Journal of Microbiology

Review

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections.: Woosung Shim, Anjae Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):419-427. Published online June 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00144-x

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Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of diverse origin and content, are membranous structures secreted by a broad range of cell types. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the pivotal role of EVs in mediating intercellular communication, facilitated by their ability to transport a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and metabolites. A striking feature of EVs is their ability to exert dual effects during viral infections, involving both proviral and antiviral effects. This review explores the dual roles of EVs, particularly in the context of pandemic viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, EVs can enhance viral replication and exacerbate pathogenesis by transferring viral components to susceptible cells. On the other hand, they have intrinsic antiviral properties, including activation of immune responses and direct inhibition of viral infection. By exploring these contrasting functions, our review emphasizes the complexity of EV-mediated interactions in viral pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. The insights obtained from investigating EVs in the context of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 provide a deeper understanding of viral mechanisms and pathologies, and offer a new perspective on managing and mitigating the impact of these global health challenges.

Journal Article

Comparative study of the geographical spread of genogroup II porcine norovirus and human norovirus: Eung Seo Koo , Yong Seok Jeong; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):644-650. Published online July 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1218-1

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Abstract: Livestock pigs and porcine norovirus could be candidate tools for future studies on the geographic isolation of norovirus. In this study, we provide the first evidence for geographic isolation of the host as a determinant of the distribution of subgenotypes of the porcine norovirus genogroup II (GII) genotype 11. Environmental water samples were collected from peri-urban streams and estuaries in South Korea between 2014 and 2020. In total, 488 GII region C sequences of norovirus open reading frame 2 were isolated. A total of 14 genotypes were detected, two of which (GII.11 and GII.18) corresponded to porcine norovirus. Five human norovirus genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) and one porcine norovirus genotype (GII.11) comprised the subgenotypes. Integrated analysis of seasonal and geographical factors revealed that the possibility of the co-emergence of different GII.11 subgenotypes in the same province was lower than that of human norovirus subgenotypes in the same province. Additional algorithms designed to eliminate potential biases further supported the estimated restricted geographical spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes. Fecal contamination source tracking revealed low detection rates of porcine norovirus in the absence of upstream pig farms. These results suggest that a one-sided viral transmission route, mainly dependent on indirect contact owing to the limited chance of direct contact between geographically separated livestock pig populations, may be responsible for the restricted geographical spread of the GII.11 subgenotypes.

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