Journal of Microbiology

Reviews

Adenoviral Vector System: A Comprehensive Overview of Constructions, Therapeutic Applications and Host Responses: Anyeseu Park, Jeong Yoon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(7):491-509. Published online July 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00159-4

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Adenoviral vectors are crucial for gene therapy and vaccine development, offering a platform for gene delivery into host cells. Since the discovery of adenoviruses, first-generation vectors with limited capacity have evolved to third-generation vectors flacking viral coding sequences, balancing safety and gene-carrying capacity. The applications of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy and anti-viral treatments have expanded through the use of in vitro ligation and homologous recombination, along with gene editing advancements such as CRISPR-Cas9. Current research aims to maintain the efficacy and safety of adenoviral vectors by addressing challenges such as pre-existing immunity against adenoviral vectors and developing new adenoviral vectors from rare adenovirus types and non-human species. In summary, adenoviral vectors have great potential in gene therapy and vaccine development. Through continuous research and technological advancements, these vectors are expected to lead to the development of safer and more effective treatments.

Citations

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Engineering an oncolytic adenoviral platform for precise delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acid to modulate PD-L1 overexpression in cancer cells
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Chromatin structure and gene transcription of recombinant p53 adenovirus vector within host
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Molecular Engineering of Virus Tropism
Bo He, Belinda Wilson, Shih-Heng Chen, Kedar Sharma, Erica Scappini, Molly Cook, Robert Petrovich, Negin P. Martin
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Antisolvent 3D Printing of Gene-Activated Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Andrey Vyacheslavovich Vasilyev, Irina Alekseevna Nedorubova, Viktoria Olegovna Chernomyrdina, Anastasiia Yurevna Meglei, Viktoriia Pavlovna Basina, Anton Vladimirovich Mironov, Valeriya Sergeevna Kuznetsova, Victoria Alexandrovna Sinelnikova, Olga Anatol
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Minor and major circRNAs in virus and host genomes: Zhihao Lou , Rui Zhou , Yinghua Su , Chun Liu , Wenting Ruan , Che Ok Jeon , Xiao Han , Chun Lin , Baolei Jia; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(3):324-331. Published online February 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1021-z

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Abstract

As a special type of noncoding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are prevalent in many organisms. They can serve as sponges for microRNAs and protein scaffolds, or templates for protein translation, making them linked to cellular homeostasis and disease progression. In recent years, circRNAs have been found to be abnormally expressed during the processes of viral infection and pathogenesis, and can help a virus escape the immune response of a host. Thus, they are now considered to play important functions in the invasion and development of viruses. Moreover, the potential application of circRNAs as biomarkers of viral infection or candidates for therapeutic targeting deserves consideration. This review summarizes circRNAs in the transcriptome, including their classification, production, functions, and value as biomarkers. This review paper also describes research progress on circRNAs in viral infection (mainly hepatitis B virus, HIV, and some human herpes viruses) and aims to provide new ideas for antiviral therapies targeting circRNAs.

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Journal Article

Carbohydrate-binding specificities of potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains in porcine jejunal (IPEC-J2) cells and porcine mucin: Valerie Diane Valeriano , Bernadette B. Bagon , Marilen P. Balolong , Dae-Kyung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):510-519. Published online June 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6168-7

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Abstract

Bacterial lectins are carbohydrate-binding adhesins that recognize glycoreceptors in the gut mucus and epithelium of hosts. In this study, the contribution of lectin-like activities to adhesion of Lactobacillus mucosae LM1 and Lactobacillus johnsonii PF01, which were isolated from swine intestine, were compared to those of the commercial probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Both LM1 and PF01 strains have been reported to have good adhesion ability to crude intestinal mucus of pigs. To confirm this, we quantified their adhesion to porcine gastric mucin and intestinal porcine enterocytes isolated from the jejunum of piglets (IPEC-J2). In addition, we examined their carbohydrate-binding specificities by suspending bacterial cells in carbohydrate solutions prior to adhesion assays. We found that the selected carbohydrates affected the adherences of LM1 to IPEC-J2 cells and of LGG to mucin. In addition, compared to adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells, adhesion to mucin by both LM1 and LGG was characterized by enhanced specific recognition of glycoreceptor components such as galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Hydrophobic interactions might make a greater contribution to adhesion of PF01. A similar adhesin profile between a probiotic and a pathogen, suggest a correlation between shared pathogen–probiotic glycoreceptor recognition and the ability to exclude enteropathogens such as Escherichia coli K88 and Salmonella Typhimurium KCCM 40253. These findings extend our understanding of the mechanisms of the intestinal adhesion and pathogen-inhibition abilities of probiotic Lactobacillus strains.

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Review

REVIEW] Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota: Sarah Höfs , Selene Mogavero , Bernhard Hube; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):149-169. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0

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Abstract

The interaction between Candida albicans and its host cells is characterized by a complex interplay between the expression of fungal virulence factors, which results in adherence, invasion and cell damage, and the host immune system, which responds by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, activating antimicrobial activities and killing the fungal pathogen. In this review we describe this interplay by taking a closer look at how C. albicans pathogenicity is induced and executed, how the host responds in order to prevent and clear an infection, and which mechanisms C. albicans has evolved to bypass these immune responses to avoid clearance. Furthermore, we review studies that show how the presence of other microorganisms affects this interplay.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Live/Dead State Is Not the Factor Influencing Adhesion Ability of Bifidobacterium animalis KLDS2.0603: Li-Qun Wang , Feng Zhao , Fei Liu , Xiang-Chen Meng; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):584-589. Published online September 14, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2632-9

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Abstract

Two essential requirements for probiotic bifidobacteria are that they be “live” and have “colonization” ability, following FAO/WHO guideline recommendations. The amount of research on the adhesion ability of bifidobacteria compares poorly with that of other probiotic bacteria, such as lactobacilli. The aim of the present study was to determine how gastrointestinal conditions affect the adhesion ability of bifidobacteria, and to investigate the relationship between the adhesion ability and the live/dead state of bifidobacteria. The adhesion ability of Bifidobacterium animalis KLDS2.0603 that had been subjected to the digestive enzymes, pepsin, trypsin, and proteinase K, was decreased significantly, but these treatments did not significantly change the strain’s survival rates, which were 98.78%, 97.60%, and 97.63% respectively. B. animalis KLDS2.0603 subjected to LiCl retained its adhesion ability but had a lower survival rate (59.28%) than the control group (P<0.01). B. animalis KLDS 2.0603 subjected to sodium metaperiodate exhibited higher adhesion ability than the control group (P<0.01), but the bacterial cells were killed totally. The results of transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that live/dead state of bifidobacteria was not one of the main factors that affected the adhesion ability of bifidobacteira, and that the substances affecting the adhesion ability of bifidobacteria were on the outer surface layer of the bifidobacterial cells. Our results also indicated that the substances related to the adhesion ability of bifidobacteria are proteinaceous. The above results will help us to understand the adhesion and colonization processes of bifidobacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract.

Citations

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Mechanism of Blood Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Parabiotics
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Berberine Inhibits HEp-2 Cell Invasion Induced by Chlamydophila pneumoniae Infection: Li Jun Zhang , Li Jun Zhang , Wei Quan , Bei Bei Wang , Bing Ling Shen , Teng Teng Zhang , Yi Kang; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):834-840. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1051-z

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Abstract: This study investigated the inhibitory effects of berberine on Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae infection-induced HEp-2 cell invasion and explored the possible mechanisms involved in this process. C. pneumoniae infection resulted in a significant increase in HEp-2 cell invasion when compared with the control cells (P<0.01) in a Matrigel invasion assay. This enhanced cell invasion was strongly suppressed by berberine (50 μM) (P<0.01). In a cell adhesion assay, the infection-induced HEp-2 cell adhesion to Matrigel was also significantly inhibited by berberine (P<0.01). C. pneumoniae infection was found to promote HEp-2 cell migration remarkably (P<0.01), which was markedly suppressed by berberine (P<0.01) in the cell migration assays. There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-9 in the infected cells and berberine did not change the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9. These data suggest that berberine inhibits C. pneumoniae infection-induced HEp-2 cell invasion through suppressing HEp-2 cell adhesion and migration, but not through changing the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9.

Journal Article

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity against Salmonella Enteritidis: Gaëlle Legendre , Fabienne Faÿ , Isabelle Linossier , Karine Vallée-Réhel; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):349-354. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0162-x

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Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a well-known pathogenic bacterium responsible for human gastrointestinal enteritis mainly due to the consumption of eggs and egg-products. The first aim of this work was to study several virulence factors of a strain isolated from egg content: SEovo. First, bacterial growth was studied at several temperatures and cell morphology was observed by scanning electronic microscopy. These experiments showed Salmonella’s ability to grow at low temperatures and to produce exoproducts. Next, Salmonella motility was observed performing swimming, twitching, and swarming tests. Results indicated a positive flagellar activity and the cell ability to differentiate and become hyperflagellated under specific conditions. Moreover, SEovo adherence and biofilm formation was carried out. All of these tests enabled us to conclude that SEovo is a potential pathogen, thus it can be used as a model to perform antibacterial experiments. The second part of the study was dedicated to the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of different molecules using several methods. The antibacterial effect of silver and copper aluminosilicates was tested by two different kinds of methods. On the one hand, the effect of these two antibacterial agents was determined using microbiological methods: viable cell count and agar-well diffusion. And on the other hand, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using CLSM and SYTO Red/SYTOX Green dyeing. CLSM allowed for the evaluation of the biocide on sessile cells, whereas the first methods did not. Results showed that adhered bacteria were more resistant than planktonic counterparts and that CLSM was a good alternative to evaluate antibacterial activity on fixed bacteria without having to carry out a removing step.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Asc1p, a Ribosomal Protein, Plays a Pivotal Role in Cellular Adhesion and Virulence in Candida albicans: Se Woong Kim , Yoo Jin Joo , Joon Kim; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):842-848. Published online January 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0422-1

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Abstract: Candida albicans, the common human fungal pathogen, can switch morphology from yeast to pseudohyphal or hyphal form upon various environmental cues. It is well-known that the ability of morphological conversion and adhesive growth renders C. albicans virulent. It is noteworthy that every factor involved in the morphogenesis is known to be important for the virulence of this pathogen. To examine a functional relevance of Asc1p, a ribosomal protein, in morphogenesis and virulence, an asc1 homozygous null mutant was generated. Although a normal morphological transition of the asc1 deletion strain in liquid media was found, it did not change its morphology on solid media. Moreover, the adhesion activity and hyphal-specific gene expression were defective due to ASC1 deletion. Finally, it was found that the asc1 null mutant was avirulent in a mouse model. These results strongly suggested that Asc1p a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and a signal transducer, plays a pivotal role in cellular adhesion and virulence through regulation of specific gene expression in C. albicans.

Predicting the Chemical Composition and Structure of Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface by Atomic Force Microscopy: Hyun-uk Lee , Jong Bae Park , Haeseong Lee , Keon-Sang Chae , Dong-Min Han , Kwang-Yeop Jahng; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(2):243-248. Published online May 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-8094-4

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Abstract: In fungi, cell wall plays an important role in growth and development. Major macromolecular constituents of the aspergilli cell wall are glucan, chitin, and protein. We examined the chemical composition and structure of the Aspergillus nidulans hyphal wall surface by an atomic force microscope (AFM). To determine the composition of the cell wall surface, the adhesion forces of commercially available β-glucan, chitin, and various proteins were compared to those of corresponding fractions prepared from the hyphal wall. In both setups, the adhesion forces of β-glucan, chitin, and protein were 25-50, 1000-3000, and 125-300 nN, respectively. Adhesion force analysis demonstrated that the cell surface of the apical tip region might contain primarily chitin and β-glucan and relatively a little protein. This analysis also showed the chemical composition of the hyphal surface of the mid-region would be different from that of the apical region. Morphological images obtained by the tapping mode of AFM revealed that the hyphal tip surface has moderate roughness.

Journal Article

Protective Immune Response of Bacterially-Derived Recombinant FaeG in Piglets: Huang Yahong , Wanqi Liang , Aihu Pan , Zhiai Zhou , Qiang Wang , Cheng Huang , Jianxiu Chen , Dabing Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(5):548-555.; DOI: https://doi.org/2442 [pii]

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Abstract: FaeG is the key factor in the infection process of K88ad enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) fimbrial adhesin. In an attempt to determine the possibility of expressing recombinant FaeG with immunogenicity for a new safe and high-production vaccine in E. coli, we constructed the recombinant strain, BL21 (DE3+K88), which harbors an expression vector with a DNA fragment of faeG, without a signal peptide. Results of 15% SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel analysis showed that FaeG can be stably over-expressed in BL21 (DE3+K88) as inclusion bodies without FaeE. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) responses in pregnant pigs, with boost injections of the purified recombinant FaeG, were detected 4 weeks later in the sera and colostrum. An in vitro villius-adhesion assay verified that the elicited antibodies in the sera of vaccinated pigs were capable of preventing the adhesion of K88ad ETEC to porcine intestinal receptors. The protective effect on the mortality rates of suckling piglets born to vaccinated mothers was also observed one week after oral challenge with the virulent ETEC strain, C83907 (K88ad, CT+, ST+). The results of this study proved that the adhesin of proteinaceous bacterial fimbriae or pili could be overexpressed in engineered E. coli strains, with protective immune responses to the pathogen.

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