Since Salmonella Enteritidis is one of the major foodborne
pathogens, on-site applicable rapid detection methods have
been required for its control. The purpose of this study was
to isolate and purify S. Enteritidis-specific phage (KFS-SE2
phage) from an eel farm and to investigate its feasibility as a
novel, efficient, and reliable bio-receptor for its employment.
KFS-SE2 phage was successfully isolated at a high concentration
of (2.31 ± 0.43) × 1011 PFU/ml, and consisted of an
icosahedral head of 65.44 ± 10.08 nm with a non-contractile
tail of 135.21 ± 12.41 nm. The morphological and phylogenetic
analysis confirmed that it belongs to the Pis4avirus genus
in the family of Siphoviridae. KFS-SE2 genome consisted
of 48,608 bp with 45.7% of GC content. Genome analysis
represented KFS-SE2 to have distinctive characteristics as a
novel phage. Comparative analysis of KFS-SE2 phage with
closely related strains confirmed its novelty by the presence
of unique proteins. KFS-SE2 phage exhibited excellent specificity
to S. Enteritidis and was stable under the temperature
range of 4 to 50°C and pH of 3 to 11 (P < 0.05). The latent time
was determined to be 20 min. Overall, a new lytic KFS-SE2
phage was successfully isolated from the environment at a
high concentration and the excellent feasibility of KFS-SE2
phage was demonstrated as a new bio-receptor for S. Enteritidis
detection.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a well-known pathogenic bacterium responsible for human gastrointestinal enteritis mainly due to the consumption of eggs and egg-products. The first aim of this work was to study several virulence factors of a strain isolated from egg content: SEovo. First, bacterial growth was studied at several temperatures and cell morphology was observed by scanning electronic microscopy. These experiments showed Salmonella’s ability to grow at low temperatures and to produce exoproducts. Next, Salmonella motility was observed performing swimming, twitching, and swarming tests. Results indicated a positive flagellar activity and the cell ability to differentiate and become hyperflagellated under specific conditions. Moreover, SEovo adherence and biofilm formation was carried out. All of these tests enabled us to conclude that SEovo is a potential pathogen, thus it can be used as a model to perform antibacterial experiments. The second part of the study was dedicated to the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of different molecules using several methods. The antibacterial effect of silver and copper aluminosilicates was tested by two different kinds of methods. On the one hand, the effect of these two antibacterial agents was determined using microbiological methods: viable cell count and agar-well diffusion. And on the other hand, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using CLSM and SYTO Red/SYTOX Green dyeing. CLSM allowed for the evaluation of the biocide on sessile cells, whereas the first methods did not. Results showed that adhered bacteria were more resistant than planktonic counterparts and that CLSM was a good alternative to evaluate antibacterial activity on fixed bacteria without having to carry out a removing step.
We analyzed 66 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in 2002. Thirty isolates were obtained from human patients with diarrhea, and 36 were obtained from chickens. A total of ten phage types (PT) were identified in the human and chicken isolates. PT1 and PT21 were the predominant PTs in both the human (20% and 13%) and chicken (17% and 47%) isolates. Twelve pulsotypes were generated by PFGE and divided into two major groups. Most of the PFGE types were categorized into cluster group 1. Eighteen chicken isolates in cluster group 1 showed high-level genetic association (>95%) with 22 other human isolates. Additionally, six chicken
isolates from cluster group 2 showed fairly high-level genetic association (>95%) with the other seven human isolates. The highest levels of genetic association in humans and chickens were seen with A5-PT21 (11 isolates), A2-PT1 (7 isolates), and B1-PT4 (6 isolates). The Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage typing provided conclusive evidence that human Salmonella infections are attributable to the consumption of contaminated chicken.