hemolytic, coccoid-shaped bacterial strains, designated MS01(T) and MS02, were isolated from cabbage watery kimchi in the Republic of Korea. Cellular growth occurred at 5-25 ℃ (optimum, 20 ℃), pH 5-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). Results of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that strains MS01(T) and MS02 shared identical sequences, clustered within the Leuconostoc clade in phylogenetic trees, and were most closely related to Leuconostoc inhae IH003(T) and Leuconostoc gasicomitatum LMG 18811(T) with sequence similarities of 98.74%. The complete whole-genome sequences of strains MS01(T) and MS02 measured 2.04-2.06 Mbp and harbored a 50.6 kb plasmid, with DNA G + C contents of 37.7% for both. Based on average nucleotide identities (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, both strains were confirmed to belong to the same species but showed ≤ 85.9% ANI and ≤ 29.9% dDDH values to other Leuconostoc species, indicating that they represent a novel species. Metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that both strains perform heterolactic acid fermentation, producing lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Chemotaxonomic analyses, including cellular fatty acids, polar lipids, and peptidoglycan amino acid, confirmed the inclusion of both strains within the genus Leuconostoc. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, strains MS01(T) and MS02 were considered to represent a novel species within the genus Leuconostoc, for which the name Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov. is proposed with MS01(T) (= KACC 23748(T) = JCM 37028(T)) as the type strain.

Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. Within the OM60/NOR5 Clade, Isolated from Seawater, and Emended Description of the Genus Congregibacter: Hyeonsu Tak, Miri S Park, Hyerim Cho, Yeonjung Lim, Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):739-748. Published online July 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00158-5

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Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of flagella, short rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T), were isolated from coastal seawater samples collected from the South Sea of Korea. Strains IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) shared 98.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and were closely related to Congregibacter litoralis KT71(T) (98.8% and 98.7%, respectively). Complete whole-genome sequences of IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) were 3.93 and 3.86 Mb in size with DNA G + C contents of 54.8% and 54.2%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 74.5% and 23.4%, respectively, revealing that they are independent species. The two strains showed ANI values of ≤ 75.8% and dDDH values of ≤ 23.0% to the type and only species of the genus Congregibacter (C. litoralis), indicating that each strain represents a novel species. Both strains contained summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1) ω6c and/or C(16:1) ω7c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C(18:1) ω6c and/or C(18:1) ω7c) as major fatty acid constituents. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids, and aminolipids. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, strains IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) were considered to represent two novel species within the genus Congregibacter, for which the names Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. are proposed with IMCC43200(T) (= KCTC 8133(T) = NBRC 116295(T) = CCTCC AB 2023139(T)) and IMCC45268(T) (= KCTC 92921(T) = NBRC 116135(T)) as the type strains, respectively.

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Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov., a Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Cabbage Watery Kimchi
Subin Kim, Se Hee Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Misun Yun
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(12): 1089. CrossRef

Pannonibacter tanglangensis sp. nov., a New Species Isolated from Pond Sediment: Lei Wang, Yanpeng Cheng, Panpan Yang, Jinjin Zhang, Gui Zhang, Sihui Zhang, Jing Yang, Zhen Zhang, Lulu Hu, Ji Pu, Yanying Yang, Xin-He Lai, Jianguo Xu, Yinghui Li, Qinghua Hu; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):727-737. Published online July 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00151-y

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Abstract: Two bacterial strains (XCT-34^T and XCT-53) isolated from sediment samples of an artificial freshwater reservoir were analyzed using a polyphasic approach. The two isolates are aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, motile with polar flagella, rod-shaped, and approximately 1.4-3.4 × 0.4-0.9 μm in size. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences showed that the two strains formed a distinct branch within the evolutionary radiation of the genus Pannonibacter, closest to Pannonibacter carbonis Q4.6^T (KCTC 52466). Furthermore, lower than threshold average nucleotide identity values (ANI, 85.7-86.4%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (dDDH, 22.3-30.5%) of the two strains compared to the nearest type strains also confirmed that they represented a novel species. Genomic analyses, including annotation of the KEGG pathways, prediction of the secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters and PHI phenotypes, supported functional inference and differentiation of the strains from the closely related taxa. Results of chemotaxonomic and physiological studies revealed that their distinct phenotypic characteristics distinguished them from existing Pannonibacter species. Thus, the two strains are considered to represent a novel species of Pannonibacter, for which the name of Pannonibacter tanglangensis sp. nov. is proposed, with XCT-34^T (= KCTC 82332^T = GDMCC 1.1947^T) as the respective type strain.

Geographic diversity in Helicobacter pylori oipA genotype between Korean and United States isolates: Aeryun Kim , Jing Lai , D. Scott Merrell , Ji-Hye Kim , Hanfu Su , Jeong-Heon Cha; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1125-1132. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1450-8

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Abstract

Helicobacter pylori outer membrane inflammatory protein A (OipA) was originally named for its role in inducing inflammation in the host, as evidenced by high mucosal IL-8 levels. Expression of OipA is regulated by phase variation of a CT dinucleotide-repeat located in the 5􍿁􀁇region of the gene. However, little is known about OipA geographic diversity across isolates. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale molecular epidemiologic analysis using H. pylori clinical isolates obtained from two geographically distinct populations: Korea and the United States (US). Most Korean isolates (98.7%) possessed two copies of oipA located at two specific loci (A and B) while all US isolates contained only one copy of oipA at locus A. Furthermore, most Korean oipA (94.8%) possessed three or less CT repeats while most US oipA (96.6%) contained five or more CT repeats. Among the two copies, all Korean H. pylori possessed at least one oipA ‘on’ phase variant while the single copy of oipA in US isolates showed 56.2% ‘on’ and 43.8% ‘off.’ Thus, host differences seem to have driven geographic diversification of H. pylori across these populations such that OipA expression in US isolates is still regulated by phase variation with 5 or more CT repeats, while Korean isolates always express OipA; duplication of the oipA combined with a reduction of CT repeats to three or less ensures continued expression. En masse, these findings suggest that diversity in the oipA gene copy number, CT repeats, and phase variation among H. pylori from different populations may confer a benefit in adaptation to particular host populations.

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Genetic diversity of the oipA gene among Helicobacter pylori isolates and clinical outcome in Vietnam
Thi Hong Nhung Thai, Hong Phong Nguyen, Thi Hai Yen Nguyen, Thi Be Hai Nguyen, Thai Hoa Nguyen, Thi Mai Ngan Nguyen, Thi Minh Thi Ha
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 112: 105438. CrossRef
Characterization of East-Asian Helicobacter pylori encoding Western EPIYA-ABC CagA
Kavinda Tissera, Myeong-A Kim, Jing Lai, Sacheera Angulmaduwa, Aeryun Kim, D. Scott Merrell, Ji-Hye Kim, Hanfu Su, Jeong-Heon Cha
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(2): 207. CrossRef

Paraflavitalea soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil: Jun Heo , Hang-Yeon Weon , Hayoung Cho , Seung-Beom Hong , Jeong-Seon Kim , Soo-Jin Kim , Soon-Wo Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):17-23. Published online November 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9236-y

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Abstract

A bacterial strain designated 5GH32-13T was isolated from greenhouse soil in Yongin-city, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile rods of two different shapes. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidasenegative. Flexirubin-like pigments were not detected. β-Carotene was produced. The strain grew in the range of 10–37°C (optimum of 28–30°C) and pH 6–8 (optimum of pH 7) and tolerated up to 1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 0%). According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strain 5GH32- 13T shared a sequence similarity of less than 96.0% with all validly named taxa, having the highest sequence similarity with Pseudoflavitalea soli KIS20-3T (95.8%), Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae T16R-265T (95.4%), Flavitalea gansuensis JCN-23T (95.3%), Pseudobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 221T (95.3%), and Flavitalea populi HY-50RT (95.2%). A phylogenetic tree showed that strain 5GH32-13T was not grouped consistently into any specific genus. Its only polyamine was homospermidine, and its major fatty acids (> 10% of total fatty acids) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:1 G. The strain’s only respiratory quinone was MK-7, and its polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, six unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. Its DNA G + C content was 47.5 mol%. The results from chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain 5GH32-13T represents a novel species of a novel genus of the family Chitinophagaceae, and the name Paraflavitalea soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GH32-13T (= KACC 17331T = JCM 33061T).

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Polysaccharide utilization loci encoded DUF1735 likely functions as membrane‐bound spacer for carbohydrate active enzymes
Lisanne Hameleers, Lucie A. Gaenssle, Salvador Bertran‐Llorens, Tjaard Pijning, Edita Jurak
FEBS Open Bio.2024; 14(7): 1133. CrossRef
Paraflavitalea pollutisoli sp. nov., Pollutibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., Polluticoccus soli gen. nov. sp. nov., and Terrimonas pollutisoli sp. nov., four new members of the family Chitinophagaceae from polluted soil
Ze-Shen Liu, Xiao-Kang Wang, Ke-Huan Wang, Mei-Ling Yang, De-Feng Li, Shuang-Jiang Liu
Systematic and Applied Microbiology.2024; 47(2-3): 126503. CrossRef
Paraflavisolibacter caeni gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from sludge
Cansheng Yuan, Bin Liu, Lin Wang, Weihua Long, Zhuang Ke, Jian He
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Longitalea arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longitalea luteola sp. nov., two new members of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from desert soil
Shuai Li, Lei Dong, Jia-Rui Han, Guo-Yuan Shi, Chun-Yan Lu, Lu Xu, Wen-Hui Lian, Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah, Wael N. Hozzein, Wen-Jun Li
Archives of Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimizing the bacterial community structure and function in rhizosphere soil of sesame continuous cropping by the appropriate nitrate ammonium ratio
Ruiqing Wang, Zhihua Zhang, Fengjuan Lv, Hongxin Lin, Lingen Wei, Yunping Xiao
Rhizosphere.2022; 23: 100550. CrossRef
Paraflavitalea devenefica sp. nov., isolated from urban soil
Xiaoxiao Hou, Hongliang Liu, Yumang Shang, Sidi Mao, Shucheng Li, Feng Sang, Hongkuan Deng, Lijuan Wang, Ling Kong, ChunYang Zhang, Zhongfeng Ding, Yan Gao, Shuzhen Wei, Zhiwei Chen
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published
Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.2020; 70(5): 2960. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

NOTE] Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov., from Traditional Meju in Korea: Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Martin Meijer , Eline Majoor , Patricia A. vanKuyk , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):712-714. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2347-3

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Abstract: Aspergillus cibarius sp. nov. isolated from meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans in Korea, is described. The species was also found from black bean, bread and salami in the Netherlands. It is characterized by abundant yellow to reddish brown ascomata and small lenticular ascospores (4.5–5.5 μm) with a wide furrow, low equatorial crests and tuberculate or reticulate convex surface. The species was resolved as phylogenetically distinct from the other reported Aspergillus species with an Eurotium teleomorph based on multilocus sequence typing using partial fragments of the β-tubulin, calmodulin, ITS and RNA polymerase II genes.

NOTE] Grimontia marina sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium Isolated from the Yellow Sea: Ahyoung Choi , Kyung-Mi Kim , Ilnam Kang , Seok-Hyun Youn , Young-Sang Suh , Yoon Lee , Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):170-174. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1615-6

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Abstract: A novel species belonging to the genus Grimontia is described in this study. A Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, obligately aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile by a single polar flagellum, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated IMCC5001T, was isolated from surface seawater of the Yellow Sea. Strain IMCC5001T grew optimally at 30°C in the presence of 3.5% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate was related most closely to Grimontia hollisae with a sequence similarity of 95.8%, and formed a robust phyletic lineage with Grimontia hollisae. Differential physiological characteristics between the new strain and Grimontia hollisae KCCM 41680T and chemotaxonomic characterization including determination of DNA G+C content, fatty acid methyl esters, quinone composition, and polar lipid profiles justified the assignment of strain IMCC5001T to the genus Grimontia as a novel species. In conclusion, strain IMCC5001T represents a new species, for which the name Grimontia marina sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain IMCC5001T (=KCTC 22666T =NBRC 105794T).

Journal Article

NOTE] Leucobacter denitrificans sp. nov., Isolated from Cow Dung: Hang-Yeon Weon , Rangasamy Anandham , Tomohiko Tamura , Moriyuki Hamada , Soo-Jin Kim , Yi-Seul Kim , Ken-ichiro Suzuki , Soon-Wo Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):161-165. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1324-1

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Abstract: The bacterial strain M1T8B10T was isolated from cow dung in Suwon, Republic of Korea. The strain was a Gram stainpositive rod, nonmotile, and non-spore-forming. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain fell within the clade of the genus Leucobacter, showing the highest sequence similarities with Leucobacter aridicollis L-9T (98.7%), Leucobacter iarius 40T (98.4%), and Leucobacter komagatae JCM 9414T (98.2%). Cell-wall peptidoglycan contained the diagnostic diamino acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid of the genus Leucobacter, showing B-type cross-linked peptidoglycans. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and anteiso- C17:0. The quinone system consisted of the menaquinones MK-11 (78%) and MK-10 (22%). The polar lipid profiles contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified glycolipid. Differences in several physiological features including nitrate reduction enabled the isolate to be differentiated from all recognized Leucobacter species. Based on these phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic results, the isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Leucobacter denitrificans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1T8B10T (=KACC 14055T =NBRC 106309T).

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

NOTE] Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov., a New Member of the Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Foreshore Tidal Flat Sediment: Min Young Jung , Joong-Su Kim , Woon Kee Paek , Jeongheui Lim , Hansoo Lee , Pyoung Il Kim , Jin Yeul Ma , Wonyong Kim , Young-Hyo Chang; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(6):1027-1032. Published online December 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1049-6

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Abstract: A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, new Bacillus species, strain BL4-6T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea. Strain BL4-6T is a straight rod, with motility by peritrichate flagella. The cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids are iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (containing C16:1 ω7c/ iso-C15:0 2OH, and/or iso-C15:0 2OH/C16:1 ω7c). Cells are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 38.0 mol%. Based on a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate belongs to the genus Bacillus, forms a clade with the Bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to Bacillus mycoides (98.5%), Bacillus cereus (98.5%), Bacillus anthracis (98.4%), Bacillus thuringiensis (98.4%), Bacillus weihenstephanensis (98.1%), and Bacillus pseudomycoides (97.5%). The isolate showed less than 85% similarity of the gyrA gene sequence and below 95% similarity of the rpoB gene sequence to the members of this group. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BL4-6T and B. cereus group was found to be in a range of 22.8-42.3%, and thus BL4-6T represents a unique species. On the basis of these studies, strain BL4-6T (=KCTC 13319T =JCM 15802T) is proposed to represent the type strain of a novel species, Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov.

NOTE] Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov., Isolated from Cow Dung: Rangasamy Anandham , Tomohiko Tamura , Moriyuki Hamada , Hang-Yeon Weon , Soo-Jin Kim , Yi-Seul Kim , Ken-ichiro Suzuki , Soon-Wo Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):852-856. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1036-y

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Abstract: An actinomycete strain, designated M1T8B9T, was isolated from cow dung in Suwon, Republic of Korea. The isolate was a Gram-positive, nonmotile, and non-spore-forming bacterium. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that this isolate belongs to the genus Microbacterium, with its closest neighbors being Microbacterium soli DCY17T (98.2%) and Microbacterium esteraromaticum DSM 8609T (98.0%). The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unknown glycolipid. Strain M1T8B9T contained the major fatty acids C15:0 anteiso, C16:0 iso, C17:0 anteiso, and C15:0 iso, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type B2β. According to DNA-DNA hybridization studies, strain M1T8B9T showed 42% and 26% relatedness with M. soli DCY17T and M. esteraromaticum DSM 8609T, respectively. On the basis of the data presented, strain M1T8B9T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1T8B9T (=KACC 14058T =NBRC 106310T).

Shewanella upenei sp. nov., a Lipolytic Bacterium Isolated from Bensasi Goatfish Upeneus bensasi: Kyung-Kil Kim , Young-Ok Kim , Sooyeon Park , So-Jung Kang , Bo-Hye Nam , Doo Nam Kim , Tae-Kwang Oh , Jung-Hoon Yoon; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):381-386. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0175-5

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Abstract: A Gram-staining-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, 20-23RT, was isolated from intestine of bensasi goatfish, Upeneus bensasi, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 20-23RT belonged to the genus Shewanella. Strain 20-23RT exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 99.5, 99.2, and 97.5% to Shewanella algae ATCC 51192T, Shewanella haliotis DW01T, and Shewanella chilikensis JC5T, respectively. Strain 20-23RT exhibited 93.1-96.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the other Shewanella species. It also exhibited 98.3-98.4% gyrB sequence similarity to the type strains of S. algae and S. haliotis. Strain 20-23RT contained simultaneously both menaquinones and ubiquinones; the predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the predominant ubiquinones were Q-8 and Q-7. The fatty acid profiles of strain 20-23RT, S. algae KCTC 22552T and S. haliotis KCTC 12896T were similar; major components were iso-C15:0, C16:0, C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH and C17:1 ω8c. The DNA G+C content of strain 20-23RT was 53.9 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties and genetic distinctiveness of strain 20-23RT, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that this strain is distinguishable from recognized Shewanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain 20-23RT represents a novel species of the genus Shewanella, for which the name Shewanella upenei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 20-23RT (=KCTC 22806T =CCUG 58400T).

NOTE] Bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov., Isolated from Foreshore Tidal Flat Sediment from the Yellow Sea: Min-Young Jung , Woon Kee Paek , In-Soon Park , Jeong-Ran Han , Yeseul Sin , Jayoung Paek , Moon-Soo Rhee , Hongik Kim , Hong Seok Song , Young-Hyo Chang; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):867-871. Published online January 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0148-0

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Abstract: A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming organism, strain BL3-6T, was isolated from tidal flat sediments of the Yellow Sea in the region of Tae-An. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate belongs to the Bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to Bacillus mycoides (99.0% similarity), Bacillus thuringiensis (99.0%), Bacillus weihenstephanensis (99.0%), Bacillus cereus (98.9%), Bacillus anthracis (98.8%), and Bacillus pseudomycoides (98.1%). The phylogenetic distance from any validly described Bacillus species outside the Bacillus cereus group was less than 95.6%. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 39.4 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14:0 (17.8%), iso-C16:0 (15.8%), and iso-C12:0 (11.3%). The diagnostic amino acid of the cell wall was mesodiaminopimelic acid and the major cell wall sugar was galactose. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization (<55.6%) and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain BL3-6T from the published Bacillus species. BL3-6T therefore represents a new species, for which the name Bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain BL3-6T (=KCTC 13318T =JCM 15801T).

Published Erratum

Erratum to: Protective and Pathogenic Role of Humoral Responses in COVID‑19: Uni Park , Nam-Hyuk Cho; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(7):713-713.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00058-0

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