Journal of Microbiology

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Biosynthesis and uptake of glycine betaine as cold-stress response to low temperature in fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum: Yue Ma , Qiyao Wang , Xiating Gao , Yuanxing Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(1):44-55. Published online December 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6370-2

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Fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, a mesophile bacterium, is usually found in estuarine and marine coastal ecosystems worldwide that pose a constant stress to local organism by its fluctuation in salinity as well as notable temperature change. Though V. anguillarum is able to proliferate while maintain its pathogenicity under low temperature (5–18°C), so far, coldadaption molecular mechanism of the bacteria is unknown. In this study, V. anguillarum was found possessing a putative glycine betaine synthesis system, which is encoded by betABI and synthesizes glycine betaine from its precursor choline. Furthermore, significant up-regulation of the bet gene at the transcriptional level was noted in log phase in response to cold-stress. Moreover, the accumulation of betaine glycine was only found appearing at low growth temperatures, suggesting that response regulation of both synthesis system and transporter system are cold-dependent. Furthermore, in-frame deletion mutation in the two putative ABC transporters and three putative BCCT family transporters associated with glycine betaine uptake could not block cellular accumulation of betaine glycine in V. anguillarum under coldstress, suggesting the redundant feature in V. anguillarum betaine transporter system. These findings confirmed that glycine betaine serves as an effective cold stress protectant and highlighted an underappreciated facet of the acclimatization of V. anguillarum to cold environments.

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Identification of hemolysin as one of the important virulent factors in vibrio anguillarum V7: Choe, Young Chool , Jeong, Ga Jin; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):283-288.

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Abstract: We have identified hemolysin rendering virulency of Vibrio anguilarum grown at 23℃ which was evaluated on human RBCs. Hemolysin itself was separated as a single band on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Vibrio hemolysin was destroyed by trypsin and proteinase K and was heat labile. Optimal pH for activity was around pH 6 while pI of the molecule was recognized as 5.7, with relative distance (R_f) on non-denaturing gel was 0.7. Addition of EDTA and FeCI₃drew the possibility that the production of hemolysin was mainly induced to overcome iron deficiency inside host animals upon infection.

Physiological characterization of kinetics and action mechanism of vibrio hemolysin: Choe, Young Chool , Jeong, Ga Jin; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):289-294.

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Abstract: The action mechanism of hemolysin rendering virulency of Vibrio anguilarum has not clarified as yet, even though there were several possible factors explained. We have studied hemolytic kinetics performed by hemolysin from V. anguillarum strain V7 as well as binding of hemolysin to RBC membrane. Maximal rate of hemolysis and duration of lag phase were directly and inversly correlated to the concentration of hemolysin used. Hemolysin molecules are known to bind consumptively with proper diameter, while other protectants with smaller diameter could not. In conclusion, hemolysin should bind irreversibly to RBC membrane exert hemolysis distorting osmotic pressure. The binding could be hindered by spatial structure of the RBC surfacem which might be caused by sialic acid.

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