Journal Article
- The efficacy of a 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compound as an intranasal vaccine adjuvant to protect against influenza A virus infection in vivo
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Kyungseob Noh , Eun Ju Jeong , Timothy An , Jin Soo Shin , Hyejin Kim , Soo Bong Han , Meehyein Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):550-559. Published online April 18, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1661-7
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Abstract
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Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance antigen-
specific immune responses or to protect antigens from
rapid elimination. As pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like
receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) activate the innate immune
system by sensing endosomal single-stranded RNA of RNA
viruses. Here, we investigated if a 2,4-diaminoquinazolinebased
TLR7/8 agonist, (S)-3-((2-amino-8-fluoroquinazolin-
4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (named compound 31), could be used
as an adjuvant to enhance the serological and mucosal immunity
of an inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. The compound induced
the production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
In a dose-response analysis, intranasal administration
of 1 μg compound 31 together with an inactivated vaccine
(0.5 μg) to mice not only enhanced virus-specific IgG and
IgA production but also neutralized influenza A virus with
statistical significance. Notably, in a virus-challenge model,
the combination of the vaccine and compound 31 alleviated
viral infection-mediated loss of body weight and increased
survival rates by 40% compared with vaccine only-treated mice.
We suggest that compound 31 is a promising lead compound
for developing mucosal vaccine adjuvants to protect against
respiratory RNA viruses such as influenza viruses and potentially
coronaviruses.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Uncultured bacterial diversity in a seawater recirculating aquaculture system revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing
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Da-Eun Lee , Jinhwan Lee , Young-Mog Kim , Jeong-In Myeong , Kyoung-Ho Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):296-304. Published online April 1, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5571-4
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Abstract
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Bacterial diversity in a seawater recirculating aquaculture
system (RAS) was investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon
sequencing to understand the roles of bacterial communities
in the system. The RAS was operated at nine different combinations
of temperature (15°C, 20°C, and 25°C) and salinity
(20‰, 25‰, and 32.5‰). Samples were collected from five
or six RAS tanks (biofilters) for each condition. Fifty samples
were analyzed. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were most
common (sum of both phyla: 67.2% to 99.4%) and were inversely
proportional to each other. Bacteria that were present
at an average of ≥ 1% included Actinobacteria (2.9%) Planctomycetes
(2.0%), Nitrospirae (1.5%), and Acidobacteria (1.0%);
they were preferentially present in packed bed biofilters, mesh
biofilters, and maturation biofilters. The three biofilters showed
higher diversity than other RAS tanks (aerated biofilters, floating
bed biofilters, and fish tanks) from phylum to operational
taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Samples were clustered
into several groups based on the bacterial communities. Major
taxonomic groups related to family Rhodobacteraceae and
Flavobacteriaceae were distributed widely in the samples. Several
taxonomic groups like [Saprospiraceae], Cytophagaceae,
Octadecabacter, and Marivita showed a cluster-oriented distribution.
Phaeobacter and Sediminicola-related reads were
detected frequently and abundantly at low temperature. Nitrifying
bacteria were detected frequently and abundantly in
the three biofilters. Phylogenetic analysis of the nitrifying bacteria
showed several similar OTUs were observed widely
through the biofilters. The diverse bacterial communities and
the minor taxonomic groups, except for Proteobacteria and
Bacteroidetes, seemed to play important roles and seemed
necessary for nitrifying activity in the RAS, especially in packed
bed biofilters, mesh biofilters, and maturation biofilters.
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