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- The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin‑associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells
- Kyung-Soo Lee , Jun-Young Park , Yu-Jin Jeong , Moo-Seung Lee
- J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):715-727. Published online September 4, 2023
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0
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- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening, extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure., contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB). Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses, autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Estimation of IL-8 and TNF-α Levels in Pediatric Diarrhea Patients Infected with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
Safaa A. AL-Isawi, Shaimaa Jassim Alsultany
Medical Journal of Babylon.2024; 21(3): 533. CrossRef - Structural basis to identify a target site in Shiga toxin for the inhibitor discovery against growth of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
Anuja Prabhudesai, Samir Shaikh, Kayasth Zarna Ashwinbhai, Reeshu Gupta
Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Estimation of IL-8 and TNF-α Levels in Pediatric Diarrhea Patients Infected with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
- MINIREVIEW] The cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway in pathogenic basidiomycete fungi: Connections with iron homeostasis
- Jaehyuk Choi , Won Hee Jung , James W. Kronstad
- J. Microbiol. 2015;53(9):579-587. Published online August 1, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5247-5
- 46 View
- 0 Download
- 43 Crossref
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Abstract
- A number of pathogenic species of basidiomycete fungi are either life-threatening pathogens of humans or major economic pests for crop production. Sensing the host is a key aspect of pathogen proliferation during disease, and signal transduction pathways are critically important for detecting environmental conditions and facilitating adaptation. This review focuses on the contributions of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in Cryptococcus neoformans, a species that causes meningitis in humans, and Ustilago maydis, a model phytopathogen that causes a smut disease on maize. Environmental sensing by the cAMP/PKA pathway regulates the production of key virulence traits in C. neoformans including the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. For U. maydis, the pathway controls the dimorphic transition from budding growth to the filamentous cell type required for proliferation in plant tissue. We discuss recent advances in identifying new components of the cAMP/PKA pathway in these pathogens and highlight an emerging theme that pathway signaling influences iron acquisition.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Purine nucleosides replace cAMP in allosteric regulation of PKA in trypanosomatid pathogens
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Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(12): 1064. CrossRef - Genome-Wide Analysis of Nutrient Signaling Pathways Conserved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Xiaoqin Zhou, Jiangyong Li, Nianwu Tang, Hongyun Xie, Xiaoning Fan, Hui Chen, Ming Tang, Xianan Xie
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Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(8): 610. CrossRef - Current status on the molecular biology of zearalenone: its biosynthesis and molecular detection of zearalenone producing Fusarium species
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European Journal of Plant Pathology.2021; 159(2): 247. CrossRef - The heterotrimeric G‐protein beta subunit Gpb1 controls hyphal growth under low oxygen conditions through the protein kinase A pathway and is essential for virulence in the fungusMucor circinelloides
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Sporisorium scitamineum
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- Purine nucleosides replace cAMP in allosteric regulation of PKA in trypanosomatid pathogens
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