Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Characterization of components of a reducing system for SoxR in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli: Kang-Lok Lee , Kyung-Chang Lee , Joon-Hee Lee , Jung-Hye Roe; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(4):387-394. Published online March 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1667-1

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A reducing system of SoxR, a regulator of redox-active molecules, was identified as rsxABCDGE gene products and RseC in Escherichia coli through genetic studies. We found that ApbE was an additional component of the reducer system. Bacterial two hybrid analysis revealed that these proteins indeed had multiple interactions among themselves. RseC and RsxB formed the core of the complex, interacting with more than five other components. RsxC, the only cytoplasmic component of the system, interacted with SoxR. It might be linked with the rest of the complex via RsxB. Membrane fractions containing the wild type complex but not the mutant complex reduced purified SoxR using NADH as an electron source. These results suggest that Rsx genes, RseC, and ApbE can form a complex using NAD(P)H to reduce SoxR.

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AcrAB-TolC efflux pump overexpression and tet(A) gene mutation increase tigecycline resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Zhaoxin Xia, Jing zhou, Nana Gao, Ge Li, Runde Liu, Guoping Lu, Jilu Shen
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR): Physiological role, structure and function of a redox-driven, molecular machine
Julia Steuber, Günter Fritz
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics.2024; 1865(4): 149485. CrossRef
Functional analysis of bacterial genes accidentally packaged in rhizospheric phageome of the wild plant species Abutilon fruticosum
Ruba Abdulrahman Ashy
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2023; 30(10): 103789. CrossRef

Screening and identification of Aspergillus activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and analysis of antimicrobial components: Bei Jiang , Zhiying Wang , Chuxuan Xu , Weijia Liu , Donghua Jiang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(7):597-605. Published online June 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8330-5

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Abstract

To screen for Aspergillus activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and analyse the antimicrobial components involved, 60 Aspergillus spp. were isolated and purified from fruits, soil and other habitats. As-75, an Aspergillus strain that can antagonize Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, was identified based on the zone of inhibition formed during co-culture. According to morphological, ITS rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic tree results, the strain showed close homology to Aspergillus sclerotiorum. The biochemical characterization tests showed that the fermentation broth of strain As-75 exhibited a high capacity for environmental adaptation. The results of the antimicrobial spectrum experiments demonstrated that As-75 exhibited fairly strong antagonistic activity against five plant pathogenic fungi and six plant pathogenic bacteria in vitro. The fermentation broth of strain As-75 displayed maximum stability under fluorescent illumination at temperatures below 60°C at pH 6.5. A substance with antagonistic activity was obtained from strain As-75 via fractional extraction, silica gel column chromatography and thinlayer chromatography. Through mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses, the target compound was identified as (2Z)-2-butenedioic acid-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-methyl ester; its molecular weight of 170.06 daltons and formula of C8H10O4 identify it as a novel compound. Trials of the preventative and curative effects demonstrated that compound S1 exhibited a better control efficiency than the control against rice bacterial blight. Additionally, the M1 processing
method
was better, and the efficiency of compound S1 in preventing rice bacterial blight in six rice varieties, TN1, IR24, ZF802, Zhonghua 11, Wuyunjing 21, and Nipponbare, was 78.3%, 77.5%, 74.2%, 75.3%, 70.9%, and 72.1%, respectively.

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Screening and identification of Aspergillus sclerotiorum with activity against Metschnikowia bicuspidata and initial application on "milky disease" in Eriocheir sinensis
Senting Pu, Zhouling Chen, Dong Sheng, Yunmeng Shan, Peilin Zhou, Xinran Shi, Kexin Hao, Shigen Ye
Aquaculture.2025; 595: 741653. CrossRef
Application and antagonistic mechanisms of atoxigenic Aspergillus strains for the management of fungal plant diseases
Suyan Wang, Yanxia Wang, Xinchi Shi, Daniela D. Herrera-Balandrano, Xin Chen, Fengquan Liu, Pedro Laborda, Irina S. Druzhinina
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening of indigenous entomopathogenic fungal isolates on plant parasitic nematodes in China
Ming Fang, Jie Sun, Ailing Wang, Hongbo Tang, Lei Wang, Xianqin Wei, Weibin Ruan
European Journal of Plant Pathology.2024; 169(4): 787. CrossRef
Synergy in Rice Immunity: Exploring Strategies of Coordinated Disease Defense Through Receptor-Like Kinases and Receptor- Like Cytoplasmic Kinases
Mengtian Pei, Yingying Cao, Xuze Xie, Ying Cao, Jia Chen, Xi Zhang, Zonghua Wang, Guodong Lu, Shenghang Zhang
Rice Science.2024; 31(6): 643. CrossRef
Antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus mojovensis B1302 against wheat root rot
Yanjie Yi, Shijie Liu, Shihao Ren, Yunpeng Shen, Xinyue Lin, Jia Shi, Kang Wang, Changfu Zhang
Rhizosphere.2024; 32: 100963. CrossRef
Screening<italic> Streptomyces </italic>against <italic>Xanthomonas axonopodis</italic> pv<italic>. glycines</italic> and study of growth-promoting and biocontrol effect
Xuan-Dong WANG, Sun-Yu-Yue YANG, Run-Jie GAO, Jun-Jie YU, Dan-Pei ZHENG, Feng NI, Dong-Hua JIANG
Acta Agronomica Sinica.2022; 48(6): 1546. CrossRef
Effect of microwave radiation combined with cellulase treatment of soybean residue on the culture of Aspergillus oryzae
Huaixiang Tian, Yao Liu, Li Li, Chen Chen, Haiyan Yu, Xinxin Ma, Juan Huang, Xinman Lou, Haibin Yuan
Food Bioscience.2022; 50: 101988. CrossRef
Compound fermentation supernatants of antagonistic bacteria control Rhizoctonia cerealis and promote wheat growth
Yanjie Yi, Yang Liu, Pengyu Luan, Zhipeng Hou, Yanhui Yang, Ruifang Li, Zhenpu Liang, Xiaoxia Zhang, Shulei Liu
Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening of antagonistic bacteria against the blue mold of citrus fruit from soil by a new parallel screening method without prior isolation of single strains
Zhenzhen Sun, Tingting Liu, Zhe Liu, Chaozhen Zeng, Zhixiang Liu
Biological Control.2022; 176: 105066. CrossRef
Berkchaetoazaphilone B has antimicrobial activity and affects energy metabolism
Xudong Ouyang, Jelmer Hoeksma, Gisela van der Velden, Wouter A. G. Beenker, Maria H. van Triest, Boudewijn M. T. Burgering, Jeroen den Hertog
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Identification of seven novel virulence genes from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri by Tn5-based random mutagenesis: Xue Song , Jing Guo , Wen-xiu Ma , Zhi-yuan Ji , Li-fang Zou , Gong-you Chen , Hua-song Zou; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(5):330-336. Published online May 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4589-3

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Abstract

To identify novel virulence genes, a mutant library of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 29-1 was produced using EZ-Tn5 transposon and the mutants were inoculated into susceptible grapefruit. Forty mutants with altered virulence phenotypes were identified. Nine of the mutants showed a complete loss of citrus canker induction, and the other 31 mutants resulted in attenuated canker symptoms. Southern blot analysis revealed that each of the mutants carried a single copy of Tn5. The flanking sequence was identified by plasmid rescue and 18 different ORFs were identified in the genome sequence. Of these 18 ORFs, seven had not been previously associated with the virulence of X. citri subsp. citri and were therefore confirmed by complementation analysis. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the seven genes were upregulated when the bacteria were grown in citrus plants, suggesting that the expression of these genes was essential for canker development.

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Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri type III effector PthA4 directs the dynamical expression of a putative citrus carbohydrate-binding protein gene for canker formation
Xinyu Chen, Huasong Zou, Tao Zhuo, Wei Rou, Wei Wu, Xiaojing Fan
eLife.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Methyltransferase HemK Regulates the Virulence and Nutrient Utilization of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri
Yu Shi, Xiaobei Yang, Xiaoxin Ye, Jiaying Feng, Tianfang Cheng, Xiaofan Zhou, Ding Xiang Liu, Linghui Xu, Junxia Wang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(7): 3931. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Overview of the Genes and Functions Required for Lettuce Infection by the Hemibiotrophic Phytopathogen Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians
Lucas Morinière, Laurène Mirabel, Erwan Gueguen, Franck Bertolla, Christopher W. Schadt, Steven Lindow
mSystems.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Essential Genes Associated With Prodigiosin Production in Serratia marcescens FZSF02
Xianbo Jia, Fangchen Liu, Ke Zhao, Junjie Lin, Yu Fang, Shouping Cai, Chenqiang Lin, Hui Zhang, Longjun Chen, Jichen Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
An inducible transposon mutagenesis approach for the intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis
Colette E. O'Neill, Rachel J. Skilton, Jade Forster, David W. Cleary, Sarah A. Pearson, David J. Lampe, Nicholas R. Thomson, Ian N. Clarke
Wellcome Open Research.2021; 6: 312. CrossRef
The carB Gene of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) is Associated with Nematicidal Activity against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Yanfei Xia, Shen Li, Guohui Xu, Shanshan Xie, Xueting Liu, Xiaomin Lin, Huijun Wu, Xuewen Gao
Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 222. CrossRef
Comparing bacterial properties in relation to the virulence factors of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strains and evaluating resistance of subtribe Citrinae cultivars to the most virulent strain
Hossein Mirzaei-Najafgholi, Milad Aeini, Saeed Tarighi, Morteza Golmohammadi
Journal of Plant Pathology.2021; 103(2): 449. CrossRef
Inhibition of the Citrus Canker Pathogen Using a Photosensitizer Assisted by Sunlight Irradiation
Libin Jiang, Yurong Liu, Xianyuan Xu, Dan Su, Huasong Zou, Jianyong Liu, Cai Yuan, Mingdong Huang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Tn5 Transposase Applied in Genomics Research
Niannian Li, Kairang Jin, Yanmin Bai, Haifeng Fu, Lin Liu, Bin Liu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(21): 8329. CrossRef
A practical random mutagenesis system for Ralstonia solanacearum strains causing bacterial wilt of Pogostemon cablin using Tn5 transposon
Yaqin Wang, Yuyao Zhang, Hua Jin, Zhicheng Deng, Zhuan Li, Yanzhen Mai, Guangwei Li, Hong He
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Global Regulator PhoP is Necessary for Motility, Biofilm Formation, Exoenzyme Production, and Virulence of Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri on Citrus Plants
Chudan Wei, Tian Ding, Changqing Chang, Chengpeng Yu, Xingwei Li, Qiongguang Liu
Genes.2019; 10(5): 340. CrossRef
The ColRS-Regulated Membrane Protein Gene XAC1347 Is Involved in Copper Homeostasis and hrp Gene Expression in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
Xiaojing Fan, Jing Guo, Yinghui Zhou, Tao Zhuo, Xun Hu, Huasong Zou
Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Salmonella Persistence in Tomatoes Requires a Distinct Set of Metabolic Functions Identified by Transposon Insertion Sequencing
Marcos H. de Moraes, Prerak Desai, Steffen Porwollik, Rocio Canals, Daniel R. Perez, Weiping Chu, Michael McClelland, Max Teplitski, Harold L. Drake
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of New Genes Related to Virulence of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> Pv. <i>Citri</i> during Citrus Host Interactions
Cristiano B. Ferreira, Leandro M. Moreira, Joice B. Brigati, Lonjoré L. Lima, Jesus A. Ferro, Maria I. T. Ferro, Julio C. F. de Oliveira
Advances in Microbiology.2017; 07(01): 22. CrossRef
Identification of an Extracellular Endoglucanase That Is Required for Full Virulence in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
Tian Xia, Yanjiao Li, Dongling Sun, Tao Zhuo, Xiaojing Fan, Huasong Zou, Zonghua Wang
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(3): e0151017. CrossRef
The sigma 54 genes rpoN1 and rpoN2 of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri play different roles in virulence, nutrient utilization and cell motility
Gibson Kamau Gicharu, Dong-ling SUN, Xun HU, Xiao-jing FAN, Tao ZHUO, Chuan-wan WU, Hua-song ZOU
Journal of Integrative Agriculture.2016; 15(9): 2032. CrossRef

Crystal Structure of XoLAP, a Leucine Aminopeptidase, from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: Jin-Kwang Kim , Sampath Natarajan , Hanseul Park , Kim-Hung Huynh , Sang Hee Lee , Jeong-Gu Kim , Yeh-Jin Ahn , Lin-Woo Kang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):627-632. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3234-2

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Abstract

Aminopeptidases are metalloproteinases that degrade N-terminal residues from protein and play important roles in cell growth and development by controlling cell homeostasis and protein maturation. We determined the crystal structure of XoLAP, a leucyl aminopeptidase, at 2.6 Å resolution from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, causing the destructive rice disease of bacterial blight. It is the first crystal structure of aminopeptidase from phytopathogens as a drug target. XoLAP existed as a hexamer and the monomer structure consisted of an N-terminal cap domain and a C-terminal peptidase domain with two divalent zinc ions. XoLAP structure was compared with BlLAP and EcLAP (EcPepA) structures. Based on the structural comparison, the molecular model of XoLAP in complex with the natural aminopeptidase inhibitor of microginin FR1 was proposed. The model structure will be useful to develop a novel antibacterial drug against Xoo.

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Expression, Characterisation, Homology Modelling and Molecular Docking of a Novel M17 Family Leucyl-Aminopeptidase from Bacillus cereus CZ
Jie Liu, Tangbing Cui
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(21): 15939. CrossRef
Screening and verification for proteins that interact with leucine aminopeptidase of Taenia pisiformis using a yeast two-hybrid system
Shaohua Zhang
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(12): 3387. CrossRef
Transcriptional expression of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase genes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) on rice-leaf extract treatment and crystal structure of Xoo glutamyl-tRNA synthetase
Thien-Hoang Ho, Myoung-Ki Hong, Seunghwan Kim, Jeong-Gu Kim, Jongha Lee, Kyoungho Jung, Inho Lee, Munyoung Choi, Hyunjae Park, Sanghee Lee, Yeh-Jin Ahn, Lin-Woo Kang
Crop and Pasture Science.2017; 68(5): 434. CrossRef
An angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory metabolite with partial structure of microginin in a cyanobacterium Anabaena fertilissima CCC597, producing fibrinolytic protease
Suvendra Nath Bagchi, Shobha Sondhia, Manish Kumar Agrawal, Sonali Banerjee
Journal of Applied Phycology.2016; 28(1): 177. CrossRef
Structure and Substrate Recognition of the Bottromycin Maturation Enzyme BotP
Greg Mann, Liujie Huo, Sebastian Adam, Brunello Nardone, Jeremie Vendome, Nicholas James Westwood, Rolf Müller, Jesko Koehnke
ChemBioChem.2016; 17(23): 2286. CrossRef
Crystal Structures of Peptide Deformylase from Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Complex with Substrate Peptides, Actinonin, and Fragment Chemical Compounds
Ho-Phuong-Thuy Ngo, Thien-Hoang Ho, Inho Lee, Huyen-Thi Tran, Bookyo Sur, Seunghwan Kim, Jeong-Gu Kim, Yeh-Jin Ahn, Sun-Shin Cha, Lin-Woo Kang
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2016; 64(39): 7307. CrossRef
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the XoGroEL chaperonin fromXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae
Huyen-Thi Tran, Tan-Viet Pham, Ho-Phuong-Thuy Ngo, Myoung-Ki Hong, Jeong-Gu Kim, Sang Hee Lee, Yeh-Jin Ahn, Lin-Woo Kang
Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications.2014; 70(5): 604. CrossRef

Genus-Specific Distribution and Pathovar-Specific Variation of the Glycinecin R Gene Homologs in Xanthomonas genomes: Eunjung Roh , Sunggi Heu , Eunpyo Moon; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(6):681-686. Published online December 24, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0209-9

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Abstract: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines produces bacteriocins called glycinecin, and two glycinecin genes, glyA and glyR, were reported previously. In this paper, we describe genomic distribution and variation of the glyR gene revealed by extensive Southern hybridization analysis. In contrast to the glyA gene present only in X. axonopodis pv. glycines, the glyR gene was found to be distributed widely in all the pathovars of Xanthomas genus. It was also found that the glyR gene is a multigene family while the glyA is a single copy gene. Moreover, the copy number and the variation of the glyR multigene are unique to each pathovar of Xanthomonas. The uniqueness can be easily detected by the patterns resulted from Southern hybridization using the genomic digests. Thus, we suggest the glyR gene can serve as a useful genus-specific and pathovarspecific DNA marker for Xanthomonas. One of the glyR homologs was further isolated from X. axonopodis pv. glycines, and analyzed to be functional with strong inhibitory activity against several members of Xanthomonas.

Functional Analysis of pilQ Gene in Xanthomanas oryzae pv. oryzae, Bacterial Blight Pathogen of Rice: Seon-Hwa Lim , Byoung-Ho So , Ji-Chun Wang , Eun-Seong Song , Young-Jin Park , Byoung-Moo Lee , Hee-Wan Kang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):214-220. Published online June 11, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0173-9

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Abstract: Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is the most devastating bacterial disease in rice. A virulence-attenuated mutant strain HNU89K9 of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (KACC10331), with a transposon insertion in the pilQ gene was used for this study. The pilQ was involved in the gene cluster pilMNOPQ of the Xoo genome. Growth rate of the pilQ mutant was similar to that of wild-type. At level of amino acids, PilQ of Xoo showed that a high sequence identities more than 94% and 70% to Xanthomonas species and to Xyllela fastidiosa, respectively but a low sequence homology less than 30% to other bacterial species. The twitching motility forming a marginal fringe on PSA media was observed on colony of the wild-type strain KACC10331, but not in mutant HNU89K9. Wild-type Xoo cells formed a biofilm on the surface of the PVC plastic test tube, while the mutant strain HNU89K9 did not form a biofilm. The results suggest that the pilQ gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzae plays a critical role in pathogenicity, twitching motility, and biofilm formation.

Three New Loci of Insertion Element IS1112 in Chinese Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: Jiajian Xie , Xifeng Wang , Feiwu Li , Yufa Peng , Guanghe Zhou; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(3):219-226.; DOI: https://doi.org/2539 [pii]

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Abstract: Insertion sequence IS1112 is a repetitive element with a relatively high number of copies in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Three new loci of IS1112 were identified in seven Chinese strains of Xoo using a single oligonucleotide primer J3; 5''''-GCTCAGGTCAGGTGGCCTGG-3’ by insertion-sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR). Among the three new loci of IS1112, two were located in the open-reading frame region of genes fhuA and cirA, which encode TonB-dependent receptors, and the third in ISXo2, another type of insertion sequence in Xoo genome. Three variants of IS1112 were identified in those three loci based on their sequence similarities: two were identical to IS1112a and IS1112b, reported in strain PXO86 from the Philippines, while the third was a new member of IS1112, defined as IS1112d. Inserting IS1112 in gene fhuA caused three bases, GGT, to be duplicated at the target site, but inserting it in gene cirA did not cause any duplication in the target site. The diversity of IS1112 sequence and insertion loci in Xoo genome and their potential effects are discussed.

Recombinant Expression and Purification of Functional XorII, a Restriction Endonuclease from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: Dong Kyu Hwang , Jae-Yong Cho , Young Kee Chae; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):175-178.; DOI: https://doi.org/2515 [pii]

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Abstract: An endonuclease from Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae KACC 10331, XorII, was recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli using a T7 system. XorII was purified using a combination of ion exchange and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). An optimized washing protocol was carried out on an IMAC in order to obtain a high purity product. The final amount of purified XorII was approximately 2.5 mg/L of LB medium. The purified recombinant XorII was functional and showed the same cleavage pattern as PvuI. The enzyme activity tested the highest at 25°C in 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM dithiothreitol at a pH of 7.9.

Purification and Characterization of an Alkaline Protease produced by a Xanthomonas sp. YL-37: Lee, Chang Ho , Kim, Hee Sik , Kwon, Gi Soek , Oh, Hee Mock , Kang, Sang Mo , Kwon, Tae Jong , Yoon, Byung Dae; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(2):115-119.

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Abstract: The alkaline protease of Xanthomonas sp. YL-37 has been purified, and the properties of the enzyme investigated. The alkaline protease of Xanthomonas sp. YL-37 was purified form crude enzyme by ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Through the series of chromatographies, the enzyme was purified to homogenecity with specific activity of 4.23 fold higher than that of the crude broth. The molecular weight of the purified protease has been estimated to be 62 KDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH and temperature for alkaline protease activity were 11.0 and 50℃, respectively. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.0 and 10.0 and up to 50℃. Enzyme activity was lost up to 50% on heating at 70℃ for 30 minutes. The activity of alkaline protease was inhibited by Cu^2+, Zn^2+, Hg^2+, PMSF, and activated by Mn^2+ and Ca^2+. The K_m value for casein as a substrate was 4.0 mg/ml.

Cloning of the gense coding for extracellular proteases from alkalophilic xanthomonas SP. JK311: Kim, Young Hun , Jang, Ji Yeon , Yeeh, Yeehn , Kim, Yong Ho , Kim, Sang Hae; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):344-349.

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Abstract: The alkalophilic bacterium, Xanthomonas sp. JK311, producing extracellular proteases, was isolated from soil. Xanthomonas sp. JK311 produced five extracellular proteases that are all metalloproteases. Four of them were resistant against 1% SDS. Chromosomal DNA of the Xanthomonas sp. JK311 was digested with BamHI and cloned into PUC19. Among E. coli strain HB101 transformants, a clone secreting the proteases was screened through halo formation on skim-milk agar plate and by Southern blot analysis. It had the recombinant plasmid pXEP-1 containing the 7.5 kb-BamHI DNA fragment and produced three extacellular proteases. Their protease properties corresponded to those of Xanthomonas sp. JK311.

Improvement in the Stability of Glycinecin A through Protein Fusion of the Two Structural Components: Youngmee Kim , Somi K. Cho , Moonjae Cho; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(3):177-180.

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Abstract: Glycinecin A, a bacteriocin produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines, inhibits the growth of X. c. pv. vesicatoria. We have reported that purified glycinecin A is composed of two polypeptides, is active over a wide range of pH (6 to 9), and is stable at temperatures up to 60 C. Glycinecin A is a heterodimer consisting of 39- and 14-kDa subunits; the two encoding genes, glyA and glyB, respectively, have been cloned (Heu et al. 2001. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 4105-4110). Co-expression of glyA and glyB in the same cell is essential for bacteriocin activity. We constructed and produced a chimeric glycinecin A connecting glyA and glyB in one open reading frame. The chimeric glycinecin A has the same bactericidal activity as the wild-type glycinecin A. However, the chimeric glycinecin A is more stable in a wider range of pH and temperature.

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