Journal of Microbiology

Research Article

Characteristics of skin microbiome associated with disease severity in systemic sclerosis: Kyung-Ann Lee, Asad Ul-Haq, Hoonhee Seo, Sujin Jo, Sukyung Kim, Ho-Yeon Song, Hyun-Sook Kim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(1):e.2409018. Published online January 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2409018

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterised by skin fibrosis and internal organ involvement. Disruptions in the microbial communities on the skin may contribute to the onset of autoimmune diseases that affect the skin. However, current research on the skin microbiome in SSc is lacking. This study aimed to investigate skin microbiome associated with disease severity in SSc. Skin swabs were collected from the upper limbs of 46 healthy controls (HCs) and 36 patients with SSc. Metagenomic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene was conducted and stratified by cutaneous subtype and modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) severity. Significant differences in skin bacterial communities were observed between the HCs and patients with SSc, with further significant variations based on subtype and mRSS severity. The identified biomarkers were Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium for patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc with high mRSS (≥ 10) and Mycobacterium and Parabacteroides for those with low mRSS (< 10). Gardnerella, Abies, Lactobacillus, and Roseburia were the biomarkers in patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSS) and high mRSS, whereas Coprococcus predominated in patients with lcSS and low mRSS. Cutaneous subtype analysis identified Pediococcus as a biomarker in the HCs, whereas mRSS analysis revealed the presence of Pseudomonas in conjunction with Pediococcus. In conclusion, patients with SSc exhibit distinct skin microbiota compared with healthy controls. Bacterial composition varies by systemic sclerosis cutaneous subtype and skin thickness.

Review

Skin Deep: The Potential of Microbiome Cosmetics: Ju Hee Han, Hei Sung Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):181-199. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00128-x

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The interplay between the skin microbiome and its host is a complex facet of dermatological health and has become a critical focus in the development of microbiome cosmetics. The skin microbiome, comprising various microorganisms, is essential from birth, develops over the lifespan, and performs vital roles in protecting our body against pathogens, training the immune system, and facilitating the breakdown of organic matter. Dysbiosis, an imbalance of these microorganisms, has been implicated in a number of skin conditions such as acne, atopic dermatitis, and skin cancer. Recent scientific findings have spurred cosmetic companies to develop products that preserve and enhance the skin's microbial diversity balance. These products may incorporate elements like prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics, which are beneficial for the skin microbiome. Beyond topical products, there's increasing interest in ingestible beauty supplements (i.e. oral probiotics), highlighting the connection between the gut and skin. This review examines the influence of the microbiome on skin health and the emerging trends of microbiome skincare products.

Citations

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Influence of Cosmetic Skincare Products with pH < 5 on the Skin Microbiome: A Randomized Clinical Evaluation
Ciska Janssens-Böcker, Claudia Doberenz, Marta Monteiro, Marta de Oliveira Ferreira
Dermatology and Therapy.2025; 15(1): 141. CrossRef
Host-Associated Microbiome
Woo Jun Sul
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 135. CrossRef
Skin Microbiome and Acne: Microbial Imbalances and Impact – Interview with Three Key Opinion Leaders
Brigitte Scott
EMJ Dermatology.2024; : 83. CrossRef
Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Clinical Studies Claiming to Contain Specific, Well-Characterized Strains of Probiotics or Postbiotics
Ioannis M. Theodorou, Dorothea Kapoukranidou, Markos Theodorou, Joulia K. Tsetis, Alexandra Eleftheria Menni, Georgios Tzikos, Stella Bareka, Anne Shrewsbury, George Stavrou, Katerina Kotzampassi
Nutrients.2024; 16(15): 2526. CrossRef
Effect of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and immune defects on the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis
Evrim Özdemіr, Lütfiye Öksüz
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Generation of Postbiotics for Skin and Scalp: In Situ Production of Lipid Metabolites by Malassezia
Martin Patrick Pagac, Mathias Gempeler, Remo Campiche
Microorganisms.2024; 12(8): 1711. CrossRef
Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Postbioics of Lactobacillus Strains in α-MSH-Induced B16F10 Melanoma Cells via CREB/MITF and MAPKs Signaling Pathway
Hye-Won Lee, Yu-Rim Lee, Kyung-Min Park, Na-Kyoung Lee, Hyun-Dong Paik
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(11): 2279. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Effects of Age, Sex, and Dexpanthenol-Containing Skin Care on the Facial and Body Skin Microbiome
Zainab Qaizar, Raffaella de Salvo, Gregor Bieri, Katrin Unbereit, Shannon Montgomery, Erwan Peltier
Cosmetics.2024; 11(6): 213. CrossRef

Journal Article

Thioredoxin A of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Contributes to Virulence by Inhibiting the Expression of Pentraxin 3 to Promote Survival Within Macrophages: Chijun Zhao , Xinglin Jia , Yanying Pan , Simeng Liao , Shuo Zhang , Chunxiao Ji , Guangwei Kuang , Xin Wu , Quan Liu , Yulong Tang , Lihua Fang; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):433-448. Published online April 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00038-4

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Abstract

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can infect humans in contact with infected pigs or their byproducts. It can employ different types of genes to defend against oxidative stress and ensure its survival. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a key antioxidant system that contributes adversity adaptation and pathogenicity. SS2 has been shown to encode putative thioredoxin genes, but the biological roles, coding sequence, and underlying mechanisms remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrated that SSU05_0237-ORF, from a clinical SS2 strain, ZJ081101, encodes a protein of 104 amino acids with a canonical CGPC active motif and an identity 70–85% similar to the thioredoxin A (TrxA) in other microorganisms. Recombinant TrxA efficiently catalyzed the thiol-disulfide oxidoreduction of insulin. The deletion of TrxA led to a significantly slow growth and markedly compromised tolerance of the pathogen to temperature stress, as well as impaired adhesion ability to pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). However, it was not involved in H2O2 and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the ΔTrxA strain was more susceptible to killing by macrophages through increasing NO production. Treatment with TrxA mutant strain also significantly attenuated cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis. Knockdown of pentraxin 3 in RAW 264.7 cells was more vulnerable to phagocytic activity, and TrxA promoted SS2 survival in phagocytic cells depending on pentraxin 3 activity compared with the wild-type strain. Moreover, a co-inoculation experiment in mice revealed that TrxA mutant strain is far more easily cleared from the body than the wild type strain in the period from 8–24 h, and exhibits significantly attenuated oxidative stress and liver injury. In summary, we reveal the important role of TrxA in the pathogenesis of SS2.

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Thioredoxin C of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 contributes to virulence by inducing antioxidative stress and inhibiting autophagy via the MSR1/PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in macrophages
Chunxiao Ji, Yanying Pan, Bocheng Liu, Jianying Liu, Chijun Zhao, Zhuyuan Nie, Simeng Liao, Guangwei Kuang, Xin Wu, Quan Liu, Jie Ning, Yulong Tang, Lihua Fang
Veterinary Microbiology.2024; 298: 110263. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Review on the Roles of Metals Mediating Insect–Microbial Pathogen Interactions
Subhanullah Khan, Minglin Lang
Metabolites.2023; 13(7): 839. CrossRef

Review

Nanoparticle and virus-like particle vaccine approaches against SARS-CoV-2: Chulwoo Kim , Jae-Deog Kim , Sang-Uk Seo; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):335-346. Published online January 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1608-z

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Abstract

The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has provoked an urgent need for prophylactic measures. Several innovative vaccine platforms have been introduced and billions of vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. To enable the creation of safer and more effective vaccines, additional platforms are under development. These include the use of nanoparticle (NP) and virus-like particle (VLP) technology. NP vaccines utilize self-assembling scaffold structures designed to load the entire spike protein or receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in a trimeric configuration. In contrast, VLP vaccines are genetically modified recombinant viruses that are considered safe, as they are generally replication-defective. Furthermore, VLPs have indigenous immunogenic potential due to their microbial origin. Importantly, NP and VLP vaccines have shown stronger immunogenicity with greater protection by mimicking the physicochemical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. The study of NPand VLP-based coronavirus vaccines will help ensure the development of rapid-response technology against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future coronavirus pandemics.

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Guoqiang Wu, Qiaoyu Li, Junbiao Dai, Guobin Mao, Yingxin Ma
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Lifeng Xu, Chao Li, Rui Liao, Qin Xiao, Xiaoran Wang, Zhuo Zhao, Weijun Zhang, Xiaoyan Ding, Yuxue Cao, Larry Cai, Joseph Rosenecker, Shan Guan, Jie Tang
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Mei Ren, Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah, Chenchen Pei, Huichen Guo, Shiqi Sun
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K. Manju, S. Niranjan Raj, H. K. Ranjini, S. Chandra Nayaka, P. Ashwini, S. Satish, M. N. Nagendra Prasad, Raghuraj Singh Chouhan, Syed Baker
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Distinctive Combinations of RBD Mutations Contribute to Antibody Evasion in the Case of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Sunggeun Goo, Jinjong Myoung
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Next‐Generation Vaccines: Nanovaccines in the Fight against SARS‐CoV‐2 Virus and beyond SARS‐CoV‐2
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Journal Articles

Description of Microbacterium luteum sp. nov., Microbacterium cremeum sp. nov., and Microbacterium atlanticum sp. nov., three novel C50 carotenoid producing bacteria: Fuquan Xie , Siwen Niu , Xihuang Lin , Shengxiang Pei , Li Jiang , Yun Tian , Gaiyun Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(10):886-897. Published online September 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1186-5

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Abstract

We have identified three Microbacterium strains, A18JL200T, NY27T, and WY121T, that produce C50 carotenoids. Taxonomy shows they represent three novel species. These strains shared < 98.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with each other and were closely related to Microbacterium aquimaris JCM 15625T, Microbacterium yannicii JCM 18959T, Microbacterium ureisolvens CFH S00084T, and Microbacterium hibisci CCTCC AB 2016180T. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values and average nucleotide identity (ANI) showed differences among the three strains and from their closest relatives, with values ranging from 20.4% to 34.6% and 75.5% to 87.6%, respectively. These values are below the threshold for species discrimination. Both morphology and physiology also differed from those of phylogenetically related Microbacterium species, supporting that they are indeed novel species. These strains produce C50 carotenoids (mainly decaprenoxanthin). Among the three novel species, A18JL200T had the highest total yield in carotenoids (6.1 mg/L or 1.2 mg/g dry cell weight). Unusual dual isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways (methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways) were annotated for strain A18JL200T. In summary, we found strains of the genus Microbacterium that are potential producers of C50 carotenoids, but their genome has to be investigated further.

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Identification, evaluation, control of yellow-causing bacteria and their influence on the quality of high moisture rice-based food
Sijie Zhang, Lin Ou, Cuiping Yi, Qiutao Xie, Yang Shan
Food Control.2025; 168: 110887. CrossRef
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Microbacterium forte sp. nov., a mutualistic association that favors sustainable hydrogen production
Neda Fakhimi, María Jesus Torres, Emilio Fernández, Aurora Galván, Alexandra Dubini, David González-Ballester
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 913: 169559. CrossRef
Discovery of a new bacterium, Microbacterium betulae sp. nov., in birch wood associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis in woodworkers
Mariola Paściak, Krzysztof J. Pawlik, Dariusz Martynowski, Łukasz Łaczmański, Jarosław Ciekot, Bogumiła Szponar, Angelina Wójcik‐Fatla, Barbara Mackiewicz, Ewelina Farian, Grażyna Cholewa, Alicja Cholewa, Jacek Dutkiewicz
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbacterium aquilitoris sp. nov. and Microbacterium gwkjiense sp. nov., isolated from beach
Soon Dong Lee, Hong Lim Yang, Ji-Sun Kim, In Seop Kim
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbacterium algihabitans sp. nov., Microbacterium phycohabitans sp. nov., and Microbacterium galbum sp. nov., isolated from dried beach seaweeds
Soon Dong Lee, Hong Lim Yang, In Seop Kim
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between the gut microbiome and carotenoid plumage phenotype in an avian hybrid zone
Marcella D. Baiz, Andrew W. Wood, David P. L. Toews
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jiawen Zheng, Yunyu Liao, Yang Li, Dongsheng Li, Yaping Sun, Zijun Xiao
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jian Xiao, Tian Liang, Shangdong Yang, Hongwei Tan
Agronomy.2023; 13(1): 153. CrossRef
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Jun Ren, Junhao Shen, Thi Duc Thai, Min-gyun Kim, Seung Ho Lee, Wonseop Lim, Dokyun Na
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Maria Linden, Alexander Flegler, Michelle M. Feuereisen, Fabian Weber, André Lipski, Andreas Schieber
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Four new Microbacterium species isolated from seaweeds and reclassification of five Microbacterium species with a proposal of Paramicrobacterium gen. nov. under a genome-based framework of the genus Microbacterium
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Microbacterium Cluster EA Bacteriophages: Phylogenomic Relationships and Host Range Predictions
Mark Milhaven, Cyril J. Versoza, Aman Garg, Lindsey Cai, Sanjana Cherian, Kamalei Johnson, Kevin Salas Perez, Madison Blanco, Jackelyn Lobatos, Corinne Mitra, Maria Strasser, Susanne P. Pfeifer
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Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM. Validation List no. 203
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Characterization of a novel dsRNA mycovirus of Trichoderma atroviride NFCF377 reveals a member of “Fusagraviridae” with changes in antifungal activity of the host fungus: Jeesun Chun , Byeonghak Na , Dae-Hyuk Kim; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):1046-1053. Published online October 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0380-1

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Abstract

Trichoderma atroviride is a common fungus found in various ecosystems that shows mycoparasitic ability on other fungi. A novel dsRNA virus was isolated from T. atroviride NFCF377 strain and its molecular features were analyzed. The viral genome consists of a single segmented double-stranded RNA and is 9,584 bp in length, with two discontinuous open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). A mycoviral structural protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are encoded by ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, between which is found a canonical shifty heptameric signal motif (AAAAAAC) followed by an RNA pseudoknot. Analysis of sequence similarity and phylogeny showed that it is closely related to members of the proposed family “Fusagraviridae”, with a highest similarity to the Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1). Although the sequence similarity of deduced amino acid to TaMV1 was evident, sequence deviations were distinctive at untranslated regions (UTRs) due to the extended size. Thus, we inferred this dsRNA to be a different strain of Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1-NFCF377). Electron microscopy image exhibited an icosahedral viral particle of 40 nm diameter. Virus-cured isogenic isolates were generated and no differences in growth rate, colony morphology, or conidia production were observed between virus-infected and virus-cured strains. However, culture filtrates of TaMV1- NFCF377-infected strain showed enhanced antifungal activity against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani but not to edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. These results suggested that TaMV1-NFCF377 affected the metabolism of the fungal host to potentiate antifungal compounds against a plant pathogen, but this enhanced antifungal activity appeared to be species-specific.

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Co-infection with two novel mycoviruses affects the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma polysporum
Jeesun Chun, Hae-Ryeong Yoon, Sei-Jin Lee, Dae-Hyuk Kim
Biological Control.2024; 188: 105440. CrossRef
An Outstandingly Rare Occurrence of Mycoviruses in Soil Strains of the Plant-Beneficial Fungi from the Genus Trichoderma and a Novel Polymycoviridae Isolate
Chenchen Liu, Xiliang Jiang, Zhaoyan Tan, Rongqun Wang, Qiaoxia Shang, Hongrui Li, Shujin Xu, Miguel A. Aranda, Beilei Wu, Lea Atanasova
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sixteen Novel Mycoviruses Containing Positive Single-Stranded RNA, Double-Stranded RNA, and Negative Single-Stranded RNA Genomes Co-Infect a Single Strain of Rhizoctonia zeae
Siwei Li, Zhihao Ma, Xinyi Zhang, Yibo Cai, Chenggui Han, Xuehong Wu
Journal of Fungi.2023; 10(1): 30. CrossRef
Trichoderma – genomes and genomics as treasure troves for research towards biology, biotechnology and agriculture
Miriam Schalamun, Monika Schmoll
Frontiers in Fungal Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A Transfectable Fusagravirus from a Japanese Strain of Cryphonectria carpinicola with Spherical Particles
Subha Das, Sakae Hisano, Ana Eusebio-Cope, Hideki Kondo, Nobuhiro Suzuki
Viruses.2022; 14(8): 1722. CrossRef
Molecular characteristics of a novel hypovirus from Trichoderma harzianum
Jeesun Chun, Kum-Kang So, Yo-Han Ko, Dae-Hyuk Kim
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Mark R. McNeill, Xiongbing Tu, Eric Altermann, Wu Beilei, Shengjing Shi
Frontiers in Agronomy.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus in Cryphonectria naterciae Is Able to Cross the Species Barrier and Is Deleterious to a New Host
Carolina Cornejo, Sakae Hisano, Helena Bragança, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Daniel Rigling
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(10): 861. CrossRef

The response of human bacteria to static magnetic field and radiofrequency electromagnetic field: David P. E. Crabtree , Brandon J. Herrera , Sanghoon Kang; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(10):809-815. Published online September 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7208-7

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Abstract

Cell phones and electronic appliances and devices are inseparable from most people in modern society and the electromagnetic field (EMF) from the devices is a potential health threat. Although the direct health effect of a cell phone and its radiofrequency (RF) EMF to human is still elusive, the effect to unicellular organisms is rather apparent. Human microbiota, including skin microbiota, has been linked to a very significant role in the health of a host human body. It is important to understand the response of human skin microbiota to the RF-EMF from cell phones and personal electronic devices, since this may be one of the potential mechanisms of a human health threat brought about by the disruption of the intimate and balanced host-microbiota relationship. Here, we investigated the response of both laboratory culture strains and isolates of skin bacteria under static magnetic field (SMF) and RF-EMF. The growth patterns of laboratory cultures of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis under SMF were variable per different species. The bacterial isolates of skin microbiota from 4 subjects with different cell phone usage history also showed inconsistent growth responses. These findings led us to hypothesize that cell phone level RF-EMF disrupts human skin microbiota. Thus, the results from the current study lay ground for more comprehensive research on the effect of RF-EMF on human health through the human-microbiota relationship.

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Agostino Di Ciaula
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2018; 221(3): 367. CrossRef

Characteristics of the community-genotype sequence type 72 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates that underlie their persistence in hospitals: Eun-Jeong Joo , Ji-Young Choi , Doo Ryeon Chung , Jae-Hoon Song , Kwan Soo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(6):445-450. Published online May 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6157-x

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Abstract

Panton-Valentine leukocidin-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone ST72, known as a major community-associated MRSA in Korea, has emerged as an important pathogen in hospitals. To understand bacterial properties that underlie transformation of this clone into a nosocomial pathogen, we compared characteristics of the community-genotype ST72 MRSA isolates with those of ST5 and ST239 MRSA, which have been predominant nosocomial MRSA clones in Korea. Several genes associated with adhesion and virulence were absent or rarely found in ST72 isolates. Many ST72 isolates (70.1%) belonged to agr group I, but the agr group of other ST72 isolates could not be determined. As indicated by δ-hemolysin production, ST72 isolates expressed fully functional agr, whereas agr dysfunction was observed in ST5 and ST239 isolates. In the biofilm formation assay, no upregulation of biofilm-forming activity of ST72 MRSA was detected. However, ST72 isolates demonstrated persistence under hypotonic and desiccating conditions (survival rates 72.3% and 33.9%, respectively), which was similar to characteristics of ST5 or ST239 isolates. ST72- MRSA isolates showed low virulence, but properties of their functional agr system could facilitate their spread in hospitals. In conclusion, tolerance to stressful environments, e.g., hypotonic and dry conditions, may also contribute to survival of the community-associated MRSA clones in healthcare facilities.

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