Review
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections
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Woosung Shim, Anjae Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):419-427. Published online June 25, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00144-x
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Abstract
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of diverse origin and content, are membranous structures secreted by a broad range of cell types. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the pivotal role of EVs in mediating intercellular communication, facilitated by their ability to transport a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and metabolites. A striking feature of EVs is their ability to exert dual effects during viral infections, involving both proviral and antiviral effects. This review explores the dual roles of EVs, particularly in the context of pandemic viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, EVs can enhance viral replication and exacerbate pathogenesis by transferring viral components to susceptible cells. On the other hand, they have intrinsic antiviral properties, including activation of immune responses and direct inhibition of viral infection. By exploring these contrasting functions, our review emphasizes the complexity of EV-mediated interactions in viral pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. The insights obtained from investigating EVs in the context of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 provide a deeper understanding of viral mechanisms and pathologies, and offer a new perspective on managing and mitigating the impact of these global health challenges.
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- Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(12): 2506. CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Comparative study of the geographical spread of genogroup II porcine norovirus and human norovirus
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Eung Seo Koo , Yong Seok Jeong
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):644-650. Published online July 1, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1218-1
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47
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Abstract
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Livestock pigs and porcine norovirus could be candidate tools
for future studies on the geographic isolation of norovirus.
In this study, we provide the first evidence for geographic
isolation of the host as a determinant of the distribution of
subgenotypes of the porcine norovirus genogroup II (GII)
genotype 11. Environmental water samples were collected
from peri-urban streams and estuaries in South Korea between
2014 and 2020. In total, 488 GII region C sequences of
norovirus open reading frame 2 were isolated. A total of 14
genotypes were detected, two of which (GII.11 and GII.18)
corresponded to porcine norovirus. Five human norovirus
genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) and one
porcine norovirus genotype (GII.11) comprised the subgenotypes.
Integrated analysis of seasonal and geographical factors
revealed that the possibility of the co-emergence of different
GII.11 subgenotypes in the same province was lower
than that of human norovirus subgenotypes in the same province.
Additional algorithms designed to eliminate potential
biases further supported the estimated restricted geographical
spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes. Fecal contamination
source tracking revealed low detection rates of porcine norovirus
in the absence of upstream pig farms. These results suggest
that a one-sided viral transmission route, mainly dependent
on indirect contact owing to the limited chance of direct
contact between geographically separated livestock pig populations,
may be responsible for the restricted geographical
spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes.
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- Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future
Lara Cavicchio, Andrea Laconi, Alessandra Piccirillo, Maria Serena Beato
Viruses.2022; 14(3): 537. CrossRef
- Coptidis Rhizoma extract inhibits replication of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo by inducing antiviral state
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Byeong-Hoon Lee , Kiramage Chathuranga , Md Bashir Uddin , Prasanna Weeratunga , Myun Soo Kim , Won-Kyung Cho , Hong Ik Kim , Jin Yeul Ma , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(6):488-498. Published online May 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7088-x
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51
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21
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Abstract
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Coptidis Rhizoma is derived from the dried rhizome of Ranun-culaceous plants and is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Although Coptidis Rhizoma is commonly used for its many therapeutic effects, antiviral activity against respi-ratory syncytial virus (RSV) has not been reported in detail. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activities of Coptidis Rhizoma extract (CRE) against RSV in human respiratory tract cell line (HEp2) and BALB/c mice. An effective dose of CRE significantly reduces the replication of RSV in HEp2 cells and reduces the RSV-induced cell death. This antiviral activity against RSV was through the induction of type I inter-feron-related signaling and the antiviral state in HEp2 cells. More importantly, oral administration of CRE exhibited prophylactic effects in BALB/c mice against RSV. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we confirmed that pal-matine was related to the antiviral properties and immune- modulation effect. Taken together, an extract of Coptidis Rhi-zoma and its components play roles as immunomodulators and could be a potential source as promising natural antivirals that can confer protection to RSV. These outcomes should encourage further allied studies in other natural products.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Antiviral effect of palmatine against infectious bronchitis virus through regulation of NF-κB/IRF7/JAK-STAT signalling pathway and apoptosis
W. Zhang, Y. Chen, F. Yang, H. Zhang, T. Su, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Song
British Poultry Science.2024; 65(2): 119. CrossRef - In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Berberine Against Rotavirus
Hue Thi Nguyen, Thi Nguyen Hoa‐Tran, Huy Quang Tran, Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
Chemistry & Biodiversity.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation of Qingwen Baidu
Decoction Therapeutic Potential in COVID-19-related Lung Injury
Ju Yang, Zhao Zhang, Honghong Liu, Jiawei Wang, Shuying Xie, Pengyan Li, Jianxia Wen, Shizhang Wei, Ruisheng Li, Xiao Ma, Yanling Zhao
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening.2024; 27(9): 1286. CrossRef - Effect of miR-17 on Polygonum Cillinerve polysaccharide against transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Xueqin Duan, Mengxin Xu, Yunying Wang, Nishang Liu, Xingchen Wang, Yingqiu Liu, Weimin Zhang, Wuren Ma, Lin Ma, Yunpeng Fan
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The novel immunobiotic Clostridium butyricum S-45-5 displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing immune modulation
Kiramage Chathuranga, Yeseul Shin, Md Bashir Uddin, Jayoung Paek, W. A. Gayan Chathuranga, Yebin Seong, Lu Bai, Hongik Kim, Jeong Hwan Shin, Young-Hyo Chang, Jong-Soo Lee
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Interventional effect of processing temperature on anti-angiogenesis of Coptis chinensis and screening of active components by UPLC-MS/MS on quail chick chorioallantoic membrane model
Dan Wang, Miao Qi, Hedi Zhao, Haozhong Wu, Han Chen, Yanan Lan, Yanmin Wang, Yani Jiang, Jingjuan Wang
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2023; 305: 116014. CrossRef - Coptisine Inhibits Influenza Virus Replication by Upregulating p21
Ming-Feng He, Jian-Hui Liang, Yan-Ni Shen, Chao-Wei Zhang, Kuang-Yang Yang, Li-Chu Liu, Qian Xie, Chun Hu, Xun Song, Yan Wang
Molecules.2023; 28(14): 5398. CrossRef - Synthesis of berberine derivatives and their antiviral activity toward respiratory syncytial virus
Anna A. Shtro, Elizaveta D. Gladkova, Anastasia V. Galochkina, Yulia V. Nikolaeva, Angelika V. Garshinina, Darya N. Razgulyaeva, Evgeniy V. Sorokin, Tatyana R. Tsareva, Olga A. Luzina, Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
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Neda Mohamadi, Fariba Sharififar, Maryam Rameshk, Shahram Kalantari Khandani
Anti-Infective Agents.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Refractory Chest Pain in Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 Successfully Treated with Saikanto, a Japanese Traditional Medicine
Ryutaro Arita, Rie Ono, Natsumi Saito, Satoko Suzuki, Akiko Kikuchi, Minoru Ohsawa, Yasunori Tadano, Tetsuya Akaishi, Takeshi Kanno, Michiaki Abe, Ko Onodera, Shin Takayama, Tadashi Ishii
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine.2022; 257(3): 241. CrossRef - Pine Needle Extract Applicable to Topical Treatment for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection
Hee-Jung Lee, Mina Park, HeeJae Choi, Aleksandra Nowakowska, Chiung Moon, Jong Hwan Kwak, Young Bong Kim
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 31(1): 137. CrossRef - In Silico Target Analysis of Treatment for COVID-19 Using Huang-Lian-Shang-Qing-Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula
Ching-Wen Huang, Hai-Anh Ha, Shih-Chang Tsai, Chi-Cheng Lu, Chao-Ying Lee, Yuh-Feng Tsai, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Yu-Jen Chiu, Guo-Kai Wang, Chung-Hua Hsu, Jai-Sing Yang
Natural Product Communications.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Exploring the Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Huang Lian Jie Du Decoction in the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Based on Network Pharmacology
Wang Liu, Yu Zeng, Yanda Li, Nanhong Li, Min Peng, Junfen Cheng, Binbin Tian, Mingdi Chen
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 9873. CrossRef - Inhibitory Effect of Sargassum fusiforme and Its Components on Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro and In Vivo
Kiramage Chathuranga, Asela Weerawardhana, Niranjan Dodantenna, Lakmal Ranathunga, Won-Kyung Cho, Jin Yeul Ma, Jong-Soo Lee
Viruses.2021; 13(4): 548. CrossRef - Giloy Ghanvati (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thomson) Reversed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike-Protein Induced Disease Phenotype in the Xenotransplant Model of Humanized Zebrafish
Acharya Balkrishna, Lakshmipathi Khandrika, Anurag Varshney
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Systematic screening and characterization of absorbed constituents and in vivo metabolites in rats after oral administration of Rhizoma coptidis using UPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS
Xinchi Feng, Kun Wang, Xintong Hu, Liwei Chai, Shijie Cao, Liqin Ding, Feng Qiu
Biomedical Chromatography.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Application of Humanized Zebrafish Model in the Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induced Pathology by Tri-Herbal Medicine Coronil via Cytokine Modulation
Acharya Balkrishna, Siva Kumar Solleti, Sudeep Verma, Anurag Varshney
Molecules.2020; 25(21): 5091. CrossRef - Palmatine: A review of pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics
Dominik Tarabasz, Wirginia Kukula‐Koch
Phytotherapy Research.2020; 34(1): 33. CrossRef - Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity of Plantago asiatica and Clerodendrum trichotomum Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo
Kiramage Chathuranga, Myun Soo Kim, Hyun-Cheol Lee, Tae-Hwan Kim, Jae-Hoon Kim, W. A. Gayan Chathuranga, Pathum Ekanayaka, H. M. S. M. Wijerathne, Won-Kyung Cho, Hong Ik Kim, Jin Yeul Ma, Jong-Soo Lee
Viruses.2019; 11(7): 604. CrossRef - Methanolic Extract of Rhizoma Coptidis Inhibits the Early Viral Entry Steps of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Ting-Chun Hung, Alagie Jassey, Chien-Ju Lin, Ching-Hsuan Liu, Chun-Ching Lin, Ming-Hong Yen, Liang-Tzung Lin
Viruses.2018; 10(12): 669. CrossRef - Metabolism of Rhizoma coptidis in Human Urine by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Qingshan Zhang, Gaowa Wang, Xi Chen, Zhiqiang Han, Xiangmei Chen, Risu Na, Haburi Jin, Ping Li, Renbatu Bu
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.2018; 43(4): 441. CrossRef
Retracted Publication
- Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components
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Prasanna Weeratunga , Md Bashir Uddin , Myun Soo Kim , Byeong-Hoon Lee , Tae-Hwan Kim , Ji-Eun Yoon , Jin Yeul Ma , Hongik Kim , Jong-Soo Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(1):57-70. Published online January 5, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4
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47
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Abstract
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Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in
traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted
on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties
of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the
present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the
mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima
Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective
dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the
replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis
virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus,
and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and
immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described
by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated
gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory
cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower
lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly
pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and
H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can
induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai
treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic
effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several
compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we
evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an
extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components,
including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and
may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza
agents.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- The stimulatory effect of Angelica tenuissima Nakai in osteoblastic/odontoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells
Won-Jong Park, Youn Ho Han
Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2022; 49(4): 187. CrossRef - Fermented Angelicae tenussimae with Aspergillus oryzae Improves Skin Barrier Properties, Moisturizing, and Anti-Inflammatory Responses
Chang-Woo Ha, Eun-Hwa Sohn, Sung-Hyeok Kim, Sohee Jang, Myung-Rye Park, Youn-Kyu Kim, In-Young Bae
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(20): 12072. CrossRef - Extract of Polygala tenuifolia, Angelica tenuissima, and Dimocarpus longan Reduces Behavioral Defect and Enhances Autophagy in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Huan Li, Joonki Kim, Huynh Nguyen Khanh Tran, Chang Hwan Lee, Jonghyun Hur, Min Cheol Kim, Hyun Ok Yang
NeuroMolecular Medicine.2021; 23(3): 428. CrossRef - Chemical Constituents of the Root of Angelica tenuissima and their Anti-allergic Inflammatory Activity
Hyun Gyu Choi, In-Gyu Je, Geum Jin Kim, Joo-Won Nam, Sang Hee Shim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Hyukjae Choi
Natural Product Communications.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo
Md Bashir Uddin, Byeong-Hoon Lee, Chamilani Nikapitiya, Jae-Hoon Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Hyun-Cheol Lee, Choul Goo Kim, Jong-Soo Lee, Chul-Joong Kim
Journal of Microbiology.2016; 54(12): 853. CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Antiviral effects of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 and Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 and SPM1206 on rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells and a neonatal mouse model
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Joo Yeon Kang , Do Kyung Lee , Nam Joo Ha , Hea Soon Shin
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(11):796-803. Published online October 28, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5302-2
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42
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Abstract
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Rotavirus is worldwide cause of severe gastroenteritis including
severe diarrhea and fatal dehydration in infants
and young children. There is an available vaccination program
for preventing rotavirus infection, but it has limits
and restrictions. Probiotics therapy could be an alternative
method
of antiviral prevention and modulation against rotavirus
infection. In this study, we screened the antiviral activity
of probiotic bacteria such as 3 Lactobacillus spp. and
14 Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from young Korean. Three
of the bacteria, Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211, Bifidobacterium
longum SPM1205, and SPM1206, inhibited human
strain Wa rotavirus infection in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore,
these bacterial strains inhibited rotavirus replication in a
rotavirus-infected neonatal mouse model. To clarify the mechanism
of inhibition, we investigated gene expression of
Interferon (IFN)-signaling components and IFN-inducible
antiviral effectors. All 3 probiotics increased IFN-α and IFN-
β levels compared with the control. Gene expression of IFNsignaling
components and IFN-inducible antiviral effectors
also increased. Overall, these results indicate that L. ruminis
SPM0211, B. longum SPM1205 and 1206 efficiently inhibit
rotavirus replication in vitro and in vivo. Especially, the antiviral
effect of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 is worthy of
notice. This is the first report of L. ruminis with antiviral activity.
Anti-rotaviral effects of the 3 probiotics are likely due
to their modulation of the immune response through promoting
type I IFNs, which are key regulators in IFN signaling
pathway.
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- The protective role of prebiotics and probiotics on diarrhea and gut damage in the rotavirus-infected piglets
Heng Yang, Xiangqi Fan, Xiangbing Mao, Bing Yu, Jun He, Hui Yan, Jianping Wang
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Milad Abdi, Reza Ranjbar
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