Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Agromyces laixinhei sp. nov. isolated from bat feces in China: Yanpeng Cheng , Yibo Bai , Yuyuan Huang , Jing Yang , Shan Lu , Dong Jin , Ji Pu , Han Zheng , Junqin Li , Ying Huang , Suping Wang , Jianguo Xu; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(5):467-475. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0546-5

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Three rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, and catalase-positive, phenotypically closely related isolates (HY052T, HY050, and HY045) were obtained from fecal samples collected from bats in Guangxi province and Chongqing city of China. Circular, smooth, light-yellow colonies appeared on brain heart infusion plate after 24–48 h incubation at 28°C. The optimal pH for growth was between 6.0 and 7.5. Based on 16S rRNA, the three isolates were phylogenetically related to Agromyces terreus DS-10T, Agromyces aureus AR33T, Agromyces salentinus 20-5T, Agromyces allii UMS-62T, Agromyces lapidis CD55T, and Agromyces italicus CD1T. Moreover, based on 296 core genes, the phylogenomic tree indicated that the three isolates clustered together, closest to Agromyces cerinus VKM Ac- 1340T and Agromyces fucosus VKM Ac-1345T but separated distantly from other Agromyces species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain HY052T and other Agromyces species ranged from 79.3% to 87.9%, lower than the 95–96% threshold. Furthermore, the genome of strain HY052T contains a circular chromosome of 3,437,203 bp with G + C content of 69.0 mol%. Main fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids. Rhamnose, ribose, and glucose were the primary cell wall sugars. The major peptidoglycan amino acids included alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. An additional remarkable difference from other Agromyces species is that MK-12 was the sole menaquinone in strain HY052T. Based on results from the polyphasic characterizations performed in this study, our isolates are proposed to be members of a novel species in genus Agromyces, named Agromyces laixinhei. The type strain is HY052T (= CGMCC 1.17175T = JCM 33695T).

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Agromyces archimandritae sp. nov., isolated from the cockroach Archimandrita tessellata
Juan Guzman, Maite Ortúzar, Anja Poehlein, Rolf Daniel, Martha E. Trujillo, Andreas Vilcinskas
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Threat of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Feces of Bats
Yuyuan Huang, Yamin Sun, Qianni Huang, Xianglian Lv, Ji Pu, Wentao Zhu, Shan Lu, Dong Jin, Liyun Liu, Zhengli Shi, Jing Yang, Jianguo Xu, Biao He
Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological and genomic characteristics of two novel halotolerant actinomycetes, Tomitella gaofuii sp. nov. and Tomitella fengzijianii sp. nov. isolated from bat faeces
Yuyuan Huang, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Xin-He Lai, Dong Jin, Juan Zhou, Sihui Zhang, Qianni Huang, Xianglian Lv, Wentao Zhu, Ji Pu, Ying Huang, Liyun Liu, Jianguo Xu
Systematic and Applied Microbiology.2022; 45(2): 126294. CrossRef
Phenotypic and genomic characteristics of Brevibacterium zhoupengii sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinomycete isolated from bat feces
Yuyuan Huang, Lingzhi Dong, Jian Gong, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Xin-He Lai, Dong Jin, Qianni Huang, Ji Pu, Liyun Liu, Jianguo Xu
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(10): 977. CrossRef

Repositioning of a mucolytic drug to a selective antibacterial against Vibrio cholerae: In-Young Chung† , Bi-o Kim† , Hye-Jeong Jang† , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):61-66. Published online January 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9590-9

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Abstract

Drug repositioning, the approach to explore existing drugs for use in new therapeutic indications, has emerged as an alternative drug development strategy. In this study, we found that a mucolytic drug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed antibacterial activity against Vibrio cholerae. NAC can provide acid stress that selectively inhibited the growth of V. cholerae among other bacterial pathogens. To address the antibacterial mechanism of NAC against V. cholerae, six acr (acetylcysteine- resistant) mutants were isolated from 3,118 random transposon insertion clones. The transposon insertion sites of the six mutants were mapped at the five genes. All these mutants did not display NAC resistance under acidic conditions, despite their resistance to NAC under alkaline conditions, indicating that the NAC resistance directed by the acr mutations was independent of the unusual pH-sensitivity of V. cholerae. Furthermore, all these mutants displayed attenuated virulence and reduced biofilm formation, suggesting that the acr genes are required for pathogenesis of V. cholerae. This study validates the relevance of drug repositioning for antibacterials with new modes of action and will provide an insight into a novel antibacterial therapy for V. cholerae infections to minimize side effects and resistance emergence.

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Identification of brevinin-1EMa-derived stapled peptides as broad-spectrum virus entry blockers
Mi Il Kim, Thanh K. Pham, Dahee Kim, Minkyung Park, Bi-o Kim, You-Hee Cho, Young-Woo Kim, Choongho Lee
Virology.2021; 561: 6. CrossRef

N-acetylcysteine prevents the development of gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori infection: Sungil Jang , Eun-Jung Bak , Jeong-Heon Cha; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):396-402. Published online April 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7089-9

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Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human gastric pathogen, causing various gastric diseases ranging from gastritis to gas-tric adenocarcinoma. It has been reported that combining N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with conventional antibiotic therapy increases the success rate of H. pylori eradication. We evalu-ated the effect of NAC itself on the growth and coloniza-tion of H. pylori, and development of gastritis, using in vitro liquid culture system and in vivo animal models. H. pylori growth was evaluated in broth culture containing NAC. The H. pylori load and histopathological scores of stomachs were measured in Mongolian gerbils infected with H. pylori strain 7.13, and fed with NAC-containing diet. In liquid culture, NAC inhibited H. pylori growth in a concentration-depen-dent manner. In the animal model, 3-day administration of NAC after 1 week from infection reduced the H. pylori load; 6-week administration of NAC after 1 week from infection prevented the development of gastritis and reduced H. pylori colonization. However, no reduction in the bacterial load or degree of gastritis was observed with a 6-week administ-ration of NAC following 6-week infection period. Our results indicate that NAC may exert a beneficial effect on reduction of bacterial colonization, and prevents the development of severe inflammation, in people with initial asymptomatic or mild H. pylori infection.

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Role of N-acetylcysteine and vitamin B complex in improving outcomes of corrosive ingestion
Heidi El-Sobky, Safaa Mostafa El-Shanawany, Maha Ghanem, Maram Atef
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Helicobacter pylori: Routes of Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Alternative Therapies as a Means to Develop Infection Control
Ayman Elbehiry, Adil Abalkhail, Nuha Anajirih, Fahad Alkhamisi, Mohammed Aldamegh, Abdullah Alramzi, Riyad AlShaqi, Naif Alotaibi, Abdullah Aljuaid, Hilal Alzahrani, Feras Alzaben, Mohammed Rawway, Mai Ibrahem, Moustafa H. Abdelsalam, Nermin I. Rizk, Moha
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Isotope tracing reveals bacterial catabolism of host-derived glutathione during Helicobacter pylori infection
Maia J. Baskerville, Yekaterina Kovalyova, Raquel Mejías-Luque, Markus Gerhard, Stavroula K. Hatzios, William Navarre
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Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric pathogenesis is attenuated by treatment of 2-deoxyglucose and metformin
Hanfu Su, Eun-Jung Bak, Aeryun Kim, Kavinda Tissera, Jeong-Heon Cha, Sungil Jang
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(8): 849. CrossRef
Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline, Administered Alone or with N-Acetylcysteine, in Chickens with Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection
Tsvetelina Petkova, Antoaneta Yordanova, Aneliya Milanova
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N-Acetylcysteine: A Review of Clinical Usefulness (an Old Drug with New Tricks)
Gerry K. Schwalfenberg, Tatiana Emanuelli
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Enhanced Eradication of Mucin‐Embedded Bacterial Biofilm by Locally Delivered Antibiotics in Functionalized Microcontainers
Stine Egebro Birk, Laura Serioli, Valentina Cavallo, Janus Anders Juul Haagensen, Søren Molin, Line Hagner Nielsen, Kinga Zór, Anja Boisen
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N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): Impacts on Human Health
Micaely Cristina dos Santos Tenório, Nayara Gomes Graciliano, Fabiana Andréa Moura, Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira, Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart
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N-acetylcysteine blocks SOS induction and mutagenesis produced by fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli
Ana I Rodríguez-Rosado, Estela Ynés Valencia, Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas, Coloma Costas, Rodrigo S Galhardo, Jerónimo Rodríguez-Beltrán, Jesús Blázquez
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Allantoin improves histopathological evaluations in a rat model of gastritis
M Eslami-farsani, A Moslehi, A Hatami-shahmir
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N‐Acetylcysteine Reduces ROS‐Mediated Oxidative DNA Damage and PI3K/Akt Pathway Activation Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection
Chuan Xie, Jian Yi, Jing Lu, Muwen Nie, Meifang Huang, Jianfang Rong, Zhenhua Zhu, Jiang Chen, Xiaoliang Zhou, Bimin Li, Haiming Chen, Nonghua Lu, Xu Shu, Rômulo D. Novaes
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Oral Immunization with a Multivalent Epitope-Based Vaccine, Based on NAP, Urease, HSP60, and HpaA, Provides Therapeutic Effect on H. pylori Infection in Mongolian gerbils
Le Guo, Hua Yang, Feng Tang, Runting Yin, Hongpeng Liu, Xiaojuan Gong, Jun Wei, Ying Zhang, Guangxian Xu, Kunmei Liu
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Antibacterial effects of N-acetylcysteine against endodontic pathogens: Ji-Hoi Moon , Young-Suk Choi , Hyeon-Woo Lee , Jung Sun Heo , Seok Woo Chang , Jin-Yong Lee; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):322-329. Published online April 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5534-9

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Abstract

The success of endodontic treatment depends on the eradication of microorganisms from the root canal system and the prevention of reinfection. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant mucolytic agent, as an intracanal medicament against selected endodontic pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NAC for Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis were determined using the broth microdilution method. NAC showed antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/ml. The effect of NAC on biofilm formation of each bacterium and a multispecies culture consisting of the four bacterial species was assessed by crystal violet staining. NAC significantly inhibited biofilm formation by all the monospecies and multispecies bacteria at minimum concentrations of 0.78–3.13 mg/ml. The efficacy of NAC for biofilm disruption was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and ATP-bioluminescence quantification using mature multispecies biofilms. Preformed mature multispecies biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks were disrupted within 10 min by treatment with NAC at concentrations of 25 mg/ml or higher. After 24 h of treatment, the viability of mature biofilms was reduced by > 99% compared with the control. Moreover, the biofilm disrupting activity of NAC was significantly higher than that of saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, we conclude that NAC has excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against endodontic pathogens and may be used as an alternative intracanal medicament in root canal therapies.

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Dimethyl sulfoxide reduction by a hyperhermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 via a cysteine-cystine redox shuttle: Ae Ran Choi , Min-Sik Kim , Sung Gyun Kang , Hyun Sook Lee; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(1):31-38. Published online January 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5574-1

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Abstract

A variety of microbes grow by respiration with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an electron acceptor, and several distinct DMSO respiratory systems, consisting of electron carriers and a terminal DMSO reductase, have been characterized. The heterotrophic growth of a hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 was enhanced by the addition of DMSO, but the archaeon was not capable of reducing DMSO to DMS directly using a DMSO reductase. Instead, the archaeon reduced DMSO via a cysteine-cystine redox shuttle through a mechanism whereby cystine is microbially reduced to cysteine, which is then reoxidized by DMSO reduction. A thioredoxin reductase-protein disulfide oxidoreductase redox couple was identified to have intracellular cystine-reducing activity, permitting recycle of cysteine. This study presents the first example of DMSO reduction via an electron shuttle. Several Thermococcales species also exhibited enhanced growth coupled with DMSO reduction, probably by disposing of excess reducing power rather than conserving energy.

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Heavy Metal-Resistant Biohybrid System Boosts Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium for Agronomic Sustainability
Jialin Chi, Shiyin Wu, Liping Fang, Kai Liu, Shaochen Huang, Wenjun Zhang, Fangbai Li
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Phenotypic and genomic characterization of Bathyarchaeum tardum gen. nov., sp. nov., a cultivated representative of the archaeal class Bathyarchaeia
Maria A. Khomyakova, Alexander Y. Merkel, Dana D. Mamiy, Alexandra A. Klyukina, Alexander I. Slobodkin
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Direct Electron Transfer between the frhAGB -Encoded Hydrogenase and Thioredoxin Reductase in the Nonmethanogenic Archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1
Hae-Chang Jung, Jae Kyu Lim, Tae-Jun Yang, Sung Gyun Kang, Hyun Sook Lee, Haruyuki Atomi
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A peroxiredoxin of Thermus thermophilus HB27: Biochemical characterization of a new player in the antioxidant defence
Gabriella Fiorentino, Patrizia Contursi, Giovanni Gallo, Simonetta Bartolucci, Danila Limauro
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2020; 153: 608. CrossRef
A Reexamination of Thioredoxin Reductase from Thermoplasma acidophilum, a Thermoacidophilic Euryarchaeon, Identifies It as an NADH-Dependent Enzyme
Dwi Susanti, Usha Loganathan, Austin Compton, Biswarup Mukhopadhyay
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Redox regulation of SurR by protein disulfide oxidoreductase in Thermococcus onnurineus NA1
Jae Kyu Lim, Hae-Chang Jung, Sung Gyun Kang, Hyun Sook Lee
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Exploring membrane respiratory chains
Bruno C. Marreiros, Filipa Calisto, Paulo J. Castro, Afonso M. Duarte, Filipa V. Sena, Andreia F. Silva, Filipe M. Sousa, Miguel Teixeira, Patrícia N. Refojo, Manuela M. Pereira
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics.2016; 1857(8): 1039. CrossRef

In vitro effects of N-acetyl cysteine alone and in combination with antibiotics on Prevotella intermedia: Ji-Hoi Moon , Eun-Young Jang , Kyu Sang Shim , Jin-Yong Lee; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(5):321-329. Published online May 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4500-2

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Abstract

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory activities in tissues. In the field of dentistry, NAC was demonstrated to prevent the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in phagocytic cells and gingival fibroblasts during the inflammatory process, but the effect of NAC on oral pathogens has been rarely studied. Here, we examined the effect of NAC against planktonic and biofilm cells of Prevotella intermedia, a major oral pathogen. NAC showed antibacterial activity against the planktonic P. intermedia with MIC value of 3 mg/ml and significantly decreased biofilm formation by the bacterium even at sub MIC. NAC did not affect the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic P. intermedia, showing indifference (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5?) results against the bacterium in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline or metronidazole. On the other hand, viability of the pre-established bacterial biofilm exposed to the antibiotics except metronidazole was increased in the presence of NAC. Collectively, NAC may be used for prevention of the biofilm formation by P. intermedia rather than eradication of the pre-established bacterial biofilm. Further studies are required to explore antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of NAC against mixed population of oral bacteria and its modulatory effect on antibiotics used for oral infectious diseases.

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Production of Cephalosporin C Using Crude Glycerol in Fed-Batch Culture of Acremonium chrysogenum M35: Hyun Yong Shin , Jin Young Lee , Han Suk Choi , Ja Hyun Lee , Seung Wook Kim; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):753-758. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1155-5

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Abstract: In this study, cephalosporin C production by Acremonium chrysogenum M35 cultured with crude glycerol instead of rice oil and methionine was investigated. The addition of crude glycerol increased cephalosporin C production by 6-fold in shake-flask culture, and also the amount of cysteine. In fed-batch culture without methionine, crude glycerol resulted only in overall improvement in cephalosporin C production (about 700%). In addition, A. chrysogenum M35 became highly differentiated in fed-batch culture with crude glycerol, compared with the differentiation in batch culture. The results presented here suggest that crude glycerol can replace methionine and plant oil as cysteine and carbon sources during cephalosporin C production by A. chrysogenum M35.

Cloning and Expression of the Cathepsin F-like Cysteine Protease Gene in Escherichia coli and Its Characterization: Han Seung Joo , Kwang Bon Koo , Kyung In Park , Song Hwan Bae , Jong Won Yun , Chung Soon Chang , Jang Won Choi; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):158-167.; DOI: https://doi.org/2518 [pii]

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Abstract: In this study, we have cloned a novel cDNA encoding for a papain-family cysteine protease from the Uni-ZAP XR cDNA library of the polychaete, Periserrula leucophryna. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli using the T7 promoter system, and the protease was characterized after partial purification. First, the partial DNA fragment (498 bp) was amplified from the total RNA via RT-PCR using degenerated primers derived from the conserved region of cysteine protease. The full-length cDNA of cysteine protease (PLCP) was prepared via the screening of the Uni-ZAP XR cDNA library using the 32P-labeled partial DNA fragment. As a result, the PLCP gene was determined to consist of a 2591 bp nucleotide sequence (CDS: 173-1024 bp) which encodes for a 283-amino acid polypeptide, which is itself composed of an 59-residue signal sequence, a 6-residue propeptide, a 218-residue mature protein, and a long 3''-noncoding region encompassing 1564 bp. The predicted molecular weights of the preproprotein and the mature protein were calculated as 31.8 kDa and 25 kDa, respectively. The results of sequence analysis and alignment revealed a significant degree of sequence similarity with other eukaryotic cysteine proteases, including the conserved catalytic triad of the Cys90, His226, and Asn250 residues which characterize the C1 family of papain-like cysteine protease. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the novel gene were deposited into the GenBank database under the accession numbers, AY390282 and AAR27011, respectively. The results of Northern blot analysis revealed the 2.5 kb size of the transcript and ubiquitous expression throughout the entirety of the body, head, gut, and skin, which suggested that the PLCP may be grouped within the cathepsin F-like proteases. The region encoding for the mature form of the protease was then subcloned into the pT7-7 expression vector following PCR amplification using the designed primers, including the initiation and termination codons. The recombinant cysteine proteases were generated in a range of 6.3% to 12.5% of the total cell proteins in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain for 8 transformants. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis indicated that a cysteine protease of approximately 25 kDa (mature form) was generated. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were determined to be approximately 9.5 and 35°C, respectively, thereby indicating that the cysteine protease is a member of the alkaline protease group. The evaluation of substrate specificity indicated that the purified protease was more active towards Arg-X or Lys-X and did not efficiently cleave the substrates with non-polar amino acids at the P1 site. The PLCP evidenced fibrinolytic activity on the plasminogen-free fibrin plate test.

Transcriptional Regulation of the Gene Encoding g-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase from the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Su-Jung Kim , Hong-Gyum Kim , Byung-Chul Kim , Kyunghoon Kim , Eun-Hee Park , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(3):233-238.; DOI: https://doi.org/2083 [pii]

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Abstract: Transcriptional regulation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) gene was examined using the two GCS-lacZ fusion plasmids pUGCS101 and pUGCS102, which harbor 607 bp and 447 bp upstream regions, respectively. The negatively-acting sequence was located in the -607 ~ -447 bp upstream region of the GCS gene. The upstream sequence responsible for induction by menadione (MD) and L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO) resides in the -607 ~ -447 bp region, whereas the sequence which codes for nitric oxide induction is located within the -447 bp region, measured from the translational initiation point. Carbon source-dependent regulation of the GCS gene appeared to be dependent on the nucleotide sequence within -447 bp region. The transcription factor Pap1 is involved in the induction of the GCS gene by MD and BSO, but not by nitric oxide. Induction of the GCS gene occurring due to low glucose concentration does not depend on the presence of Pap1. These data imply that induction by MD and BSO may be mediated by the Pap1 binding site, probably located in the -607 ~ -447 region, and also that the nitric oxide-mediated regulation of the S. pombe GCS gene may share a similar mechanism with its carbon-dependent induction.

Optimal Fermentation Conditions for Enhanced Glutathione Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8: Jae-Young Cha , Jin-Chul Park , Beong-Sam Jeon , Young-Choon Lee , Young-Su Cho; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(1):51-55.; DOI: https://doi.org/2000 [pii]

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Abstract: The influence of feedstock amino acids, salt, carbon and nitrogen sources on glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 was investigated. Glucose, yeast extract, KH_2PO_4, and L-cysteine were found to be suitable feedstock. Highest glutathione production was obtained after cultivation with shaking for 72 h in a medium containing glucose 3.0% (w/v), yeast extract 3.0%, KH_2PO_4 0.06% and L-cysteine 0.06%. The glutathione concentration achieved using this medium increased 2.27-fold to 204 mg/l compared to YM basal medium.

Purification and charactedrization of cysteine desulfhydrase from streptomyces albidoflavus SMF301: Ryu, Jae Gon , Kang, Sung Gyun , Kim, In Seop , Rho, Young Taik , Lee, Sang Hee , Lee, Kye Joon; J. Microbiol. 1997;35(2):97-102.

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Abstract: Cysteine desulfhydrase (EC 4, 4, 1. 1. ) was purified from the culture supernatant of Streptomyces albidoflavus SMF301 by hydroxyapatite, gel filtration and Resource Q ion-exchange chromatography with a purification fold of six identical subunits. The enzyme was stabilized by dithiothreitol and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate during the purification procedures. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 8.6 and 35℃, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was identified as A-P-L-P-T-A-D-V-R-S-D-P-G-Y-E-W-L-G-E-A-V. The purified cystein desulfhydrase had a high substrate specificity toward cysteine, and exhibited no cystahionine λ-lyase activity. The K_m value for cysteine was determined to be 0.37 mM.

Glutathione Content and the Activities of GlutathioneSynthesizing Enzymes in Fission Yeast are Modulated by Oxidative Stress: Yuk-Young Lee , Su-Jung Kim , Eun-Hee Park , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(3):248-251.

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Abstract: Glutathione (GSH) is an important factor in determining tolerance against oxidative stress in living organisms. It is synthesized in two sequential reactions catalyzed by [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS) in the presence of ATP. In this work, the effects of three different oxidative stresses were examined on GSH content and GSH-related enzyme activities in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. GSH content in S. pombe was significantly enhanced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide, [beta]-naphthoflavone (BNF) and tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ). Simultaneously, they greatly induced GCS and GS activity. However, they did not have any effects on glutathione reductase activity. These results suggest that GCS and GS activities in S. pombe are upregulated by oxidative stress.

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