Protein lysine acetylation influences many physiological functions,
such as gene regulation, metabolism, and disease in
eukaryotes. Although little is known about the role of lysine
acetylation in bacteria, several reports have proposed its importance
in various cellular processes. Here, we discussed the
function of the protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational
modifications (PTMs) of histone-like proteins in bacteria
focusing on Salmonella pathogenicity. The protein lysine
residue in Salmonella is acetylated by the Pat-mediated enzymatic
pathway or by the acetyl phosphate-mediated non-enzymatic
pathway. In Salmonella, the acetylation of lysine 102
and lysine 201 on PhoP inhibits its protein activity and DNAbinding,
respectively. Lysine acetylation of the transcriptional
regulator, HilD, also inhibits pathogenic gene expression.
Moreover, it has been reported that the protein acetylation
patterns significantly differ in the drug-resistant and
-sensitive Salmonella strains. In addition, nucleoid-associated
proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein
(H-NS) are critical for the gene silencing in bacteria, and
PTMs in H-NS also affect the gene expression. In this review,
we suggest that protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational
modifications of H-NS are important factors in understanding
the regulation of gene expression responsible
for pathogenicity in Salmonella.
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Synthetic lethality is an extreme form of negative genetic
epistasis that arises when a combination of functional deficiency
in two or more genes results in cell death, whereas none
of the single genetic perturbations are lethal by themselves.
This unconventional genetic interaction is a modification
of the concept of essentiality that can be exploited for the
purpose of targeted cancer therapy. The yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae has been pivotally used for early large-scale synthetic
lethal screens due to its experimental advantages, but
recent advances in gene silencing technology have now made
direct high-throughput analysis possible in higher organisms.
Identification of tumor-specific alterations and characterization
of the mechanistic principles underlying synthetic lethal
interaction are the key to applying synthetic lethality to clinical
cancer treatment by enabling genome-driven oncological
research. Here, we provide emerging ideas on the synthetic
lethal interactions in budding yeast, particularly between cellular
processes responsible for oxidative stress response and
DNA damage repair, and discuss how they can be appropriately
utilized for context-dependent cancer therapeutics.
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