Journal of Microbiology

Review

[MINIREVIEW]Gain and loss of antibiotic resistant genes in multidrug resistant bacteria: One Health perspective: Misung Kim , Jaeeun Park , Mingyeong Kang , Jihye Yang , Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(6):535-545. Published online April 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1085-9

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The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a global health threat due to the increasing unnecessary use of antibiotics. Multidrug resistant bacteria occur mainly by accumulating resistance genes on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), made possible by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Humans and animal guts along with natural and engineered environments such as wastewater treatment plants and manured soils have proven to be the major reservoirs and hotspots of spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As those environments support the dissemination of MGEs through the complex interactions that take place at the human-animalenvironment interfaces, a growing One Health challenge is for multiple sectors to communicate and work together to prevent the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria. However, maintenance of ARGs in a bacterial chromosome and/or plasmids in the environments might place energy burdens on bacterial fitness in the absence of antibiotics, and those unnecessary ARGs could eventually be lost. This review highlights and summarizes the current investigations into the gain and loss of ARG genes in MDR bacteria among human-animal- environment interfaces. We also suggest alternative treatments such as combinatory therapies or sequential use of different classes of antibiotics/adjuvants, treatment with enzymeinhibitors, and phage therapy with antibiotics to solve the MDR problem from the perspective of One Health issues.

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Journal Article

Molecular characterization of SCO0765 as a cellotriose releasing endo-β-1,4-cellulase from Streptomyces coelicolor A(3): Joo-Bin Hong , Vijayalakshmi Dhakshnamoorthy , Chang-Ro Lee; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(9):626-631. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6271-9

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Abstract

The sco0765 gene was annotated as a glycosyl hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from the genomic sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and consisted of 2,241 bp encoding a polypeptide of 747 amino acids (molecular weight of 80.5 kDa) with a 29-amino acid signal peptide for secretion. The SCO0765 recombinant protein was heterogeneously overexpressed in Streptomyces lividans TK24 under the control of a strong ermE* promoter. The purified SCO0765 protein showed the expected molecular weight of the mature form (718 aa, 77.6 kDa) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis. SCO0765 showed high activity toward β-glucan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and negligible activity to Avicel, xylan, and xyloglucan. The SCO0765 cellulase had a maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 40°C toward CMC and at pH 9.0 and 50–60°C toward β-glucan. Thin layer chromatography of the hydrolyzed products of CMC and β-glucan by SCO0765 gave cellotriose as the major product and cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and longer oligosaccharides as the minor products. These results clearly demonstrate that SCO0765 is an endo-β-1,4-cellulase, hydrolyzing the β-1,4 glycosidic bond of cellulose into cellotriose.

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Cellulase Promotes Mycobacterial Biofilm Dispersal in Response to a Decrease in the Bacterial Metabolite Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Jiaqi Zhang, Yingying Liu, Junxing Hu, Guangxian Leng, Xining Liu, Zailin Cui, Wenzhen Wang, Yufang Ma, Shanshan Sha
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(2): 1051. CrossRef
Haloferax sulfurifontis GUMFAZ2 producing xylanase‐free cellulase retrieved from Haliclona sp. inhabiting rocky shore of Anjuna, Goa‐India
Alisha D. Malik, Irene J. Furtado
Journal of Basic Microbiology.2019; 59(7): 692. CrossRef
Biochemical characterization of a novel cold-adapted agarotetraose-producing α-agarase, AgaWS5, from Catenovulum sediminis WS1-A
Choong Hyun Lee, Chang-Ro Lee, Soon-Kwang Hong
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Trichoderma reesei Sch9 and Yak1 regulate vegetative growth, conidiation, and stress response and induced cellulase production: Xinxing Lv† , Weixin Zhang† , Guanjun Chen , Weifeng Liu; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):236-242. Published online January 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4639-x

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Abstract

Protein kinases are key players in controlling many basic cellular processes in almost all the organisms via mediating signal transduction processes. In the present study, we characterized the cellulolytic Trichoderma reesei orthologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sch9 and Yak1 by sequence alignment and functional analysis. The T. reesei Trsch9Δ and Tryak1Δ mutant strains displayed a decreased growth rate on different carbon sources and produced less conidia. The absence of these two kinases also resulted in different but abnormal polarized apical growth as well as sensitivity to various stresses. In addition, disruption of the genes Trsch9 or Tryak1 resulted in perturbation of cell wall integrity. Interestingly, while the induced production of cellulases was slightly compromised in the Trsch9Δ strain, the extracellular production of cellulases was significantly improved in the absence of Yak1. The results indicate that TrSch9 and TrYak1 play an important role in filamentous growth, stress response and induced production of cellulases in T. reesei.

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Transcriptomics and co-expression network analysis revealing candidate genes for the laccase activity of Trametes gibbosa
Jie Chen, Yi Ye, Yujie Chi, Xin Hao, Qingquan Zhao
BMC Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Kinase POGSK-3β modulates fungal plant polysaccharide-degrading enzyme production and development
Ting Zhang, Han-Zhi Li, Wen-Tong Li, Di Tian, Yuan-Ni Ning, Xue Liang, Jing Tan, Yan-Hao Zhao, Xue-Mei Luo, Jia-Xun Feng, Shuai Zhao
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023; 107(11): 3605. CrossRef
Assessing the intracellular primary metabolic profile of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger grown on different carbon sources
Gustavo Pagotto Borin, Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
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AGC/AKT Protein Kinase SCH9 Is Critical to Pathogenic Development and Overwintering Survival in Magnaporthe oryzae
Wajjiha Batool, Chang Liu, Xiaoning Fan, Penghui Zhang, Yan Hu, Yi Wei, Shi-Hong Zhang
Journal of Fungi.2022; 8(8): 810. CrossRef
High-dose rapamycin exerts a temporary impact on T. reesei RUT-C30 through gene trFKBP12
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Candida glabrata Yap6 Recruits Med2 To Alter Glycerophospholipid Composition and Develop Acid pH Stress Resistance
Pei Zhou, Xiaoke Yuan, Hui Liu, Yanli Qi, Xiulai Chen, Liming Liu, Isaac Cann
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Ruiting Guo, Zhiying Wang, Chang Zhou, Ying Huang, Haijuan Fan, Yucheng Wang, Zhihua Liu
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Broad Substrate-Specific Phosphorylation Events Are Associated With the Initial Stage of Plant Cell Wall Recognition in Neurospora crassa
Maria Augusta C. Horta, Nils Thieme, Yuqian Gao, Kristin E. Burnum-Johnson, Carrie D. Nicora, Marina A. Gritsenko, Mary S. Lipton, Karthikeyan Mohanraj, Leandro José de Assis, Liangcai Lin, Chaoguang Tian, Gerhard H. Braus, Katherine A. Borkovich, Monika
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The influence of feedstock characteristics on enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei: a review on productivity, gene regulation and secretion profiles
Vera Novy, Fredrik Nielsen, Bernhard Seiboth, Bernd Nidetzky
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STK-12 acts as a transcriptional brake to control the expression of cellulase-encoding genes in Neurospora crassa
Liangcai Lin, Shanshan Wang, Xiaolin Li, Qun He, J. Philipp Benz, Chaoguang Tian, Katherine A. Borkovich
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Qianqian Yang, Jianan Zhang, Jicheng Hu, Xue Wang, Binna Lv, Wenxing Liang
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Mingyu Wang, Meiling Zhang, Ling Li, Yanmei Dong, Yi Jiang, Kuimei Liu, Ruiqin Zhang, Baojie Jiang, Kangle Niu, Xu Fang
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A copper-responsive promoter replacement system to investigate gene functions in Trichoderma reesei: a case study in characterizing SAGA genes
Fanglin Zheng, Yanli Cao, Xinxing Lv, Lei Wang, Chunyan Li, Weixin Zhang, Guanjun Chen, Weifeng Liu
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Molecular Microbiology.2016; 102(4): 642. CrossRef

Enhanced Production of Carboxymethylcellulase by a Marine Bacterium, Bacillus velezensis A-68, by Using Rice Hulls in Pilot-scale Bioreactor under Optimized Conditions for Dissolved Oxygen: Wa Gao , Hye-Jin Kim , Chung-Han Chung , Jin-Woo Lee; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):755-761. Published online July 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4156-3

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Abstract

The optimal conditions for the production of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) by Bacillus velezensis A-68 at a flask scale have been previously reported. In this study, the parameters involved in dissolved oxygen in 7 and 100 L bioreactors were optimized for the pilot-scale production of CMCase. The optimal agitation speed and aeration rate for cell growth of B. velezensis A-68 were 323 rpm and 1.46 vvm in a 7 L bioreactor, whereas those for the production of CMCase were 380 rpm and 0.54 vvm, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) implied that the highly significant factor for cell growth was the aeration rate, whereas that for the production of CMCase was the agitation speed. The optimal inner pressures for cell growth and the production of CMCase by B. velezensis A-68 in a 100 L bioreactor were 0.00 and 0.04 MPa, respectively. The maximal production of CMCase in a 100 L bioreactor under optimized conditions using rice hulls was 108.1 U/ml, which was 1.8 times higher than that at a flask scale under previously optimized conditions.

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Environmental Research.2021; 200: 111455. CrossRef
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Five Bacillus Isolates Displaying Remarkable Carboxymethyl Cellulase Activities
Esraa Abd Elhameed, Alaa R. M. Sayed, Tharwat E. E. Radwan, Gamal Hassan
Current Microbiology.2020; 77(10): 3076. CrossRef
Enhanced Production of Carboxymethylcellulase by Recombinant Escherichia coli Strain from Rice Bran with Shifts in Optimal Conditions of Aeration Rate and Agitation Speed on a Pilot-Scale
Chung-Il Park, Jae-Hong Lee, Jianhong Li, Jin-Woo Lee
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Characteristics and Application of a Novel Species of Bacillus: Bacillus velezensis
Miao Ye, Xiangfang Tang, Ru Yang, Hongfu Zhang, Fangshu Li, Fangzheng Tao, Fei Li, Zaigui Wang
ACS Chemical Biology.2018; 13(3): 500. CrossRef
Comparison of optimal conditions for mass production of carboxymethylcellulase by Escherichia coli JM109/A-68 with other recombinants in pilot-scale bioreactor
Myung-Hwan Kim, Wa Gao, Chung-Han Chung, Jin-Woo Lee
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2017; 22(2): 142. CrossRef
Construction of a recombinant Escherichia coli JM109/A-68 for production of carboxymethylcellulase and comparison of its production with its wild type, Bacillus velezensis A-68 in a pilot-scale bioreactor
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Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2016; 21(5): 601. CrossRef

Identification of Petriella setifera LH and Characterization of Its Crude Carboxymethyl Cellulase for Application in Denim Biostoning: Xi-Hua Zhao , Wei Wang , Dong-Zhi Wei; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):82-87. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2370-z

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Abstract: The phylogenetic tree of the partial elongation factor-1 alpha gene fits better than the partial 18S rDNA for generic classification. From the results of the molecular tree and analysis of morphological characters, Petriella setifera LH was identified. It can be induced to produce carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). The crude CMCase only shows a 44.1-kDa band by activity staining after SDS-PAGE. It is optimally active at 55°C and pH 6.0, and is stable from pH 5.0–8.0 and at 45°C or below. The crude CMCase, which is not affected by Co2+, is strongly activated in the presence of 10 mM Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, EDTA, and Mn2+. It is strongly inhibited by 10 mM Fe2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ag+, Fe3+, and Cu2+. When compared with denim treatment by Novoprime A800 (a commercial neutral cellulase), crude CMCase exhibits a similar fabric weight loss and indigo dye removal. These results indicate that crude CMCase has potential application in denim biostoning.

Characterization of Cellulases of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Espeletia spp.: Luisa Cabezas , Carolina Calderon , Luis Miguel Medina , Isabela Bahamon , Martha Cardenas , Adriana Jimena Bernal , Andrés Gonzalez , Silvia Restrepo; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1009-1013. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2130-5

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Abstract: Endophytes are microorganisms that asymptomatically invade plant tissues. They can stimulate plant growth and/or provide defense against pathogen attacks through the production of secondary metabolites. Most endophyte species are still unknown, and because they may have several applications, the study of their metabolic capabilities is essential. We characterized 100 endophytes isolated from Espeletia spp., a genus unique to the paramo ecosystem, an extreme environment in the Andean mountain range. We evaluated the cellulolytic potential of these endophytes on the saccharification of the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). The total cellulolytic activity was measured for each endophyte on filter paper (FPA). In addition, the specific carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase activities were determined. We found four fungi positive for cellulases. Of these fungi, Penicillium glabrum had the highest cellulolytic activity after partial purification, with maximal CMCase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase enzyme activities of 44.5, 48.3, and 0.45 U/ml, respectively. Our data showed that the bioprospection of fungi and the characterization of their enzymes may facilitate the process of biofuel production.

Journal Article

Organic Acids Associated with Saccharification of Cellulosic Wastes During Solid-State Fermentation: Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar , Mohammed Saad El-Hersh; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):58-65. Published online March 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0288-x

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Abstract: Saccharification of five cellulosic wastes, i.e. rice husks, wheat bran, corn cobs, wheat straw and rice straw by three cellulytic fungi, i.e. Aspergillus glaucus MN1, Aspergillus oryzae MN2 and Penicillium purpurogenum MN3, during solid-state fermentation (SSF) was laboratory studied. Rice husks, wheat bran, and corn cobs were selected as inducers of glucose production in the tested fungi. An incubation interval of 10 days was optimal for glucose production. Maximal activities of the cellulases FP-ase, CMC-ase, and β-glucosidase were detected during SSF of rice husks by P. purpurogenum; however, α-amylase activity (7.2 U/g) was comparatively reduced. Meanwhile, the productivities of FP-ase, CMC-ase, and β-glucosidase were high during SSF of rice husks by A. glaucus; however, they decreased during SSF of corn cobs by P. purpurogenum. Addition of rock phosphate (RP) (75 mg P2O5) decreased the pH of SSF media. (NH4)2SO4 was found to be less inducer of cellulytic enzymes, during SSF of rice husks by A. glaucus or A. oryzae; it also induced phytase production and solubilization of RP. The organic acids associated with saccharification of the wastes studied have also been investigated. The highest concentration of levulinic acid was detected (46.15 mg/g) during SSF of corn cobs by P. purpurogenum. Likewise, oxalic acid concentration was 43.20 mg/g during SSF of rice husks by P. purpurogenum.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Screening and Characterization of a Cellulase Gene from the Gut Microflora of Abalone Using Metagenomic Library: Duwoon Kim , Se-Na Kim , Keun Sik Baik , Seong Chan Park , Chae Hong Lim , Jong-Oh Kim , Tai-Sun Shin , Myung-Joo Oh , Chi Nam Seong; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):141-145. Published online March 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0205-3

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Abstract: A metagenomic fosmid library was constructed using genomic DNA isolated from abalone intestine. Screening of a library of 3,840 clones revealed a 36 kb insert of a cellulase positive clone (pAM11E10). A shotgun clone library was constructed using the positive clone (pAM11E10) and further screening of 3,840 shotgun clones with an approximately 5 kb insert size using a Congo red overlay revealed only one cellulase positive clone (pAM11L9). The pAM11L9 consisted of a 5,293-bp DNA sequence and three open reading frames (ORFs). Among the three ORFs, cellulase activity was only shown in the recombinant protein (CelAM11) coded by ORF3, which showed 100% identity with outer membrane protein A from Vibrio alginolyticus 12G01, but no significant sequence homology to known cellulases. The expressed protein (CelAM11) has a molecular weight of approximately 37 kDa and the highest CMC hydrolysis activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 37°C. The carboxymethyl cellulase activity was determined by zymogram active staining and different degraded product profiles for CelAM11 were obtained when cellotetraose and cellopentaose were used as the substrates, while no substrate hydrolysis was observed on oligosaccharides such as cellobiose and cellotriose.

Molecular Cloning, Purification, and Characterization of a Novel, Acidic, pH-Stable Endoglucanase from Martelella mediterranea: Junli Dong , Yuzhi Hong , Zongze Shao , Ziduo Liu; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(3):393-398. Published online June 23, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-9361-0

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Abstract: A novel gene encoding an endoglucanase designated Cel5D was cloned from a marine bacterium Martelella mediterranea by genomic library. The gene had a 1,113 bp opening reading frame encoding a 371-amino-acid protein with a molecular mass of 40,508 Da and containing a putative signal peptide (41 amino acids). Cel5D had low similarity (48-51% identity) with other known endoglucanases and consisted of one single catalytic domain, which belonged to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5. The maximum activity of Cel5D was observed at 60°C and pH 5.0. Cel5D displayed broad pH stability within the range of pH 3.0-11.0 and retained hydrolytic activity in the presence of a wide variety of metal ions and some chemical reagents. These characteristics suggest that the enzyme has considerable potential in industrial applications.

Diversity of Endophytic Enterobacteria Associated with Different Host Plants: Adalgisa Ribeiro Torres , Welington Luiz Araujo , Luciana Cursino , Mariangela Hungria , Fabio Plotegher , Fabio Luis Mostasso , Joao Lucio Azevedo; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):373-379. Published online August 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0165-9

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Abstract: Fifty-three endophytic enterobacteria isolates from citrus, cocoa, eucalyptus, soybean, and sugar cane were evaluated for susceptibility to the antibiotics ampicillin and kanamycin, and cellulase production. Susceptibility was found on both tested antibiotics. However, in the case of ampicillin susceptibility changed according to the host plant, while all isolates were susceptible to kanamycin. Cellulase production also changed according to host plants. The diversity of these isolates was estimated by employing BOX-PCR genomic fingerprints and 16S rDNA sequencing. In total, twenty-three distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by employing a criterion of 60% fingerprint similarity as a surrogate for an OTU. The 23 OTUs belong to the Pantoea and Enterobacter genera, while their high diversity could be an indication of paraphyletic classification. Isolates representing nine different OTUs belong to Pantoea agglomerans, P. ananatis, P. stewartii, Enterobacter sp., and E. homaechei. The results of this study suggest that plant species may select endophytic bacterial genotypes. It has also become apparent that a review of the Pantoea/Enterobacter genera may be necessary.

Purification of carbosymethyl cellulase from hybrid between aspergillus niger and penicillium verruculosum: Yang, Young Ki , Lee, Jung Sup , Park, Hyung Nam , Moon, Myung Nim , Kim, Hong Sub , Kim, Jong Se , Lim, Chae Young , Rhee, Young Ha; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(1):90-94.

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Abstract: The carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) was purified from the induced culture filtrate of hybrid TAPW15703 between Aspergillus niger and penicillium verruculosum made by nuclear transfer. The enzyme was purified 80 fold with an overall yield 17% from the culture medium by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-75 gel permeation chromatography, and DEAE-ion exchange column chromatography. The molecular weight of the CMCase has estimated to be 32,000 daltons on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-150 gel permeation chromatography. The purified enzyme functions optimally at pH 4.0 and 40℃. The Km value for carbosymethyl cellulose was 68 mM. The enzyme activity was increased by the presence of Mg^2+ and Mn^2+.

Comparative Enzyme Production by Fungi from Diverse Lignocellulosic Substrates: Marie K. W. Sin , Kevin D. Hyde , Stephen B. Pointing; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):241-244.

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Abstract: Fungi commonly encountered on monocotyledonous substrates were evaluated for their in vitro ability to produce enzymes involved in lignocellulose breakdown. Most were capable of structural polysaccharide utilization, but few produced enzymes associated with lignin breakdown. None of the monocotyledon-inhabiting fungi produced reactions as strongly as wood decay fungi.

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