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- Ribosome-associated proteins in fungal ribosome homeostasis: Conceptual opportunities for peptide-based modulation
- Yongjun Kim, Chang-Jun Ji, Seohyun Park, Junsuk Lee, Jiwoon Jung, Yejin Kim, Dabin Pyeon, Yoon-Mo Yang
- Received November 6, 2025 Accepted January 5, 2026 Published online February 24, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2511006 [Epub ahead of print]
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Abstract
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Ribosomes are essential macromolecular machines that facilitate protein synthesis and have long been recognized as effective targets for antimicrobial agents. While structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes form the basis for selective antibiotics against bacteria, similar approaches for developing antifungal agents targeting ribosomes have remained limited due to the high sequence and structural conservation with human ribosomes. However, emerging insights into ribosome homeostasis, including ribosome biogenesis, turnover, and hibernation, have uncovered a set of ribosome-associated proteins whose function is critical yet display greater sequence divergence from their human counterparts. These observations suggest that these regulatory components may represent viable antifungal targets by disrupting fungal proteostasis. The present review aims to explore this developing concept by examining ribosome-associated factors and considering whether short ribosomal protein-derived peptides may eventually serve as druggable molecules for selectively modulating these pathways in fungal pathogens.
- The efficacy of a 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compound as an intranasal vaccine adjuvant to protect against influenza A virus infection in vivo
- Kyungseob Noh , Eun Ju Jeong , Timothy An , Jin Soo Shin , Hyejin Kim , Soo Bong Han , Meehyein Kim
- J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):550-559. Published online April 18, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1661-7
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- 6 Crossref
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Abstract
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- Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance antigen- specific immune responses or to protect antigens from rapid elimination. As pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) activate the innate immune system by sensing endosomal single-stranded RNA of RNA viruses. Here, we investigated if a 2,4-diaminoquinazolinebased TLR7/8 agonist, (S)-3-((2-amino-8-fluoroquinazolin- 4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (named compound 31), could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the serological and mucosal immunity of an inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. The compound induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. In a dose-response analysis, intranasal administration of 1 μg compound 31 together with an inactivated vaccine (0.5 μg) to mice not only enhanced virus-specific IgG and IgA production but also neutralized influenza A virus with statistical significance. Notably, in a virus-challenge model, the combination of the vaccine and compound 31 alleviated viral infection-mediated loss of body weight and increased survival rates by 40% compared with vaccine only-treated mice. We suggest that compound 31 is a promising lead compound for developing mucosal vaccine adjuvants to protect against respiratory RNA viruses such as influenza viruses and potentially coronaviruses.
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Citations
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- Efflux-Enhanced Imidazoquinolines To Exploit Chemoresistance
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