Journal of Microbiology

Reviews

Extensive Genomic Rearrangement of Catalase-Less Cyanobloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa in Freshwater Ecosystems: Minkyung Kim, Jaejoon Jung, Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Che Ok Jeon, Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(11):933-950. Published online October 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00172-7

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Abstract: Many of the world's freshwater ecosystems suffer from cyanobacteria-mediated blooms and their toxins. However, a mechanistic understanding of why and how Microcystis aeruginosa dominates over other freshwater cyanobacteria during warmer summers is lacking. This paper utilizes comparative genomics with other cyanobacteria and literature reviews to predict the gene functions and genomic architectures of M. aeruginosa based on complete genomes. The primary aim is to understand this species' survival and competitive strategies in warmer freshwater environments. M. aeruginosa strains exhibiting a high proportion of insertion sequences (~ 11%) possess genomic structures with low synteny across different strains. This indicates the occurrence of extensive genomic rearrangements and the presence of many possible diverse genotypes that result in greater population heterogeneities than those in other cyanobacteria in order to increase survivability during rapidly changing and threatening environmental challenges. Catalase-less M. aeruginosa strains are even vulnerable to low light intensity in freshwater environments with strong ultraviolet radiation. However, they can continuously grow with the help of various defense genes (e.g., egtBD, cruA, and mysABCD) and associated bacteria. The strong defense strategies against biological threats (e.g., antagonistic bacteria, protozoa, and cyanophages) are attributed to dense exopolysaccharide (EPS)-mediated aggregate formation with efficient buoyancy and the secondary metabolites of M. aeruginosa cells. Our review with extensive genome analysis suggests that the ecological vulnerability of M. aeruginosa cells can be overcome by diverse genotypes, secondary defense metabolites, reinforced EPS, and associated bacteria.

Biological and Chemical Approaches for Controlling Harmful Microcystis Blooms: Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Jaejoon Jung, Che Ok Jeon, Masanori Toyofuku, Jiyoung Lee, Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):249-260. Published online April 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00115-2

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The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa has become an increasingly serious problem in freshwater ecosystems due to climate change and eutrophication. Microcystis-blooms in freshwater generate compounds with unpleasant odors, reduce the levels of dissolved O₂, and excrete microcystins into aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming various organisms, including humans. Various chemical and biological approaches have thus been developed to mitigate the impact of the blooms, though issues such as secondary pollution and high economic costs have not been adequately addressed. Red clays and H₂O₂ are conventional treatment methods that have been employed worldwide for the mitigation of the blooms, while novel approaches, such as the use of plant or microbial metabolites and antagonistic bacteria, have also recently been proposed. Many of these methods rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or the disruption of cellular membranes as their mechanisms of action, which may also negatively impact other freshwater microbiota. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticyanobacterial chemicals and antagonistic bacteria remain unclear. This review thus discusses both conventional and innovative approaches for the management of M. aeruginosa in freshwater bodies.

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Strong inhibitory effects of Desmodesmus sp. on Microcystis blooms: Potential as a biological control agent in aquaculture
Bo Yang, Yuhua Li, Zihan Wang, Zhiguang Yue, Junqi Wen, Xueqin Zhao, Hu Zhang, Xianfeng Wang, Xiufen Wang, Man Zhang
Aquaculture Reports.2025; 40: 102579. CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence-Based Microfluidic Platform for Detecting Contaminants in Water: A Review
Yihao Zhang, Jiaxuan Li, Yu Zhou, Xu Zhang, Xianhua Liu
Sensors.2024; 24(13): 4350. CrossRef
Alleviation of H2O2 toxicity by extracellular catalases in the phycosphere of Microcystis aeruginosa
Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Yeji Cha, Minkyung Kim, Woojun Park
Harmful Algae.2024; 137: 102680. CrossRef
Extensive Genomic Rearrangement of Catalase-Less Cyanobloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa in Freshwater Ecosystems
Minkyung Kim, Jaejoon Jung, Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Che Ok Jeon, Woojun Park
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(11): 933. CrossRef
Laboratory-Simulated Inhibitory Effects of the Floating-Bed Plants on Microcystis aeruginosa and Their Microbial Communities’ Responses to Microcystins
Shuwen Zhang, Yuanpu Sha, Yuanyuan Tang, Longjie Li, Feihu Wang, Jing Dong, Xuejun Li, Yunni Gao, Xiaofei Gao, Huatao Yuan, Jingxiao Zhang
Microorganisms.2024; 12(10): 2035. CrossRef
Host-Associated Microbiome
Woo Jun Sul
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 135. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Effects of mycosubtilin homolog algicides from a marine bacterium, Bacillus sp. SY-1, against the harmful algal bloom species Cochlodinium polykrikoides: Seong-Yun Jeong , Hong-Joo Son; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):389-400. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1086-8

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Abstract

The marine bacterium, Bacillus sp. SY-1, produced algicidal compounds that are notably active against the bloom-forming alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides. We isolated three algicidal compounds and identified these as mycosubtilins with molecular weights of 1056, 1070, and 1084 (designated MS 1056, 1070, and 1084, respectively), based on amino acid analyses and 1H, 13C, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, including 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation analysis. MS 1056 contains a β- amino acid residue with an alkyl side chain of C15, which has not previously been seen in known mycosubtilin families. MS 1056, 1070, and 1084 showed algicidal activities against C. polykrikoides with 6-h LC50 values of 2.3 ± 0.4, 0.8 ± 0.2, and 0.6 ± 0.1 μg/ml, respectively. These compounds also showed significant algicidal activities against other harmful algal bloom species. In contrast, MS 1084 showed no significant growth inhibitory effects against other organisms, including bacteria and microalgae, although does inhibit the growth of some fungi and yeasts. These observations imply that the algicidal bacterium Bacillus sp. SY-1 and its algicidal compounds could play an important role in regulating the onset and development of harmful algal blooms in natural environments.

Citations

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Biological and Chemical Approaches for Controlling Harmful Microcystis Blooms
Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Jaejoon Jung, Che Ok Jeon, Masanori Toyofuku, Jiyoung Lee, Woojun Park
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 249. CrossRef
A Bacillus subtilis strain with efficient algaecide of Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of microcystins
Yuanyuan Chen, Fei Xiong, Ying Zhu, Dongdong Zhai, Hongyan Liu, Lin Zhang, Ming Xia
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Dinoflagellate–Bacteria Interactions: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution
Xiaohong Yang, Zijian Liu, Yanwen Zhang, Xinguo Shi, Zhen Wu
Biology.2024; 13(8): 579. CrossRef
Transcriptomics‐guided identification of an algicidal protease of the marine bacterium Kordia algicida OT‐1
Kristy S. Syhapanha, David A. Russo, Yun Deng, Nils Meyer, Remington X. Poulin, Georg Pohnert
MicrobiologyOpen.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Applications-oriented algicidal efficacy research and in-depth mechanism of a novel strain Brevibacillus sp. on Microcystis aeruginosa
Fen Liu, Lei Qin, Shunni Zhu, Huanjun Chen, Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor Al-Haimi, Jin Xu, Weizheng Zhou, Zhongming Wang
Environmental Pollution.2023; 330: 121812. CrossRef
Algicidal Potential of the Endosymbiont Bacterial Consortium of the Seagrasses Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii
G I Setiabudi, I N D Prasetia, K L Antara, G S br. Sitepu, J M Amelia, M D K Maharani
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.2023; 1224(1): 012039. CrossRef
Algicidal substances of Brevibacillus laterosporus and their effect on red tide organisms
Shanshan Liu, Zhiming Yu, Zaixing Wu, Xihua Cao, Ruihong Cheng, Xiuxian Song
Frontiers in Marine Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Algicidal activity of a novel bacterium, Qipengyuania sp. 3-20A1M, against harmful Margalefidinium polykrikoides: Effects of its active compound
So-Ra Ko, Ve Van Le, Ankita Srivastava, Mingyeong Kang, Hee-Mock Oh, Chi-Yong Ahn
Marine Pollution Bulletin.2023; 186: 114397. CrossRef
Review of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Causing Marine Fish Kills: Toxicity and Mitigation
Jae-Wook Oh, Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj, Manikandan Muthu, Judy Gopal
Plants.2023; 12(23): 3936. CrossRef
Algicidal Bacteria: A Review of Current Knowledge and Applications to Control Harmful Algal Blooms
Kathryn J. Coyne, Yanfei Wang, Gretchen Johnson
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Isolation, identification of algicidal bacteria and contrastive study on algicidal properties against Microcystis aeruginosa
Fen Liu, Shunni Zhu, Lei Qin, Pingzhong Feng, Jin Xu, Weizheng Zhou, Zhongming Wang
Biochemical Engineering Journal.2022; 185: 108525. CrossRef

Dynamic variation of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis proportion in the eutrophic Daechung Reservoir in Korea: Seung-Hyun Joung , Hee-Mock Oh , Kyung-A You; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(8):543-550. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6141-5

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Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the environmental factors affecting the level of potentially toxic Microcystis. The long-term tendencies of temperature, precipitation, and water quality factors were analyzed to determine the environmental characteristics of the Daechung Reservoir in Korea, and water samples were directly collected to analyze the dynamics of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis at weekly intervals from May to October 2012. Microcystis was the dominant genus during the study period, and it was composed of potentially toxic and non-toxic Microcystis. The fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis ranged from 6.0% to 61.1%. The amount of toxic Microcystis was highly related to the intracellular microcystin concentration (r = 0.760, P < 0.01). Therefore, the fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis is an important concern in Microcystis blooming because the intracellular microcystin concentration may reflect microcystin levels in the water. The prevalence of potentially toxic Microcystis was highly related to water temperature in Daechung Reservoir (r = 0.585, P < 0.01). Thus, temperature increase during Microcystis blooming may lead to more frequent toxic Microcystis blooms in eutrophic water bodies.

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Combined effects of spinetoram and Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia pulex offspring: Maternal effects and multigenerational implications
Xuexia Zhu, Yihe Zhan, Xuanhe Jia, Meng Li, Tianchi Yin, Jun Wang
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Research on the Analysis of and Countermeasures for the Eutrophication of Water Bodies: Waihu Reservoir as a Case Study
Yiting Qi, Xin Cao, Ruisi Cao, Mingjie Cao, Ailan Yan, Erpeng Li, Dong Xu
Processes.2024; 12(4): 796. CrossRef
Water Quality Assessment and Genetic Insights into Cyanobacterial Toxin Presence in Gyeonggi Province Reservoirs
Soon-Mi Go, Yong-Jun Kim, Yeong-Yeon Kim, Kyeong-Hui Kang, Kyu-Seung Shim, Hee-Cheon Moon, Ju-Yong Jeong
Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology.2024; 27(3): 132. CrossRef
Nitrogen availability controls response of microcystin concentration to phosphorus reduction: Evidence from model application to multiple lakes
Charlotte Schampera, Ferdi L. Hellweger
Harmful Algae.2024; 139: 102711. CrossRef
Toxicity Reduction of Microcystis Aeruginosa Using Microbubble Ozonation
Gwiwoong Nam, Min-Seo Jeon, Yoon-E Choi, Jinho Jung
Ozone: Science & Engineering.2023; 45(2): 182. CrossRef
Chemodiversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins Driven by Future Scenarios of Climate Warming and Eutrophication
Yalan Yang, Huan Wang, Shuwen Yan, Tao Wang, Peiyu Zhang, Huan Zhang, Hongxia Wang, Lars-Anders Hansson, Jun Xu
Environmental Science & Technology.2023; 57(32): 11767. CrossRef
Autonomous calibration of EFDC for predicting chlorophyll-a using reinforcement learning and a real-time monitoring system
Seok Min Hong, Ather Abbas, Soobin Kim, Do Hyuck Kwon, Nakyung Yoon, Daeun Yun, Sanguk Lee, Yakov Pachepsky, JongCheol Pyo, Kyung Hwa Cho
Environmental Modelling & Software.2023; 168: 105805. CrossRef
Relationship between freshwater harmful algal blooms and neurodegenerative disease incidence rates in South Korea
Seungjun Lee, Boseung Choi, Sung Jae Kim, Jinnam Kim, Dayun Kang, Jiyoung Lee
Environmental Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Environmental factors associated with cyanobacterial assemblages in a mesotrophic subtropical plateau lake: A focus on bloom toxicity
Lili Hu, Kun Shan, Licheng Huang, Yuanrui Li, Lei Zhao, Qichao Zhou, Lirong Song
Science of The Total Environment.2021; 777: 146052. CrossRef
High Diversity of Microcystin Chemotypes within a Summer Bloom of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis botrys
Emma Johansson, Catherine Legrand, Caroline Björnerås, Anna Godhe, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Torbjörn Säll, Karin Rengefors
Toxins.2019; 11(12): 698. CrossRef
Harmful algal blooms and liver diseases: focusing on the areas near the four major rivers in South Korea
Seungjun Lee, Jinnam Kim, Boseung Choi, Gijung Kim, Jiyoung Lee
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C.2019; 37(4): 356. CrossRef
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Dominant genera of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu and their relationships with environmental factors: Lijun Feng , Shiyou Liu , Wenxian Wu , Jiawen Ma , Pei Li , Hailing Xu , Na Li , Yaoyu Feng; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):468-476. Published online June 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6037-4

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Abstract

Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters have become one of the most widespread of environmental problems and threaten water resources worldwide. Previous studies on cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu often collected samples from one site (like Meiliang Bay or Zhushan Bay) and focused on the variation in patterns or abundance of Microcystis during the blooming season. However, the distribution of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu shows differing pattern in various seasons. In this study, water samples were collected monthly for one year at five sites in Lake Taihu with different trophic status and a physicochemical analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were conducted. DGGE fingerprint analysis showed that Microcystis (7/35 bands) and Synechococcus (12/35 bands) were the two most dominant genera present during the study period at all five sites. Cyanobium (3/35 bands) was the third most common genus which has seldom been previously reported in Lake Taihu. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the cyanobacterial community structure was significantly correlated with NO3 --N, CODMn, and NH4 +-N in the winter and spring, whereas it was correlated with water temperature in the summer and autumn. Limiting the nutrient input (especially of N and C loading) in Lake Taihu would be a key factor in controlling the growth of different genera of cyanobacteria.

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The β-Lactamase Activity at the Community Level Confers β-Lactam Resistance to Bloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa Cells
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Zhenyan Zhang, Xiaoji Fan, W.J.G.M. Peijnenburg, Meng Zhang, Liwei Sun, Yujia Zhai, Qi Yu, Juan Wu, Tao Lu, Haifeng Qian
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Isolation of an algicide from a marine bacterium and its effects against the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and other harmful algal bloom species: Yun Sook Kim , Hong-Joo Son , Seong-Yun Jeong; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):511-517. Published online July 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5303-1

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria demonstrating an algicidal effect against Alexandrium catenella and to determine the activity and range of any algicide discovered. The morphological and biochemical attributes of an algicidal bacterium, isolate YS-3, and analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed it to be a member of the genus Brachybacterium. This organism, designated Brachybacterium sp. YS-3, showed the greatest effect against A. catenella cells of all bacteria isolated, and is assumed to produce secondary metabolites. When 10% solutions of culture filtrates from this strain were applied to A. catenella cultures, over 90% of cells were killed within 9 h. Bioassay-guided isolation of the algicide involved led to the purification and identification of an active compound. Based on physicochemical and spectroscopic data, including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass analyses, this compound was identified as 1-acetyl-β-carboline. This algicide showed significant activity against A. catenella and a wide range of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species. Taken together, our results suggest that Brachybacterium sp. YS-3 and its algicide represent promising candidates for use in HAB control.

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Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Algicidal Bacterium against the Harmful Raphidophyceae Chattonella marina: Yun Sook Kim , Dae-Sung Lee , Seong-Yun Jeong , Won Jae Lee , Myung-Suk Lee; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(1):9-18. Published online February 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0141-z

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Abstract: A bacterial strain named AB-4 showing algicidal activity against Chattonella marina was isolated from coastal water of Uljin, Republic of Korea. The isolated strain was identified as Bacillus sp. by culture morphology, biochemical reactions, and homology research based on 16S rDNA. The bacterial culture led to the lysis of algal cells, suggesting that the isolated strain produced a latent algal-lytic compound. Amongst changes in algicidal activity by different culture filtrate volumes, the 10% (100 ?/ml) concentration showed the biggest change in algicidal activity; there, estimated algicidal activity was 95%. The swimming movements of Chattonella marina cells were inhibited because of treatment of the bacterial culture; subsequently, Chattonella marina cells became swollen and rounded. With longer exposure time, algal cells were disrupted and cellular components lost their integrity and decomposed. The released algicide(s) were heat-tolerant and stable in pH variations, except pH 3, 4, and 5. Culture filtrate of Bacillus sp. AB-4 was toxic against harmful algae bloom (HAB) species and nontoxic against livefood organisms. Bacillus sp. AB-4 showed comparatively strong activity against Akashiwo sanguinea, Fibriocapsa japonica, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Scrippsiella trochoidea. These results suggest that the algicidal activity of Bacillus sp. AB-4 is potentially useful for controlling outbreaks of Chattonella marina.

Journal Article

Monitoring of Algicidal Bacterium, Alteromonas sp. Strain A14 in its Application to Natural Cochlodinium polykrikoides Blooming Seawater Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization: Bo-Kyung Lee , Toshiya Katano , Shin-Ichi Kitamura , Myung-Joo Oh , Myung-Soo Han; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):274-282. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0238-9

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Abstract: The red tide of dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides has frequently occurred in coastal waters, causing severe damage to fisheries. In the present study, the algicidal bacterium Alteromonas sp. A14 isolated from the southern coast of Korea was applied to a red tide of C. polykrikoides in a laboratory experiment. In the experiment, the abundance of the strain A14 was monitored using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Inoculation of the A14 at a final cell density of 9.0×105 cells/ml caused a significant decrease in C. polykrikoides abundance from 1,830 to 700 cells/ml during 2 days, while abundances of harmless diatoms rapidly increased from 3 days. Abundances of both A14 and other bacteria increased to 1 day. After 1 day, with flagellate abundance increased, bacterial abundance decreased. Finally, algicidal bacterial abundance decreased to 3.5×104 cells/ml. In the biological control of harmful algal blooms, in addition to decrease in target algal abundance and not occurrence of other harmful blooms, decrease in abundance of utilized organism is also important. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the inoculated bacterium when applying bacterium to natural seawater.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Alternative Alert System for Cyanobacterial Bloom, Using Phycocyanin as a Level Determinant: Chi-Yong Ahn , Seung-Hyun Joung , Sook-Kyoung Yoon , Hee-Mock Oh; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):98-104.; DOI: https://doi.org/2527 [pii]

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Abstract: Chlorophyll a concentration and cyanobacterial cell density are regularly employed as dual criteria for determinations of the alert level for cyanobacterial bloom. However, chlorophyll a is not confined only to the cyanobacteria, but is found universally in eukaryotic algae. Furthermore, the determination of cyanobacterial cell counts is notoriously difficult, and is unduly dependent on individual variation and trained skill. A cyanobacteria-specific parameter other than the cell count or chlorophyll a concentration is, accordingly, required in order to improve the present cyanobacterial bloom alert system. Phycocyanin has been shown to exhibit a strong correlation with a variety of bloom-related factors. This may allow for the current alert system criteria to be replaced by a three-stage alert system based on phycocyanin concentrations of 0.1, 30, and 700 μg/L. This would also be advantageous in that it would become far more simple to conduct measurements without the need for expensive equipment, thereby enabling the monitoring of entire lakes more precisely and frequently. Thus, an alert system with superior predictive ability based on highthroughput phycocyanin measurements appears feasible.

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