Journal of Microbiology

Reviews

Synthetic biology strategies for sustainable bioplastic production by yeasts: Huong-Giang Le, Yongjae Lee, Sun-Mi Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(3):e2501022. Published online March 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501022

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The increasing environmental concerns regarding conventional plastics have led to a growing demand for sustainable alternatives, such as biodegradable plastics. Yeast cell factories, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, have emerged as promising platforms for bioplastic production due to their scalability, robustness, and ease of manipulation. This review highlights synthetic biology approaches aimed at developing yeast cell factories to produce key biodegradable plastics, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We explore recent advancements in engineered yeast strains that utilize various synthetic biology strategies, such as the incorporation of new genetic elements at the gene, pathway, and cellular system levels. The combined efforts of metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and adaptive evolution have enhanced strain efficiency and maximized product yields. Additionally, this review addresses the importance of integrating computational tools and machine learning into the Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle for strain development. This integration aims to facilitate strain development while minimizing effort and maximizing performance. However, challenges remain in improving strain robustness and scaling up industrial production processes. By combining advanced synthetic biology techniques with computational approaches, yeast cell factories hold significant potential for the sustainable and scalable production of bioplastics, thus contributing to a greener bioeconomy.

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Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology
Ki Jun Jeong
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(3): e2503100. CrossRef

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, and Challenges.: Jee Young Lee, Yehwon Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Jiyeun Kate Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1057-1074. Published online November 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00184-3

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Abstract

Over the past two decades, as the importance of gut microbiota to human health has become widely known, attempts have been made to treat diseases by correcting dysbiosis of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Apart from current knowledge of gut microbiota, FMT to treat disease has a long history, from the treatment of food poisoning in the fourth century to the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in the twentieth century. In 2013, FMT was recognized as a standard treatment for recurrent C. difficile because it consistently showed high efficacy. Though recurrent C. difficile is the only disease internationally recognized for FMT efficacy, FMT has been tested for other diseases and shown some promising preliminary results. Different FMT methods have been developed using various formulations and administration routes. Despite advances in FMT, some issues remain to be resolved, such as donor screening, manufacturing protocols, and unknown components in the fecal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, clinical indications, methods, and challenges of current FMT. We also discuss the development of alternative therapies to overcome the challenges of FMT.

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Transplantation of Fecal Flora from Patients with Atherosclerosis to Mice Can Increase Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Affect Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites
Liang Feng, Jianting Feng, Li He, Fu Chen, Xin Feng, Suwen Wang
Applied Microbiology.2025; 5(1): 29. CrossRef

Extensive Genomic Rearrangement of Catalase-Less Cyanobloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa in Freshwater Ecosystems: Minkyung Kim, Jaejoon Jung, Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Che Ok Jeon, Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(11):933-950. Published online October 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00172-7

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Abstract: Many of the world's freshwater ecosystems suffer from cyanobacteria-mediated blooms and their toxins. However, a mechanistic understanding of why and how Microcystis aeruginosa dominates over other freshwater cyanobacteria during warmer summers is lacking. This paper utilizes comparative genomics with other cyanobacteria and literature reviews to predict the gene functions and genomic architectures of M. aeruginosa based on complete genomes. The primary aim is to understand this species' survival and competitive strategies in warmer freshwater environments. M. aeruginosa strains exhibiting a high proportion of insertion sequences (~ 11%) possess genomic structures with low synteny across different strains. This indicates the occurrence of extensive genomic rearrangements and the presence of many possible diverse genotypes that result in greater population heterogeneities than those in other cyanobacteria in order to increase survivability during rapidly changing and threatening environmental challenges. Catalase-less M. aeruginosa strains are even vulnerable to low light intensity in freshwater environments with strong ultraviolet radiation. However, they can continuously grow with the help of various defense genes (e.g., egtBD, cruA, and mysABCD) and associated bacteria. The strong defense strategies against biological threats (e.g., antagonistic bacteria, protozoa, and cyanophages) are attributed to dense exopolysaccharide (EPS)-mediated aggregate formation with efficient buoyancy and the secondary metabolites of M. aeruginosa cells. Our review with extensive genome analysis suggests that the ecological vulnerability of M. aeruginosa cells can be overcome by diverse genotypes, secondary defense metabolites, reinforced EPS, and associated bacteria.

Journal Article

Phylogenetic Assessment of Understudied Families in Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota, Fungi)-Reporting Uncovered Species and Reflecting the Recent Taxonomic Updates in the Republic of Korea: Yoonhee Cho, Dohye Kim, Young Woon Lim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):429-447. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00120-5

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Abstract: Hymenochaetales Oberw. is an order classified in Basidiomycota of Fungi, and species in this order display notable diversity. They exhibit various fruiting body shapes, including clavarioid, effused-reflexed, and resupinate basidiomes. Few mycorrhizal species have been reported in Hymenochaetales, but wood-decaying species dominate the order. Hymenochaetaceae Imazeki & Toki and Schizoporaceae Jülich are the most species-rich families within Hymenochaetales, and most species in the Republic of Korea belong to these two families. As such, current taxonomic classification and nomenclature are not reflected upon species in the remaining Hymenochaetales families. For this study, a multifaceted morphological and multigenetic marker-based phylogenetic investigation was conducted to, firstly, comprehensively identify understudied Hymenochaetales specimens in Korea and, secondly, reflect the updates on the species classification. Five genetic markers were assessed for the phylogenetic analysis: nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nSSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 gene (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1 gene (TEF1). The results from phylogenetic analysis supported 18 species classified under eight families (excluding Hymenochaetaceae and Schizoporaceae) in Korea. Species formerly placed in Rickenellaceae and Trichaptum sensu lato have been systematically revised based on recent taxonomic reconstructions. In addition, our findings revealed one new species, Rickenella umbelliformis, and identified five formerly nationally unreported species classified under five understudied families. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of Hymenochaetales diversity and highlight the need for continued research.

Review

MAPK Cascades in Plant Microbiota Structure and Functioning: Thijs Van Gerrewey, Hoo Sun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):231-248. Published online April 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00114-3

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Abstract

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that coordinate diverse biological processes such as plant innate immunity and development. Recently, MAPK cascades have emerged as pivotal regulators of the plant holobiont, infuencing the assembly of normal plant microbiota, essential for maintaining optimal plant growth and health. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge on MAPK cascades, from upstream perception of microbial stimuli to downstream host responses. Synthesizing recent fndings, we explore the intricate connections between MAPK signaling and the assembly and functioning of plant microbiota. Additionally, the role of MAPK activation in orchestrating dynamic changes in root exudation to shape microbiota composition is discussed. Finally, our review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for more sophisticated techniques to accurately decipher the role of MAPK signaling in establishing the plant holobiont relationship.

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Lipid transfer protein VAS inhibits the hypersensitive response via reactive oxygen species signaling in Nicotiana benthamiana
Rina Koyama, Akira Suzuki, Kouhei Ohnishi, Yasufumi Hikichi, Akinori Kiba, Stefanie Ranf
Journal of Experimental Botany.2025; 76(4): 1285. CrossRef
Short-Term Fertilization with the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium (NFB) Kosakonia radicincitans GXGL-4A Agent Can Modify the Transcriptome Expression Profiling of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Root
Baoyun Feng, Erxing Wang, Yating Zhang, Lurong Xu, Yanwen Xue, Yunpeng Chen
Microorganisms.2025; 13(3): 506. CrossRef
Pharmacological effects and the related mechanism of scutellarin on inflammation-related diseases: a review
Yang Zhou, Chenlin Gu, Yan Zhu, Yuting Zhu, Yutong Chen, Li Shi, Yang Yang, Xin Lu, Hanqing Pang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Rice E3 ubiquitin ligases: From key modulators of host immunity to potential breeding applications
Yuqing Yan, Hui Wang, Yan Bi, Fengming Song
Plant Communications.2024; 5(12): 101128. CrossRef
Host-Associated Microbiome
Woo Jun Sul
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 135. CrossRef
The microbiome orchestrates contaminant low-dose phytostimulation
Evgenios Agathokleous, Edward J. Calabrese, Stavros D. Veresoglou
Trends in Plant Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Articles

Effects of Phosphorus‑dissolving Dark Septate Endophytes on the Growth of Blueberry: Qixin Luo , Rui Hou , Xiaojing Shang , Si Li; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(9):837-851. Published online October 5, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00080-2

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Abstract

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are widely distributed and improve plant growth. DSEs secrete large amounts of enzymes to mineralize insoluble phosphorus in soil and convert it into soluble phosphorus, promoting plant uptake of phosphorus. However, the effects of DSEs with phosphate-solubilizing ability on host plants need further study. In this study, phosphorusdissolving DSEs were screened for growth-promoting effects. We isolated, identified and characterized three DSE species (Thozetella neonivea, Pezicula ericae and Hyaloscyphaceae sp.) showing phosphate-solubilizing ability. The impact of single, dual or triple inoculation of DSEs on blueberry plant characteristics was studied. Their effects on colonization intensity, seedling biomass, nutrients in plants and soil, and activities of plant resistance enzymes and soil enzymes were markedly upregulated relative to the control (P < 0.05). The available phosphorus and acid phosphatase levels in different combinations were significantly increased. These findings indicate that the application of the three DSEs may be valuable in facilitating the cultivation of blueberry with a higher biomass and improved plant quality.

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Diversity and Functional Roles of Root-Associated Endophytic Fungi in Two Dominant Pioneer Trees Reclaimed from a Metal Mine Slag Heap in Southwest China
Bo Bi, Yuqing Xiao, Xiaonan Xu, Qianqian Chen, Haiyan Li, Zhiwei Zhao, Tao Li
Microorganisms.2024; 12(10): 2067. CrossRef
Short-term organic fertilizer substitution increases sorghum yield by improving soil physicochemical characteristics and regulating microbial community structure
Mengen Nie, Guangqian Yue, Lei Wang, Yizhong Zhang
Frontiers in Plant Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Relationship Between Mycotoxin Production and Gene Expression in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Strains Under Various Environmental Conditions: Wenwen Huang , Ping Zhou , Guanghui Shen , Tao Gao , Xin Liu , Jianrong Shi , Jianhong Xu , Jianbo Qiu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):525-542. Published online May 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00046-4

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Abstract

The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) can produce various mycotoxins and is a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of water activity ( aw), temperature, incubation time and their interactions on mycotoxin accumulation and the expression levels of biosynthetic genes in FGSC strains from maize samples in China. The highest deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) levels of the F. boothii and F. graminearum strains were observed at 0.98 aw/ 30 °C or 0.99 aw/ 25 °C. F. asiaticum and F. meridionale reached maximum nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetylnivalenol (4ANIV) contents at 0.99 aw and 30 °C. With the extension of the incubation time, the concentrations of DON and NIV gradually increased, while those of their derivatives decreased. F. boothii, F. meridionale and one F. asiaticum strain had the highest zearalenone (ZEN) values at 0.95 aw and 25 °C, while the optimum conditions for the other F. asiaticum strain and F. graminearum were 0.99 aw and 30 °C. Four genes associated with trichothecene and zearalenone synthesis were significantly induced under higher water stress in the early stage of production. The results indicated independence of mycotoxin production and gene expression, as maximum amounts of these toxic metabolites were observed at higher aw in most cases. This study provides useful information for the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.

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Application of MOX Sensors to Determine the Emission of Volatile Compounds in Corn Groats as a Function of Vertical Pressure in the Silo and Moisture Content of the Bed
Robert Rusinek, Aleksandra Żytek, Mateusz Stasiak, Joanna Wiącek, Marek Gancarz
Sensors.2024; 24(7): 2187. CrossRef

The Revision of Lichen Flora Around Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Maritime Antarctic: Jae Eun So , Josef P. Halda , Soon Gyu Hong , Jae&# , Ji Hee Kim; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(2):159-173. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00015-x

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Abstract

Since the floristic study of lichens at the Barton and Weaver Peninsulas of King George Island in 2006, there have been intense investigations of the lichen flora of the two peninsulas as well as that of Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island in Maxwell Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctic. In this study, a total of 104 species belonging to 53 genera, are identified from investigations of lichens that were collected in austral summer seasons from 2008 to 2016. Phenotypic and molecular analyses were incorporated for taxonomic identification. In particular, 31 species are found to be endemic to the Antarctic and 22 species are newly recorded to the Maxwell Bay region. Lepra dactylina, Stereocaulon caespitosum, and Wahlenbergiella striatula are newly recorded in the Antarctic, and the previously reported taxon Cladonia furcata is excluded from the formerly recorded list due to misidentification. We also provide ecological and geographical information about lichen associations and habitat preferences.

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Lichens of Larsemann Hills and adjacent oases in the area of Prydz Bay (Princess Elizabeth Land and MacRobertson Land, Antarctica)
Mikhail Andreev (Mихаил АНДРЕЕВ)
Polar Science.2023; 38: 101009. CrossRef

Fungal Catastrophe of a Specimen Room: Just One Week is Enough to Eradicate Traces of Thousands of Animals: Ji Seon Kim , Yoonhee Cho , Chang Wan Seo , Ki Hyung Park , Shin Nam Yoo , Jun Won Lee , Sung Hyun Kim , Wonjun Lee , Young Woon Lim; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(2):189-197. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00017-9

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Abstract

Indoor fungi obtain carbon sources from natural sources and even recalcitrant biodegradable materials, such as plastics and synthetic dye. Their vigorous activity may have negative consequences, such as structural damage to building materials or the destruction of precious cultural materials. The animal specimen room of the Seoul National University stocked 36,000 animal resources that had been well-maintained for over 80 years. Due to abandonment without the management of temperature and humidity during the rainy summer season, many stuffed animal specimens had been heavily colonized by fungi. To investigate the fungal species responsible for the destruction of the historical specimens, we isolated fungi from the stuffed animal specimens and identified them at the species level based on morphology and molecular analysis of the β-tubulin (BenA) gene. A total of 365 strains were isolated and identified as 26 species in Aspergillus (10 spp.), Penicillium (14 spp.), and Talaromyces (2 spp.). Penicillium brocae and Aspergillus sydowii were isolated from most sections of the animal specimens and have damaged the feathers and beaks of valuable specimens. Our findings indicate that within a week of mismanagement, it takes only a few fungal species to wipe out the decades of history of animal diversity. The important lesson here is to prevent this catastrophe from occurring again through a continued interest, not to put all previous efforts to waste.

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Investigating the Role of Microclimate and Microorganisms in the Deterioration of Stone Heritage: The Case of Rupestrian Church from Jac, Romania
Dorina Camelia Ilieș, Andrei-Ionuț Apopei, Cristina Mircea, Alexandru Ilieș, Tudor Caciora, Berdenov Zharas, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Nicolaie Hodor, Alexandru Turza, Ana Cornelia Pereș, Thowayeb H. Hassan, Bahodirhon Safarov, Ioan-Cristian Noje
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(18): 8136. CrossRef
Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation
Geoffrey Michael Gadd, Marina Fomina, Flavia Pinzari, Mark D. Rose
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Metformin Regulates Gut Microbiota Abundance to Suppress M2 Skewing of Macrophages and Colorectal Tumorigenesis in Mice: Linfeng Fan , Xiangfu Zeng , Guofeng Xu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(1):109-120. Published online January 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-00010-8

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Abstract

The correlation of imbalanced gut microbiota with the onset and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) has become clear. This work investigates the effect of metformin on gut microbiota and genesis of CRC in mice. Human fecal samples were collected from healthy control (HC) donors and CRC patients. Compared to HC donors, CRC patients had reduced abundance of gut microbiota; however, they had increased abundance of detrimental Bacteroidetes. Mice were injected with azomethane (AOM) to induce colorectal tumorigenesis models. Treatment of CRC patients-sourced fecal microbiota promoted tumorigenesis, and it increased the expression of Ki67, β-catenin, COX-2, and Cyclin D1 in mouse colon tissues. Further treatment of metformin blocked the colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. Fecal microbiota from the metformin-treated mice was collected, which showed decreased Bacteroidetes abundance and suppressed AOM-induced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice as well. Moreover, the metformin- modified microbiota promoted the M1 macrophage-related markers IL-6 and iNOS but suppressed the M2 macrophage-related markers IL-4R and Arg1 in mouse colon tissues. In conclusion, this study suggests that metformin-mediated gut microbiota alteration suppresses macrophage M2 polarization to block colorectal tumorigenesis.

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Metformin alleviates colitis-associated colorectal cancer via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB/MAPK pathway and macrophage M2 polarization
Xueying Lai, Bin Liu, Yu Wan, Ping Zhou, Wanjun Li, Wei Hu, Wei Gong
International Immunopharmacology.2025; 144: 113683. CrossRef
Metformin as an immunomodulatory agent in enhancing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma therapies
Wenting Li, Nanshu Liu, Mingwei Chen, Dongjuan Liu, Sai Liu
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer.2025; 1880(2): 189262. CrossRef
Clinical efficacy of metformin in familial adenomatous polyposis and the effect of intestinal flora
Linxin Zhou, Linfu Zheng, Binbin Xu, Zhou Ye, Dazhou Li, Wen Wang
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
An AMPK agonist suppresses the progress of colorectal cancer by regulating the polarization of TAM to M1 through inhibition of HIF-1α and mTOR signal pathway
Yuanyuan Cao, Mingyi Wo, Chan Xu, Xianming Fei, Juan Jin, Zhiming Shan
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2023; 19(6): 1560. CrossRef

Construction of high-density transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus using bacteriophage ϕ11: Wonsik Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1123-1129. Published online November 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2476-2

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Abstract

Transposon mutant libraries are an important resource to study bacterial metabolism and pathogenesis. The fitness analysis of mutants in the libraries under various growth conditions provides important clues to study the physiology and biogenesis of structural components of a bacterial cell. A transposon library in conjunction with next-generation sequencing techniques, collectively named transposon sequencing (Tnseq), enables high-throughput genome profiling and synthetic lethality analysis. Tn-seq has also been used to identify essential genes and to study the mode of action of antibacterials. To construct a high-density transposon mutant library, an efficient delivery system for transposition in a model bacterium is essential. Here, I describe a detailed protocol for generating a high-density phage-based transposon mutant library in a Staphylococcus aureus strain, and this protocol is readily applicable to other S. aureus strains including USA300 and MW2.

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Optimizing phage-based mutant recovery and minimizing heat effect in the construction of transposon libraries in Staphylococcus aureus
Sally W. Yousief, Nader Abdelmalek, Bianca Paglietti
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Functional analysis of ascP in Aeromonas veronii TH0426 reveals a key role in the regulation of virulence: Yongchao Guan , Meng Zhang , Yingda Wang , Zhongzhuo Liu , Zelin Zhao , Hong Wang , Dingjie An , Aidong Qian , Yuanhuan Kang , Wuwen Sun , Xiaofeng Shan; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1153-1161. Published online November 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2373-8

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Abstract

Aeromonas veronii is a pathogen which can induce diseases in humans, animals and aquatic organisms, but its pathogenic mechanism and virulence factors are still elusive. In this study, we successfully constructed a mutant strain (ΔascP) by homologous recombination. The results showed that the deletion of the ascP gene significantly down-regulated the expression of associated effector proteins in A. veronii compared to its wild type. The adhesive and invasive abilities of ΔascP to EPC cells were 0.82-fold lower in contrast to the wild strain. The toxicity of ΔascP to cells was decreased by about 2.91-fold (1 h) and 1.74-fold (2 h). Furthermore, the LD50 of the mutant strain of crucian carp was reduced by 19.94-fold, and the virulence was considerably attenuated. In contrast to the wild strain, the ΔascP content in the liver and spleen was considerably lower. The titers of serum cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in crucian carp after the infection of the ΔascP strain were considerably lower in contrast to the wild strain. Hence, the ascP gene is essential for the etiopathogenesis of A. veronii TH0426.

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Complete genome sequence and genome-wide transposon mutagenesis enable the determination of genes required for sodium hypochlorite tolerance and drug resistance in pathogen Aeromonas veronii GD2019
Yifan Bu, Chengyu Liu, Yabo Liu, Wensong Yu, Tingjin Lv, Yuanxing Zhang, Qiyao Wang, Yue Ma, Shuai Shao
Microbiological Research.2024; 284: 127731. CrossRef
Construction of the flagellin F mutant of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its toxic effects on silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) cells
Yang Li, Chao Liu, Yuechen Sun, Ruijun Wang, Choufei Wu, Hanqu Zhao, Liqin Zhang, Dawei Song, Quanxin Gao
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2024; 259: 129395. CrossRef
Ferric uptake regulator (fur) affects the pathogenicity of Aeromonas veronii TH0426 by regulating flagellar assembly and biofilm formation
Jin-shuo Gong, Ying-da Wang, Yan-long Jiang, Di Zhang, Ya-nan Cai, Xiao-feng Shan, He Gong, Hao Dong
Aquaculture.2024; 580: 740361. CrossRef

Isolation of a novel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain resistant to nitrite stress and its transcriptome analysis: Chae Young Kwon , Kyoung Jin Choi , Dongeun Yong , Ji-Eun Kim , Sang Sun Yoon; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):715-726. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2221-x

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Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that plays a vital role in regulating inflammatory processes. Under abnormal conditions, excessive NO levels can promote the oxidation of cellular components, which may cause or exacerbate diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular dysfunction, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous studies have shown that reducing NO levels in the lumen can attenuate the clinical symptoms of IBD. Thus, we aimed to identify bacteria that can reduce RNS and that can be used as valuable probiotics. In this study, we isolated bacteria resistant to nitrite stress from human feces and used 16S and whole-genome sequencing to identify them as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP7 (LP7). The ability to survive at high nitrite levels and to decrease them was greater in the LP7 strain than in the reference strain L. plantarum ATCC14917 (ATCC- 14917). To characterize the LP7 genome in more detail, we performed a comparative genome analysis. However, the unique genes that directly confer the ability to withstand nitrite stress were not present in the LP7 genome. Furthermore, we performed transcriptomic analysis of LP7 and ATCC14917 cells treated with nitrite. We found that the expression levels of genes involved in the cell division process were induced in LP7, which showed a more regular rod-shape than ATCC- 14917. This could explain why LP7 can survive better than ATCC14917 under nitrite stress. Based on its ability to survive better in nitrite stress and decrease nitrite concentration, we suggest that LP7 could be a valuable probiotic strain.

Pat- and Pta-mediated protein acetylation is required for horizontallyacquired virulence gene expression in Salmonella Typhimurium: Hyojeong Koo , Eunna Choi , Shinae Park , Eun-Jin Lee , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(8):823-831. Published online May 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2095-y

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Abstract

Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram-negative facultative pathogen that causes a range of diseases, from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic infection in a variety of animal hosts. S. Typhimurium regulates virulence gene expression by a silencing mechanism using nucleoid-associated proteins such as Histone-like Nucleoid Structuring protein (H-NS) silencing. We hypothesize that the posttranslational modification, specifically protein acetylation, of proteins in gene silencing systems could affect the pathogenic gene expression of S. Typhimurium. Therefore, we created acetylation-deficient mutant by deleting two genes, pat and pta, which are involved in the protein acetylation pathway. We observed that the pat and pta deletion attenuates mouse virulence and also decreases Salmonella’s replication within macrophages. In addition, the Δpat Δpta strain showed a decreased expression of the horizontally-acquired virulence genes, mgtC, pagC, and ugtL, which are highly expressed in low Mg2+. The decreased virulence gene expression is possibly due to higher H-NS occupancy to those promoters because the pat and pta deletion increases H-NS occupancy whereas the same mutation decreases occupancy of RNA polymerase. Our results suggest that Pat- and Pta-mediated protein acetylation system promotes the expression of virulence genes by regulating the binding affinity of H-NS in S. Typhimurium.

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Multi-Lasso Peptide-Based Synergistic Nanocomposite: A High-Stability, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agent with Potential for Combined Antibacterial Therapy
Yu Li, Jinyu Zhang, Ke Wei, Di Zhou, Zepeng Wang, Zhiwei Zeng, Yu Han, Weisheng Cao
ACS Nano.2024; 18(45): 31435. CrossRef

Review

The crosstalk between bacteria and host autophagy: host defense or bacteria offense: Lin Zheng , Fang Wei , Guolin Li; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):451-460. Published online April 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2009-z

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Abstract

Xenophagy is a specific selective autophagy for the elimination of intracellular bacteria. Current evidence suggests that the processes for host autophagy system to recognize and eliminate invading bacteria are complex, and vary according to different pathogens. Although both ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent autophagy exist in host to defense invading bacteria, successful pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to escape from or paralyze host autophagy system. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of host autophagy system to recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens and the mechanisms of different pathogens to escape from or paralyze host autophagy system, with a particular focus on the most extensively studied bacteria.

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Complement C3 deposition restricts the proliferation of internalized Staphylococcus aureus by promoting autophagy
Yining Deng, Yunke Zhang, Tong Wu, Kang Niu, Xiaoyu Jiao, Wenge Ma, Chen Peng, Wenxue Wu
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Innate immune response of host cells infected with Salmonella
Hongfei Fan, Juane Lu, Hao Wu, Haihua Ruan, Wenjun Song, Y.-T. Yu, P.P. Piccaluga, S. Xie
BIO Web of Conferences.2024; 111: 01022. CrossRef
Exploring the Connections: Autophagy, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis
Arunkumar Subramanian, Afrarahamed J, Tamilanban T, Vinoth Kumarasamy, M Yasmin Begum, Mahendran Sekar, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Ling Shing Wong, Adel Al Fatease
Journal of Inflammation Research.2024; Volume 17: 10453. CrossRef
Programmed cell death and Salmonella pathogenesis: an interactive overview
Yu Zhang, Maodou Xu, Yujiao Guo, Li Chen, Wanwipa Vongsangnak, Qi Xu, Lizhi Lu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
Shanshan Jiang, Jinyao He, Lijie Zhang, Qiaojiajie Zhao, Shuqi Zhao
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