Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Characterization of components of a reducing system for SoxR in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli: Kang-Lok Lee , Kyung-Chang Lee , Joon-Hee Lee , Jung-Hye Roe; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(4):387-394. Published online March 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1667-1

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A reducing system of SoxR, a regulator of redox-active molecules, was identified as rsxABCDGE gene products and RseC in Escherichia coli through genetic studies. We found that ApbE was an additional component of the reducer system. Bacterial two hybrid analysis revealed that these proteins indeed had multiple interactions among themselves. RseC and RsxB formed the core of the complex, interacting with more than five other components. RsxC, the only cytoplasmic component of the system, interacted with SoxR. It might be linked with the rest of the complex via RsxB. Membrane fractions containing the wild type complex but not the mutant complex reduced purified SoxR using NADH as an electron source. These results suggest that Rsx genes, RseC, and ApbE can form a complex using NAD(P)H to reduce SoxR.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Microscopical Observation of Inhibition-behaviors against Diaporthe citri by Pre-treated with Pseudomonas putida Strain THJ609-3 on the Leaves of Citrus Plants: Yun Jung Ko , Ju Sung Kim , Ki Deok Kim , Yong Chull Jeun; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(10):879-883. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4399-z

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Abstract

Citrus melanose is one of the most important diseases in orchards cultivating citrus in the world. Although the disease does not cause yield loss, the profitability of the infected fruits is often reduced in the fresh-market, resulting in economic loss. In this study, disease reduction was proven by pre-treatment with Pseudomonas putida strain THJ609-3. In order to illustrate mechanism of the disease reduction by the bacterial strain, the infection behaviors of Diaporthe citri and necrosis deposit of plant tissue were observed using a fluorescence microscope. On the leaves pre-treated with the strain THJ609-3, germination rates of D. citri conidia were significantly decreased compared to those of the untreated control. Scanning electron microscopical observations showed that bacterial cells were attached to the surface of fungal hyphae. Furthermore, morphological change of germ tubes of the conidia was detected. These results suggest that the disease reduction may be caused by the direct antifungal activity of the bacterial strain on the leaf surfaces.

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Biocontrol of citrus melanose Diaporthe citri by Bacillus subtilis M23
Zehua Zhou, Sheng Lu, Tiantian Liu, Jie Liu, Jiefu Deng, Xiaopeng Lu, Liangying Dai, Tuyong Yi
Biological Control.2024; 197: 105608. CrossRef
Effective Management of Citrus Melanose Based on Combination of Ecofriendly Chemicals
X. Y. Liu, C. Chaisiri, Y. Lin, Y. P. Fu, W. X. Yin, F. X. Zhu, J. B. Li, B. Xiong, H. Wu, A. Xu, C. X. Luo
Plant Disease.2023; 107(4): 1172. CrossRef
Boron and Zinc Diminish Grey Necrosis Incidence by the Promotion of Desirable Microorganisms on Hazelnut Orchards
Paola Duran, Patricio Javier Barra, María de la Luz Mora, Adriano Nunes-Nesi, Cristian Merino-Gergichevich
Agronomy.2022; 12(4): 868. CrossRef
Diaporthe citri: A Fungal Pathogen Causing Melanose Disease
Chingchai Chaisiri, Xiangyu Liu, Yang Lin, Chaoxi Luo
Plants.2022; 11(12): 1600. CrossRef
Large Scale Cultivation of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 and Effect of Its Culture on Control of Citrus Melanose Caused by Diaporthe citri
Dong Ryul Lee, Chaw Ei Htwe Maung, Tae Gyu Choi, Kil Yong Kim
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer.2021; 54(3): 297. CrossRef
Effect of Large-Scale Cultivation of Bacillus amlyoliquefaciens Y1 Using Fertilizer Based Medium for Control of Citrus Melanose Causing Diaporthe citri
Dong-Ryul Lee, Ei Htwe Maung Chaw, Henry Ajuna, Kil-Yong Kim
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer.2019; 52(2): 84. CrossRef

Molecular Characterization of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates Collected in China: Dandan Wei , Lu Zhou , Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj , Chushu Zhang , Fuguo Xing , Yueju Zhao , Yan Wang , Yang Liu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(7):559-565. Published online May 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3629-8

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Abstract

Aspergillus flavus strains were isolated from peanut fields of Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei and Guangdong Provinces in China, and identified through phenotypic and molecular approaches. Of the 323 A. flavus strains isolated, 76 strains did not produce aflatoxins detectable by UPLC. The incidence of atoxigenic A. flavus strains decreased with increase in temperature and increased with increase in latitude in different geographical locations. Amplification of all the aflatoxin genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster in the atoxigenic isolates showed that there were 25 deletion patterns (A-Y), with 22 deletion patterns identified for the first time. Most of the atoxigenic A. flavus isolates with gene deletions (97%) had deletions in at least one of the four genes (aflT, nor-1, aflR, and hypB), indicating that these four genes could be targeted for rapid identification of atoxigenic strains. The atoxigenic isolates with gene deletions, especially the isolates with large deletions, are potential candidates for aflatoxin control.

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Aflatoxin profiles of Aspergillus flavus isolates in Sudanese fungal rhinosinusitis
Shaoqin Zhou, Mawahib A I Ismail, Vishukumar Aimanianda, G Sybren de Hoog, Yingqian Kang, Sarah A Ahmed
Medical Mycology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitigation of aflatoxin contamination of maize, groundnut, and sorghum by commercial biocontrol products in farmers’ fields across Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Togo
Saïdou Bonkoungou, Karim Dagno, Adamou Basso, Tedihou Ekanao, Joseph Atehnkeng, Daniel Agbetiameh, Adama Neya, Mahama Toure, Assiata Tiendrebeogo, Mamadou Konate, Bibata Outani, Matieyedou Konlambigue, Kenneth A. Callicott, Peter J. Cotty, Ibnou Dieng, Ti
CABI Agriculture and Bioscience.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The biodiversity of Aspergillus flavus in stored rice grain leads to a decrease in the overall aflatoxin B1 production in these species
Song Tan, Fang Ma, Yajie Wu, Yuancheng Xu, Ajuan Niu, Yuping Chen, Guangyu Wang, Weifen Qiu
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2023; 406: 110416. CrossRef
Biocontrol efficacy of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains against aflatoxin contamination in peanut field in Guangdong province, South China
Firew Tafesse Mamo, Bo Shang, Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj, Yongquan Zheng, Yang Liu
Mycology.2022; 13(2): 143. CrossRef
Selection of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus for Potential Use in Aflatoxin Prevention in Shandong Province, China
Jia Xu, Peng Wang, Zehua Zhou, Peter John Cotty, Qing Kong
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(9): 773. CrossRef
Distribution of Aspergillus Fungi and Recent Aflatoxin Reports, Health Risks, and Advances in Developments of Biological Mitigation Strategies in China
Firew Tafesse Mamo, Birhan Addisie Abate, Yougquan Zheng, Chengrong Nie, Mingjun He, Yang Liu
Toxins.2021; 13(10): 678. CrossRef
Co-Inoculation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus to Assess the Efficacy of Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains in Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B1 Reduction
Rahim Khan, Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali, Nor Ainy Mahyudin, Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
Agriculture.2021; 11(3): 198. CrossRef
Insight into the substrate-dependent anti-aflatoxigenic effects of nanosized ZnO film: Electron transfer directed oxidative stress mechanisms
Yichuan Zhang, Miya Zhou, Huanmei Cheng, Songyi Luo, Qi Sun
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.2021; 207: 111997. CrossRef
Deciphering the origin ofAspergillus flavusNRRL21882, the active biocontrol agent of Afla‐Guard®
P.‐K. Chang, T.D. Chang, K. Katoh
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2021; 72(5): 509. CrossRef
Inhibition of the aflatoxin‐producing fungus Aspergillus flavus by a plasma jet system
Winai Intanon, Norrapon Vichiansan, Komgrit Leksakul, Dheerawan Boonyawan, Jaturong Kumla, Nakarin Suwannarach, Saisamorn Lumyong
Journal of Food Processing and Preservation.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular profile of non-aflatoxigenic phenotype in native strains of Aspergillus flavus
K. Raksha Rao, A. V. Vipin, G. Venkateswaran
Archives of Microbiology.2020; 202(5): 1143. CrossRef
Field efficacy of two atoxigenic biocontrol products for mitigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana
Daniel Agbetiameh, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Richard T. Awuah, Joseph Atehnkeng, Abuelgasim Elzein, Peter J. Cotty, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
Biological Control.2020; 150: 104351. CrossRef
Mechanism of inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus
K. Raksha Rao, A.V. Vipin, G. Venkateswaran
Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 147: 104280. CrossRef
Ethanol Inhibits Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus by Up-Regulating Oxidative Stress-Related Genes
Yaoyao Ren, Jing Jin, Mumin Zheng, Qingli Yang, Fuguo Xing
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The bZIP transcription factor Afap1 mediates the oxidative stress response and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus
Xuanli Guan, Yueju Zhao, Xiao Liu, Bo Shang, Fuguo Xing, Lu Zhou, Yan Wang, Chushu Zhang, Deepak Bhatnagar, Yang Liu
Revista Argentina de Microbiología.2019; 51(4): 292. CrossRef
The Development of a qPCR Assay to Measure Aspergillus flavus Biomass in Maize and the Use of a Biocontrol Strategy to Limit Aflatoxin Production
Alfred Mitema, Sheila Okoth, Suhail M. Rafudeen
Toxins.2019; 11(3): 179. CrossRef
Extrinsic harmful residues in Chinese herbal medicines: types, detection, and safety evaluation
Cong-min Liu, Jia-an Qin, Xiao-wen Dou, Mei-hua Yang, Xiao-bo Sun
Chinese Herbal Medicines.2018; 10(2): 117. CrossRef
Versicolorin A is a potential indicator of aflatoxin contamination in the granary-stored corn
Shu-Yao Zhang, Hao Wang, Min Yang, Dong-Sheng Yao, Chun-Fang Xie, Da-Ling Liu
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A.2018; 35(5): 972. CrossRef
Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus flavus strains in China
Firew Tafesse Mamo, Bo Shang, Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj, Yan Wang, Yang Liu
Journal of Microbiology.2018; 56(2): 119. CrossRef
Large-Scale Comparative Analysis of Eugenol-Induced/Repressed Genes Expression in Aspergillus flavus Using RNA-seq
Cong Lv, Ping Wang, Longxue Ma, Mumin Zheng, Yang Liu, Fuguo Xing
Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Aflatoxin Contamination in Maize and Groundnut in Ghana: Population Structure, Distribution, and Toxigenicity of the Causal Agents
D. Agbetiameh, A. Ortega-Beltran, R. T. Awuah, J. Atehnkeng, P. J. Cotty, R. Bandyopadhyay
Plant Disease.2018; 102(4): 764. CrossRef
Cinnamaldehyde inhibits fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by modulating the oxidative stress response of Aspergillus flavus
Qi Sun, Bo Shang, Ling Wang, Zhisong Lu, Yang Liu
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2016; 100(3): 1355. CrossRef
A strain ofAspergillus flavusfrom China shows potential as a biocontrol agent for aflatoxin contamination
Lu Zhou, Dan-Dan Wei, Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj, Bo Shang, Chu-Shu Zhang, Fu-Guo Xing, Yue-Ju Zhao, Yan Wang, Yang Liu
Biocontrol Science and Technology.2015; 25(5): 583. CrossRef
High sequence variations in the region containing genes encoding a cellular morphogenesis protein and the repressor of sexual development help to reveal origins of Aspergillus oryzae
Perng-Kuang Chang, Leslie L. Scharfenstein, Cesar D. Solorzano, Hamed K. Abbas, Sui-Sheng T. Hua, Walker A. Jones, Robert M. Zablotowicz
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Min Sik Kim, Sinil Kim, Byeong-Seok Ha, Hye-Young Park, Seong-Yeol BaeK, Soo-Hwan Yeo, Hyeon-Su Ro
The Korean Journal of Mycology.2014; 42(3): 191. CrossRef

Multiple Gene Genealogical Analyses of a Nematophagous Fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus from China: Juan Li , Heng Li , Xiaoxu Bi , Ke-Qin Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):423-429. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2599-6

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Abstract: Paecilomyces lilacinus is a geographically widespread nematophagous fungus and a promising biological control agent against plant parasitic nematodes. However, relatively little is known about its patterns of genetic variation through its broad geographic and ecological contexts. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation of 2 virulence-associated genes (PLS and PLC) and 4 housekeeping gene fragments (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and β-tubulin) among 80 P. lilacinus specimens collected from 7 locations in China. Various degrees of polymorphism and haplotype diversity were observed among the six gene fragments. However, no genetic differentiation was observed among the geographic populations, consistent with extensive gene flow among these geographic populations of P. lilacinus in China. Our analysis also suggested that clonal reproduction was the predominant mode of reproduction in natural populations of P. lilacinus.

Selection of a Streptomyces Strain Able to Produce Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and Active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Adriana Fróes , Andrew Macrae , Juliana Rosa , Marcella Franco , Rodrigo Souza , Rosângela Soares , Rosalie Coelho; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):798-806. Published online November 4, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2060-2

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Abstract: Control of plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an ongoing challenge because of its wide host range and the persistence of its sclerotia in soil. Fungicides are the most commonly used method to control this fungus but these can have ecotoxicity impacts. Chitinolytic Streptomyces strains isolated from Brazilian tropical soils were capable of inhibiting S. sclerotiorum growth in vitro, offering new possibilities for integrated pest management and biocontrol, with a new approach to dealing with an old problem. Strain Streptomyces sp. 80 was capable of irreversibly inhibiting fungal growth. Compared to other strains, its crude enzymes had the highest chitinolytic levels when measured at 25°C and strongly inhibited sclerotia from S. sclerotiorum. It produced four hydrolytic enzymes involved in fungal cell wall degradation when cultured in presence of the fungal mycelium. The best production, obtained after three days, was 0.75 U/ml for exochitinase, 0.9 U/ml for endochitinase, 0.16 U/ml for glucanase, and 1.78 U/ml for peptidase. Zymogram analysis confirmed two hydrolytic bands of chitinolytic activity with apparent molecular masses of 45.8 and 206.8 kDa. One glucanase activity with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa was also recorded, as well as seven bands of peptidase activity with apparent molecular masses ranging from 15.5 to 108.4 kDa. Differential interference contrast microscopy also showed alterations of hyphal morphology after co-culture. Streptomyces sp. 80 seems to be promising as a biocontrol agent against S. sclerotiorum, contributing to the development of new methods for controlling plant diseases and reducing the negative impact of using fungicides.

Biological Control and Plant Growth Promoting Capacity of Rhizobacteria on Pepper under Greenhouse and Field Conditions: Mi-Seon Hahm , Marilyn Sumayo , Ye-Ji Hwang , Seon-Ae Jeon , Sung-Jin Park , Jai Youl Lee , Joon-Hyung Ahn , Byung-Soo Kim , Choong-Min Ryu , Sa-Youl Ghim; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):380-385. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1477-y

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Abstract

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Ochrobactrum lupini KUDC1013 and Novosphingobium pentaromativorans KUDC1065 isolated from Dokdo Island, S. Korea are capable of eliciting induced systemic resistance (ISR) in pepper against bacterial spot disease. The present study aimed to determine whether plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains including strain KUDC1013, strain KUDC1065, and Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 either singly or in combinations were evaluated to have the capacity for potential biological control and plant growth promotion effect in the field trials. Under greenhouse conditions, the induced systemic resistance (ISR) effect of treatment with strains KUDC1013 and KUDC1065 differed according to pepper growth stages. Drenching of 3-week-old pepper seedlings with the KUDC-1013 strain significantly reduced the disease symptoms. In contrast, treatment with the KUDC1065 strain significantly protected 5-week-old pepper seedlings. Under field conditions, peppers treated with PGPR mixtures containing E681 and KUDC1013, either in a two-way combination, were showed greater effect on plant growth than those treated with an individual treatment. Collectively, the application of mixtures of PGPR strains on pepper might be considered as a potential biological control under greenhouse and field conditions.

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Journal Article

Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: Their Potential in Antifungal Biocontrol: Eman Zakaria Gomaa; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):103-111. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1343-y

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Abstract

Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from Egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 and Bacillus licheniformis NM120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. The production of chitinase by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°C after five days of incubation. An enhancement of chitinase production by the two species was observed by addition of sugar substances and dried fungal mats to the colloidal chitin media. The optimal conditions for chitinase activity by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis were at 40°C, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Ca2+ caused enhancement of enzyme activities whereas they were markedly inhibited by Zn2+, Hg2+, and Ag+. In vitro, B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis chitinases had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested. The addition of B. thuringiensis chitinase was more effective than that of B. licheniformis in increasing the germination of soybean seeds infected with various phytopathogenic fungi.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Incidence of Wolbachia and Cardinium Endosymbionts in the Osmia Community in Korea: Gilsang Jeong , Kyeongyong Lee , Jiyoung Choi , Seokjo Hwang , Byeongdo Park , Wontae Kim , Youngcheol Choi , Ingyun Park , Jonggill Kim; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(1):28-32. Published online February 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0198-3

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Abstract

Sex ratio distorting endosymbionts induce reproductive anomalies in their arthropod hosts. They have recently been paid much attention as firstly texts of evolution of host-symbiont relationships and secondly potential biological control agents to control arthropod pests. Among such organisms, Wolbachia and Cardinium bacteria are well characterized. This study aims at probing such bacteria in the Osmia community to evaluate their potential utilization to control arthropod pests. Among 17 PCR tested species, Osmia cornifrons and a parasitic fly are infected with Wolbachia and a mite species is infected with Cardinium. Phylogenetic tree analyses suggest that horizontal transfer of the bacteria occurred between phylogenetically distant hosts.

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High Infectivity of an Endoparasitic Fungus Strain, Esteya vermicola, against Nematodes: Chun Yan Wang , Zhe Ming Fang , Bai Shen Sun , Li Juan Gu , Ke Qin Zhang , Chang-Keun Sung; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):380-389. Published online August 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0122-7

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Abstract

Esteya vermicola, as the first recorded endoparasitic fungus of pinewood nematodes, exhibits great potential as a biological agent against nematodes. However, only two strains of this species have been described so far. In this study, we identified a novel endoparasitic fungal strain, CNU 120806, isolated from infected nematodes in forest soil samples during a survey of nematophagous fungi in Korea. This strain showed similar morphological characteristics and infection mode with the two previously described strains of E. vermicola. All strains are characterized by the ability to produce two types of conidiogenous cells and conidia, and to parasitize nematodes with lunate adhesive conidia. Moreover, the CNU 120806 strain showed 100% identity with E. vermicola CBS 115803 when their partial sequences of 28S rRNA gene were compared. Molecular phylogenetic analysis further identified CNU 120806 as a strain of E. vermicola, by clustering CNU 120806 and E. vermicola CBS 115803 into a single subclade. Culture medium influenced the proportion of dimorphic CNU 120806 conidia, and further changed the adhesive and mortality rates of nematodes. The CNU 120806 strain exhibits high infection activity against nematodes on nutrient-rich PDA medium. Almost all tested nematodes were killed within 8~10 days after inoculation. This study provides justification for further research of E. vermicola, and the application and formulation of this fungus as a bio-control agent against nematodes.

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Journal Article

Monitoring of Algicidal Bacterium, Alteromonas sp. Strain A14 in its Application to Natural Cochlodinium polykrikoides Blooming Seawater Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization: Bo-Kyung Lee , Toshiya Katano , Shin-Ichi Kitamura , Myung-Joo Oh , Myung-Soo Han; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):274-282. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0238-9

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Abstract: The red tide of dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides has frequently occurred in coastal waters, causing severe damage to fisheries. In the present study, the algicidal bacterium Alteromonas sp. A14 isolated from the southern coast of Korea was applied to a red tide of C. polykrikoides in a laboratory experiment. In the experiment, the abundance of the strain A14 was monitored using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Inoculation of the A14 at a final cell density of 9.0×105 cells/ml caused a significant decrease in C. polykrikoides abundance from 1,830 to 700 cells/ml during 2 days, while abundances of harmless diatoms rapidly increased from 3 days. Abundances of both A14 and other bacteria increased to 1 day. After 1 day, with flagellate abundance increased, bacterial abundance decreased. Finally, algicidal bacterial abundance decreased to 3.5×104 cells/ml. In the biological control of harmful algal blooms, in addition to decrease in target algal abundance and not occurrence of other harmful blooms, decrease in abundance of utilized organism is also important. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the inoculated bacterium when applying bacterium to natural seawater.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Investigations on Bacteria as a Potential Biological Control Agent of Summer Chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Kazlm Sezen , Ismail Demir , Hatice Katl , Zihni Demirbag; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):463-468.; DOI: https://doi.org/2274 [pii]

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Abstract: Studying the bacteria of hazardous insects allows the opportunity to find potentially better biological control agents. Therefore, in this study, bacteria from summer chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale L., Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) we isolated and identified the insecticidal effects of bacteria isolated from A. solstitiale and Melolontha melolontha L. (common cockchafer, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and the mixtures of these bacterial isolates were investigated on A. solstitiale larvae. Crystals from Bacillus sp. isolated from M. melolontha were also purified, and tested against the second and third-stage larvae of A. solstitiale. The bacterial isolates of A. solstitiale were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus, based on their morphology, spore formation, nutritional features, and physiological and biochemical characteristics. The insecticidal effects of the bacterial isolates determined on the larvae of A. solstitiale were 90% with B. cereus isolated from A. solstitiale, and 75% with B. cereus, B. sphaericus and B. thuringiensis isolated from M. melolontha within ten days. The highest insecticidal effects of the mixed infections on the larvae of A. solstitiale were 100% both with B. cereus+B. sphaericus and with B. cereus+B. thuringiensis. In the crystal protein bioassays, the highest insecticidal effect was 65% with crystals of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus isolated from M. melolontha within seven days. Finally, our results showed that the mixed infections could be utilized as microbial control agents, as they have a 100% insecticidal effect on the larvae of A. solstitiale.

The role and characterization of β-1,3-glucanase in biocontrol of fusarium solani by pseudomonas stutzeri YPL-1: Lim, Ho Seong , Kim, Sang Dal; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):295-301.

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Abstract: An antifungal Pseudomonas stutzeri YPL-1 produced extracellular chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase that were key enzymes in the decomposition of fungal hyphal walls. These lytic extracellular enzymes markedly inhibited mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani. A chitinase from P. stutzeri YPL-1 inhibited fungal mycelial growth by 87%, whereas a β-1,3-glucanase from the bacterium inhibited growth by 53%. Furthermore, co-operative action of the enzymes synergistically inhibited 95% of the fungal growth. The lytic enzymes caused abnormal swelling and retreating on the fungal hyphal walls in a dual cultures. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed hyphal degradation of F. solani in the regions interacting with P. stutzeri YPL-1. In an in vivo pot test, P. stutzeri YPL-1 proved to have biocontrol ability as a powerful agent in controlling plant disease. Planting of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings with the bacterial suspension in F. solani-infested soil significantly suppressed the development of fusarial root-rot. The characteristics of a crude preparation of β-1,3-glucanase produced from P. stutzeri YPL-1 were investigated. The bacterium detected after 2 hr of incubation. The enzyme had optimum temperature and pH of 40℃ and pH 5.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of 4.5 to 7.0 and at temperatures below 40℃, with a half-life of 40 min at 60℃.

Antagonism of Bacterial Extracellular Metabolites to Freshwater-Fouling Invertebrate Zebra Mussels, Dreissena polymorpha: Ji-Dong Gu , Ralph Mitchell; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(2):133-138.

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Abstract: We investigated the antagonism of indigenous bacteria isolated from stressed mussels and their extra-cellular metabolites on the adult zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Selective bacterial isolates including Aeromonas media, A. salmonicida, A. veronii, and Shewanella putrefaciens, showed strong lethality against adult mussels and 100% mortality was observed within 5 days of incubation. Bacterial metabolites, fractionated and concentrated from stationary-phase culture supernatants of these bacterial isolates, displayed varying degrees of antagonistic effects on zebra mussels. Among the three size fractions examined, <5, 5-10, and >10 kDa, the most lethal fraction seems to be >10 kDa for three of the four isolates tested. Further chemical analyses of these size fractions revealed that the predominant constituents were polysaccharides and proteins. No 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid (2-KDO), deoxyri-bonucleic acids (DNA) or uronic acid were detectable. Extraction of supernatants of two antagonistic isolates with polar solvent suggested that polar molecules are present in the active fraction. Our data suggest that extracellular metabolites produced by antagonistic bacteria are also involved in disease development in zebra mussels and elucidation of the mechanisms involved may offer a novel strategy for control of biofouling invertebrates.

The First Study on Bacterial Flora and Biological Control Agent of Anoplus roboris (Sufr., Coleoptera): Ismail Demir , Kazim Sezen , Zihni Demirbag; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):104-108.

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Abstract: The hazelnut leaf holer (Anoplus roboris Sufr., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a devastating pest of hazelnut and oak trees. It causes approximately 20-30% economic damage to hazelnut production per year in Turkey. In the present study, in order to find a more effective and safe biological control agent against A. roboris, we investigated the bacterial flora of the hazelnut leave holer, and tested them for insecticidal effects on it. According to morphological, physiological and biochemical tests, bacterial flora were identified as Bacillus circulans (Ar1), Bacillus polymyxa (Ar2), Enterobacter sp. (Ar3) and Bacillus sphaericus (Ar4). Insecticidal effects of bacterial isolates were performed on adult A. roboris. The highest insecticidal effect determined was 67% by B. sphaericus within eight days. The insecticidal effects of the other isolates (Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3) were determined as 33%, 47% and 47% within the same period, respectively.

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