Several follow-up studies have found that COVID-19 (coronavirus
disease 2019) patients had persistent symptoms after
discharge. Gut microbiota play an important role in human
health and immune responses. Therefore, this study investigated
the gut microbiota of recovered COVID-19 patients
and the correlations between gut microbiota and persistent
symptoms after discharge. Stool samples were collected from
15 recovered healthcare workers (HCWs) with COVID-19
at three months after discharge, in addition, stool samples
were collected from 14 healthy controls (HCs) to perform 16S
rRNA gene sequencing between May and July 2020. Compared
with HCs, recovered HCWs had reduced bacterial diversity
at three months after discharge, with a significantly
higher relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens, and
a significantly lower relative abundance of beneficial bacteria.
In addition, Escherichia unclassified was positively correlated
with persistent symptoms at three months after discharge,
including fatigue (r = 0.567, p = 0.028), chest tightness after
activity (r = 0.687, p = 0.005), and myalgia (r = 0.523, p = 0.045).
Intestinibacter bartlettii was positively correlated with anorexia
(r = 0.629, p = 0.012) and fatigue (r = 0.545, p = 0.036).
However, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was negatively correlated
with chest tightness after activity (r = -0.591, p = 0.02),
and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens was negatively correlated
with cough (r = -0.635, p = 0.011). In conclusion, the gut
microbiota of recovered HCWs with COVID-19 at three months
after discharge was different from that of HCs, and altered
gut microbiota was correlated with persistent symptoms after
discharge, highlighting that gut microbiota may play an important
role in the recovery of patients with COVID-19.
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The gut microbiome provides ecological information about
host animals, but we still have limited knowledge of the gut
microbiome, particularly for animals inhabiting remote locations,
such as Antarctica. Here, we compared fecal microbiota
between southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
and Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli), that are top predatory
marine mammals in the Antarctic ecosystem, using 16S
rRNA amplicon sequencing and assessed the relationships
of the gut microbial communities to functional profiles using
gut metabolite analysis. The bacterial community did not
differ significantly by host species or sex at the phylum level,
but the distinction at the family level was obvious. The family
Ruminococcaceae (Firmicutes) was more abundant in southern
elephant seals than in Weddell seals, and the families
Acidaminococcaceae (Firmicutes) and Pasteurellaceae (Gammaproteobacteria)
were uniquely present in Weddell seals.
The fecal bacterial community structure was distinctively clustered
by host species, with only 6.7% of amplicon sequence
variants (ASVs) shared between host species. This result implies
that host phylogeny rather than other factors, such as
diet or age, could be the major driver of fecal microbiotic diversification.
Interestingly, there was no apparent sex effect
on bacterial community structure in Weddell seals, but the
effect of sex was pronounced in adult southern elephant seals
mainly due to the prevalence of Edwardsiella sp., suggesting
that extreme sexual dimorphism may modulate the gut microbiota
of southern elephant seals. Unlike the clear distinction
in the taxonomic composition of fecal bacterial communities,
there were no discernible differences in the profiles
of potential microbial functions and gut metabolites between
host species or sexes, indicating that functional redundancy
dominates the gut microbiota of seals surveyed in this study.
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During meiosis, crossing over allows for the exchange of genes
between homologous chromosomes, enabling their segregation
and leading to genetic variation in the resulting gametes.
Spo11, a topoisomerase-like protein expressed in eukaryotes,
and diverse accessory factors induce programmed doublestrand
breaks (DSBs) to initiate meiotic recombination during
the early phase of meiosis after DNA replication. DSBs
are further repaired via meiosis-specific homologous recombination.
Studies on budding yeast have provided insights
into meiosis and genetic recombination and have improved
our understanding of higher eukaryotic systems. Cohesin, a
chromosome-associated multiprotein complex, mediates sister
chromatid cohesion (SCC), and is conserved from yeast
to humans. Diverse cohesin subunits in budding yeast have
been identified in DNA metabolic pathways, such as DNA
replication, chromosome segregation, recombination, DNA
repair, and gene regulation. During cell cycle, SCC is established
by multiple cohesin subunits, which physically bind
sister chromatids together and modulate proteins that involve
in the capturing and separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin
components include at least four core subunits that establish
and maintain SCC: two structural maintenance chromosome
subunits (Smc1 and Smc3), an α-kleisin subunit (Mcd1/Scc1
during mitosis and Rec8 during meiosis), and Scc3/Irr1 (SA1
and SA2). In addition, the cohesin-associated factors Pds5
and Rad61 regulate structural modifications and cell cyclespecific
dynamics of chromatin to ensure accurate chromosome
segregation. In this review, we discuss SCC and the
recombination pathway, as well as the relationship between
the two processes in budding yeast, and we suggest a possible
conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome dynamics
from yeast to humans.
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