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Special Issues
- Pioneering strategies for overcoming bacterial drug resistance (2026)
- Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology (2025)
- Host-associated microbiome (2024)
- Bacterial regulatory mechanisms for the control of complex cellular mechanisms (2023)
- Two years into COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we? (2022)
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Review
- I53-50: Engineered icosahedral protein cage for modular vaccine nanoplatform
- Ke Liang, Shuang Wu, Sihang Dong, Tao Xu, Hongtao Wang
- Received November 25, 2025 Accepted February 4, 2026 Published online April 6, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2511020 [Epub ahead of print]
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Abstract
PDF -
I53-50 is a computationally designed, self-assembling protein nanoparticle (NP) that forms a stable icosahedral structure composed of 120 protein subunits coordinated through precise interfacial interactions. Through unique intelligent regulation, I53-50 exhibits sensitivity to environmental signals and display multimodal “nano-smart” properties. I53-50 has a variety of modifiable surface-active sites, which facilitates precise chemical modification, gene fusion, tag coupling, and other functionalizations, thereby promoting effective lymphatic uptake and optimizing the immune response. I53-50 NPs show great potential in vaccine development, drug delivery, and biomaterials, representing a model fusion of computational biology and nanomedicine and offering a versatile tool for precision medicine.
Articles
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) Promotes Recombinant Mycobacteria Intracellular Survival via Regulation of Innate Immunity, and Inhibition of Cell Apoptosis
- Tao Xu , Chutong Wang , Minying Li , Jing Wei , Zixuan He , Zhongqing Qian , Xiaojing Wang , Hongtao Wang
- J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):49-62. Published online February 9, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00101-0
- 711 View
- 25 Download
- 4 Web of Science
- 4 Crossref
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Abstract
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- Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is a significant global public health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses a unique family of PE_PGRS proteins that have been implicated in pathogenesis. Despite numerous studies, the functions of most PE_PGRS proteins in the pathogenesis of mycobacterium infections remain unclear. PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) is only found in pathogenic mycobacteria. In this study, we successfully constructed a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) strain which heterologously expresses the PE_PGRS45 protein. We found that overexpression of this cell wall-associated protein enhanced bacterial viability under stress in vitro and cell survival in macrophages. MS_PE_PGRS45 decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. We also found that MS_PE_PGRS45 increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and altered macrophage-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, PE_PGRS45 enhanced the survival rate of M. smegmatis in macrophages by inhibiting cell apoptosis. Collectively, our findings show that PE_PGRS45 is a virulent factor actively involved in the interaction with the host macrophage.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Evolution of the PE_PGRS Proteins of Mycobacteria: Are All Equal or Are Some More Equal than Others?
Bei Chen, Belmin Bajramović, Bastienne Vriesendorp, Herman Pieter Spaink
Biology.2025; 14(3): 247. CrossRef - Recent advances in research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors and their role in pathogenesis
Ming-Rui Sun, Jia-Yin Xing, Xiao-Tian Li, Ren Fang, Yang Zhang, Zhao-Li Li, Ning-Ning Song
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2025; 58(5): 497. CrossRef - Rv2741 Promotes Mycobacterium Survival by Modulating Macrophage Function via the IL-1α-MAPK Axis
Xintong He, Yonglin He, Xichuan Deng, Nan Lu, Anlong Li, Sijia Gao, Shiyan He, Yuran Wang, Nanzhe Fu, Zijie Wang, Yuxin Nie, Lei Xu
ACS Infectious Diseases.2025; 11(3): 676. CrossRef - The PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: evolution, function, and prospects for tuberculosis control
Zhijing Zhang, Le Dong, Xin Li, Taibing Deng, Qinglan Wang
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Evolution of the PE_PGRS Proteins of Mycobacteria: Are All Equal or Are Some More Equal than Others?
- Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children
- Wen Ren , Qun Zhang , Xuenan Liu , Shuguo Zheng , Lili Ma , Feng Chen , Tao Xu , Baohua Xu
- J. Microbiol. 2017;55(7):531-537. Published online April 22, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6474-8
- 539 View
- 1 Download
- 24 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- The oral cavity is one of the most important and complicated habitats in our body and supports diverse microbial communities. In this study, we aimed to determine the bacterial diversity and composition of various oral micro-niches. Samples were collected from supragingival plaque, saliva, and tongue coating from 10 preschool children (30 samples total). 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing dataset generated 314,639 clean reads with an average of 10,488 ± 2,787 reads per sample. The phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total sequences. We found the highest α diversity, microbial richness, and evenness in plaque, compared with saliva and tongue coating. Plaque was also distinguished from saliva and tongue coating by phylogenetic distances (weighted UniFrac). Taxa with different relative abundances were further identified, confirming the existence of microbial differences across the three niches. Core microbiomes were defined of each niche; however, only a small proportion of operational taxonomic units (8.07%) were shared by the three niches. Coaggregation between Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. and other correlations among periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella, Fusobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Tannerella, were shown by a co-occurrence network. In summary, our study provides a framework of oral microbial communities in the population of preschool children as a baseline for further studies of oral diseases related to microbes.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Distinct oral and fecal microbiota composition in preschool children with overweight/obesity: a cross-sectional study
Hanguo Feng, Xinyi Zeng, Siyuan Yu, Qi Sun, Guiding Li, Yanhong Li, Juan Liu, Nanquan Rao
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Salivary microbiota dysbiosis and elevated polyamine levels contribute to the severity of periodontal disease
Md Haroon Rashid, Sandhya Pavan Kumar, Resma Rajan, Anitha Mamillapalli
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - A dynamic microcosm biofilm model for root carious-like lesion development: analysis of demineralization and microbiological characterization
Tamires Timm Maske, Glenda Ávila Marques, Bruna Dalongaro Fritsch, Bruna Moraes Kremer, Maximiliano Sérgio Cenci, Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto, Rodrigo Alex Arthur
Biofouling.2025; 41(5): 536. CrossRef - Oral microbiota analysis of tongue coating in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma
Huijie Wang, Jinfeng Wang, Jinli Liu, Xiaoyang Shi, Zhichao Wang, Xu Cao
Medicine.2025; 104(41): e45160. CrossRef - The Infant Oral Microbiome: Developmental Dynamics, Modulating Factors, and Implications for Oral and Systemic Health
Paula Olate, Ailín Martínez, Eulàlia Sans-Serramitjana, Matías Cortés, Rommy Díaz, Genisley Hernández, Erwin A. Paz, Néstor Sepúlveda, John Quiñones
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(16): 7983. CrossRef - The tongue microbiome of young patients with chronic kidney disease and their healthy mothers
Karolin C. Hoefer, Lutz T. Weber, Anna Greta Barbe, Isabelle Graf, Stefanie Thom, Angela Nowag, Claus J. Scholz, Hilmar Wisplinghoff, Michael J. Noack, Nathalie Jazmati
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Species-level characterization of saliva and dental plaque microbiota reveals putative bacterial and functional biomarkers of periodontal diseases in dogs
Giulia Alessandri, Federico Fontana, Leonardo Mancabelli, Chiara Tarracchini, Gabriele Andrea Lugli, Chiara Argentini, Giulia Longhi, Sonia Mirjam Rizzo, Laura Maria Vergna, Rosaria Anzalone, Alice Viappiani, Francesca Turroni, Maria Cristina Ossiprandi,
FEMS Microbiology Ecology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Molecular Genetic Analysis of Perioperative Colonization by Infection-Related Microorganisms in Patients Receiving Intraoral Microvascular Grafts
Henriette Louise Moellmann, Katharina Kommer, Nadia Karnatz, Klaus Pfeffer, Birgit Henrich, Majeed Rana
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(14): 4103. CrossRef - Advances in the oral microbiota and rapid detection of oral infectious diseases
Xuan Xiao, Shangfeng Liu, Hua Deng, Yuhan Song, Liang Zhang, Zhifeng Song
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Novel Strategies for Preventing Dysbiosis in the Oral Cavity
Mariana B Rebelo, Cláudia S Oliveira, Freni K Tavaria
Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Lactobacillus paracasei ET-22 Suppresses Dental Caries by Regulating Microbiota of Dental Plaques and Inhibiting Biofilm Formation
Meng Guo, Jianmin Wu, Weilian Hung, Zhe Sun, Wen Zhao, Hanglian Lan, Zhi Zhao, Guna Wuri, Bing Fang, Liang Zhao, Ming Zhang
Nutrients.2023; 15(15): 3316. CrossRef - Exploring Oral Microbiome in Healthy Infants and Children: A Systematic Review
Silvia D’Agostino, Elisabetta Ferrara, Giulia Valentini, Sorana Andreea Stoica, Marco Dolci
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(18): 11403. CrossRef - Sonication versus the conventional method for evaluation of the dental microbiome: a prospective pilot study
Oliver Wagendorf, Peter Menzel, Rolf Schwarzer, Norbert Neckel, Saskia Preissner, Max Heiland, Susanne Nahles
BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions
Xinyi Li, Yanmei Liu, Xingyou Yang, Chengwen Li, Zhangyong Song
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Predominance of non-Streptococcus mutans bacteria in dental biofilm and its relation to caries progression
Doaa M. AlEraky, Marwa Madi, Maha El Tantawi, Jehan AlHumaid, Sarah Fita, Sayed AbdulAzeez, J. Francis Borgio, Fahad A. Al-Harbi, Adel S. Alagl
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021; 28(12): 7390. CrossRef - The impact of caries status on supragingival plaque and salivary microbiome in children with mixed dentition: a cross-sectional survey
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BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota
A. M. (Marije) Kaan, Dono Kahharova, Egija Zaura, M. Curtis, R. Darveau
Periodontology 2000.2021; 86(1): 123. CrossRef - Microbiome of Saliva and Plaque in Children According to Age and Dental Caries Experience
Eungyung Lee, Suhyun Park, Sunwoo Um, Seunghoon Kim, Jaewoong Lee, Jinho Jang, Hyoung-oh Jeong, Jonghyun Shin, Jihoon Kang, Semin Lee, Taesung Jeong
Diagnostics.2021; 11(8): 1324. CrossRef - Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study
Md Monirul Islam, Daisuke Ekuni, Naoki Toyama, Terumasa Kobayashi, Kohei Fujimori, Yoko Uchida, Daiki Fukuhara, Ayano Taniguchi-Tabata, Kota Kataoka, Yoshiaki Iwasaki, Manabu Morita
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(5): 1764. CrossRef - The canine oral microbiome: variation in bacterial populations across different niches
Avika Ruparell, Taichi Inui, Ruth Staunton, Corrin Wallis, Oliver Deusch, Lucy J. Holcombe
BMC Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - The oral microbiome and salivary proteins influence caries in children aged 6 to 8 years
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BMC Oral Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - MEDICAL AND GENETIC STUDIES OF ORAL MICROBIOMA STATUS IN CHILDREN
S. S. Ostrovska, P. G. Gerasimchuk
Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine.2019; 4(1): 43. CrossRef - The Interaction of the Gut Microbiota with the Mucus Barrier in Health and Disease in Human
Anthony P. Corfield
Microorganisms.2018; 6(3): 78. CrossRef - Distinctions and associations between the microbiota of saliva and supragingival plaque of permanent and deciduous teeth
Weihua Shi, Jing Tian, He Xu, Qiong Zhou, Man Qin, Kazuhiro Takemoto
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(7): e0200337. CrossRef
- Distinct oral and fecal microbiota composition in preschool children with overweight/obesity: a cross-sectional study
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