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Diagnosis and molecular characteristics of human infections caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in South Korea
Seung Hun Lee , Sungdo Park , Yeong Seon Lee , Hae Kyung Lee , Seon Do Hwang
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(11):847-853.   Published online October 24, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8385-8
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  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick borne infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. HGA cases in South Korea have been identified since the first report in 2014. In this study, we investigated the serological response in 594 clinical samples of patients with acute febrile illness and molecular characteristics of A. phagocytophilum clinical isolates obtained from HGA patients. In serological test for A. phagocytophilum, 7.91% (47/594 cases) were positive for IgG and Ig M and 13 of 47 cases showed seroconversion. In the detection rate of the 16S rRNA, msp2(p44), and ankA, genes were showed 3.68% (14/380 cases) for A. phagocytophilum- specific 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of three clinical isolates demonstrated high sequence similarity (98.58– 100%) with A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA sequences identified from public databases. Analysis of the msp2(p44) gene showed highly variable similarity rates (7.24–98.85%) even within isolated countries and host ranges. These results provide clues into the bacterial characterization of A. phagocytophilum originating from Korean patients, providing useful guidance for treatment and improving clinical outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis—A systematic review and analysis of the literature
    Sophie Schudel, Larissa Gygax, Christian Kositz, Esther Kuenzli, Andreas Neumayr, Ana LTO Nascimento
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(8): e0012313.     CrossRef
  • Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants in an area of Cerrado Biome in northeastern Brazil
    Ellainy Maria Conceição Silva, Ingrid Carolinne Lopes Marques, Victória Valente Califre de Mello, Renan Bressianini do Amaral, Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves, Maria do Socorro Costa Oliveira Braga, Larissa Sarmento dos Santos Ribeiro, Rosangela Zacarias Machado,
    Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2024; 15(1): 102254.     CrossRef
  • Global status of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in human population: A 50-year (1970–2020) meta-analysis
    Solomon Ngutor Karshima, Musa Isiyaku Ahmed, Kaltume Mamman Mohammed, Victoria Adamu Pam
    Journal of Vector Borne Diseases.2023; 60(3): 265.     CrossRef
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in a Single University Hospital in the Republic of Korea
    Da Young Kim, Jun-Won Seo, Na Ra Yun, Choon-Mee Kim, Dong-Min Kim
    Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development of a duplex PCR assay for detecting Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats
    Yaqun Yan, Yanyan Cui, Shanshan Zhao, Jichun Jing, Ke Shi, Fuchun Jian, Longxian Zhang, Rongjun Wang, Kunlun Wang, Yongchun Zhou, Changshen Ning
    Experimental and Applied Acarology.2021; 85(2-4): 319.     CrossRef
  • The Novel Zoonotic Pathogen, Anaplasma capra, Infects Human Erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1 Cells In Vitro
    Yongshuai Peng, Chenyang Lu, Yaqun Yan, Jinxing Song, Zhiyang Pei, Pihong Gong, Rongjun Wang, Longxian Zhang, Fuchun Jian, Changshen Ning
    Pathogens.2021; 10(5): 600.     CrossRef
  • Parasitic and Vector-Borne Infections in HIV-Positive Patients in Slovakia—Evidence of an Unexpectedly High Occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum
    Katarína Šimeková, Ľubomír Soják, Bronislava Víchová, Lenka Balogová, Júlia Jarošová, Daniela Antolová
    Pathogens.2021; 10(12): 1557.     CrossRef
  • Are other tick-borne infections overlooked in patients investigated for Lyme neuroborreliosis? A large retrospective study from South-eastern Sweden
    Paula Gyllemark, Peter Wilhelmsson, Camilla Elm, Dieuwertje Hoornstra, Joppe W. Hovius, Marcus Johansson, Ivar Tjernberg, Per-Eric Lindgren, Anna J. Henningsson, Johanna Sjöwall
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  • A Multiplex PCR Detection Assay for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Anaplasma Species in Field Blood Samples
    Yongshuai Peng, Shanshan Zhao, Kunlun Wang, Jinxing Song, Yaqun Yan, Yongchun Zhou, Ke Shi, Fuchun Jian, Rongjun Wang, Longxian Zhang, Changshen Ning
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Kinmen, an offshore island of Taiwan
    Kun-Hsien Tsai, Lo-Hsuan Chung, Chia-Hao Chien, Yu-Jung Tung, Hsin-Yi Wei, Tsai-Ying Yen, Pei-Yun Shu, Hsi-Chieh Wang, José Reck
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(9): e0007728.     CrossRef
  • Co-Infection of Scrub Typhus and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in Korea, 2006
    Jeong-Han Kim, Chang-Seop Lee, Chisook Moon, Yee Gyung Kwak, Baek-Nam Kim, Eu Suk Kim, Jae Myung Kang, Wan Beom Park, Myoung-don Oh, Sang-Won Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
Reviews
MINIREVIEW] Importance of differential identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for understanding differences in their prevalence, treatment efficacy, and vaccine development
Hansong Chae , Sung Jae Shin
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(5):300-311.   Published online May 2, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8041-3
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  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a serious global health problem in the 21st century because of its high mortality. Mtb is an extremely successful human-adapted pathogen that displays a multifactorial ability to control the host immune response and to evade killing by drugs, resulting in the breakdown of BCG vaccine-conferred anti-TB immunity and development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. Although genetic components of the genomes of the Mtb complex strains are highly conserved, showing over 99% similarity to other bacterial genera, recently accumulated evidence suggests that the genetic diversity of the Mtb complex strains has implications for treatment outcomes, development of MDR/XDR Mtb, BCG vaccine efficacy, transmissibility, and epidemiological outbreaks. Thus, new insights into the pathophysiological features of the Mtb complex strains are required for development of novel vaccines and for control of MDR/XDR Mtb infection, eventually leading to refinement of treatment regimens and the health care system. Many studies have focused on the differential identification of Mtb complex strains belonging to different lineages because of differences in their virulence and geographical dominance. In this review, we discuss the impact of differing genetic characteristics among Mtb complex strains on vaccine efficacy, treatment outcome, development of MDR/ XDR Mtb strains, and epidemiological outbreaks by focusing on the best-adapted human Mtb lineages. We further explore the rationale for differential identification of Mtb strains for more effective control of TB in clinical and laboratory settings by scrutinizing current diagnostic methods.

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  • Assistance of next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin disease with X-SCID in an infant: a case report and literature review
    Haiyang Zhang, Yi Liao, Zhensheng Zhu, Hanmin Liu, Deyuan Li, Sisi Wang
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Applications and advances in molecular diagnostics: revolutionizing non-tuberculous mycobacteria species and subspecies identification
    Haiyang Zhang, Maoting Tang, Deyuan Li, Min Xu, Yusen Ao, Liangkang Lin
    Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Distinct contributions of the innate immune receptors TLR2 and RP105 to formation and architecture of structured lung granulomas in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    Meg L. Donovan, Helle Bielefeldt‐Ohmann, Rachel F. Rollo, Stephen J. McPherson, Thomas E. Schultz, Giorgia Mori, Jessica C. Kling, Antje Blumenthal
    Immunology.2023; 169(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Host vs. pathogen evolutionary arms race: Effects of exposure history on individual response to a genetically diverse pathogen
    Daniel P. Walsh, Brandi L. Felts, E. Frances Cassirer, Thomas E. Besser, Jonathan A. Jenks
    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Antimycobacterial Activity of Hedeoma drummondii against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
    Carmen Molina-Torres, Carlos Pedraza-Rodríguez, Lucio Vera-Cabrera, Jorge Ocampo-Candiani, Catalina Rivas-Morales, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez
    Antibiotics.2023; 12(5): 833.     CrossRef
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 associated with cavitations and treatment failure
    Anabel Ordaz-Vázquez, Pedro Torres-González, Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes, Sergio Canizales-Quintero, Guadalupe Delgado-Sánchez, Lourdes García-García, Alfredo Ponce-De-León, José Sifuentes-Osornio, Miriam Bobadilla-Del-Valle
    BMC Infectious Diseases.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Will we ever eradicate animal tuberculosis?
    Christian Gortázar, José de la Fuente, Alberto Perelló, Lucas Domínguez
    Irish Veterinary Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Predominance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain amongst children from a high tuberculosis burden township in South Africa
    Junaid Shaik, Manormoney Pillay, Julie Moodley, Prakash Jeena
    Tuberculosis.2022; 136: 102250.     CrossRef
  • Dysglycemia is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in tuberculosis patients of North Lima—Peru
    Kattya Lopez, María B. Arriaga, Juan G. Aliaga, Nadia N. Barreda, Oswaldo M. Sanabria, Chuan-Chin Huang, Zibiao Zhang, Ruth García-de-la-Guarda, Leonid Lecca, Anna Cristina Calçada Carvalho, Afrânio L. Kritski, Roger I. Calderon, Igor Mokrousov
    PLOS ONE.2021; 16(1): e0243184.     CrossRef
  • In vitro Synergism of Six Antituberculosis Agents Against Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolated from Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients
    Ruoyan Ying, Xiaochen Huang, Yaxian Gao, Jie Wang, Yidian Liu, Wei Sha, Hua Yang
    Infection and Drug Resistance.2021; Volume 14: 3729.     CrossRef
  • Characterisation of secretome-based immune responses of human leukocytes infected with variousMycobacterium tuberculosislineages
    Benjawan Kaewseekhao, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Marut Laohaviroj, Kanin Salao, Kiatichai Faksri
    PeerJ.2021; 9: e11565.     CrossRef
  • Different PPD-stimulated cytokine responses from patients infected with genetically distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages
    Paulo Ranaivomanana, Marie Sylvianne Rabodoarivelo, Mame Diarra Bousso Ndiaye, Niaina Rakotosamimanana, Voahangy Rasolofo
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 104: 725.     CrossRef
  • A review of published spoligotype data indicates the diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from India is under-represented in global databases
    Husain Poonawala, Narender Kumar, Sharon J. Peacock
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 78: 104072.     CrossRef
  • Comparing IS6110‐RFLP, PGRS‐RFLP and IS6110‐Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR methods for genotyping ofMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates
    Kh. Ansarin, L. Sahebi, Y. Aftabi, M. Khalili, M. Seyyedi
    Journal of Applied Microbiology.2020; 129(4): 1062.     CrossRef
  • Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolated from Iranian Patients Using Highly Abundant Polymorphic GC-Rich-Repetitive Sequence
    Bahram Golestani Eimani, Khalil Ansarin, Leila Sahebi, Maryam Seyyedi
    Iranian South Medical Journal.2020; 23(2): 87.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of the Three Molecular Diagnostic Assays for Molecular Identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosisand Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species in Sputum Samples
    Jinyoung Bae, Sung-Bae Park, Ji-Hoi Kim, Mi Ran Kang, Kyung Eun Lee, Sunghyun Kim, Hyunwoo Jin
    Biomedical Science Letters.2020; 26(3): 170.     CrossRef
  • Immunogenicity and Vaccine Potential of InsB, an ESAT-6-Like Antigen Identified in the Highly Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing K Strain
    Woo Sik Kim, Hongmin Kim, Kee Woong Kwon, Sang-Nae Cho, Sung Jae Shin
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from a high-burden tuberculosis state in Brazil
    R. S. Salvato, S. Schiefelbein, R. B. Barcellos, B. M. Praetzel, I. S. Anusca, L. S. Esteves, M. L. Halon, G. Unis, C.F. Dias, S. S. Miranda, I. N. de Almeida, L. J. de Assis Figueredo, E. C. Silva, A. L. Kritski, E. R. Dalla Costa, M. L. R. Rossetti
    Epidemiology and Infection.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Kai Ling Chin, Maria E. Sarmiento, Mohd Nor Norazmi, Armando Acosta
    Tuberculosis.2018; 113: 139.     CrossRef
REVIEW] The role of laboratory diagnostics in emerging viral infections: the example of the Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemic
Jasper F. W. Chan , Siddharth Sridhar , Cyril C. Y. Yip , Susanna K. P. Lau , Patrick C. Y. Woo
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(3):172-182.   Published online February 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7026-y
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  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Rapidly emerging infectious disease outbreaks place a great strain on laboratories to develop and implement sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for patient management and infection control in a timely manner. Furthermore, laboratories also play a role in real-time zoonotic, environmental, and epidemiological investigations to identify the ultimate source of the epidemic, facilitating measures to eventually control the outbreak. Each assay modality has unique pros and cons; therefore, incorporation of a battery of tests using traditional culture-based, molecular and serological diagnostics into diagnostic algorithms is often required. As such, laboratories face challenges in assay development, test evaluation, and subsequent quality assurance. In this review, we describe the different testing modalities available for the ongoing Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic including cell culture, nucleic acid amplification, antigen detection, and antibody detection assays. Applications of such tests in both acute clinical and epidemiological investigation settings are highlighted. Using the MERS epidemic as an example, we illustrate the various challenges faced by laboratories in test development and implementation in the setting of a rapidly emerging infectious disease. Future directions in the diagnosis of MERS and other emerging infectious disease investigations are also highlighted.

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    Lorna E. Thorpe, Sarah Conderino, Stefanie Bendik, Carolyn Berry, Nadia Islam, Rachel Massar, Michelle Chau, Rita Larson, Margaret M. Paul, Chuan Hong, Andrew Fair, Andrea R. Titus, Anna Bershteyn, Andrew Wallach
    Journal of Urban Health.2024; 101(5): 913.     CrossRef
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    Anwar M. Hashem, Sawsan S. Al-amri, Tagreed L. Al-subhi, Loai A. Siddiq, Ahmed M. Hassan, Maha M. Alawi, Rowa Y. Alhabbab, Salwa I. Hindawi, Osama B. Mohammed, Nabil S. Amor, Abdulaziz N. Alagaili, Ahmed A. Mirza, Esam I. Azhar
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  • The structure of the C-terminal domain of the nucleoprotein from the Bundibugyo strain of the Ebola virus in complex with a pan-specific synthetic Fab
    Malwina J. Radwańska, Mateusz Jaskółowski, Elena Davydova, Urszula Derewenda, Tsuyoshi Miyake, Daniel A. Engel, Anthony A. Kossiakoff, Zygmunt S. Derewenda
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Performance of PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay for detection of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium leprae
Hye-young Wang , Hyunjung Kim , Yeun Kim , Hyeeun Bang , Jong-Pill Kim , Joo Hwan Hwang , Sang-Nae Cho , Tae Ue Kim , Hyeyoung Lee
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(10):686-693.   Published online October 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5057-9
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AbstractAbstract
Drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae is a significant problem in countries where leprosy is endemic. A sensitive, specific, and high-throughput reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) for the detection of genotypic resistance to rifampicin (RIF) was designed and evaluated. It has been shown that resistance to RIF in M. leprae involves mutations in the rpoB gene encoding the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase. The PCR-REBA simultaneously detects both 6 wild-type regions and 5 different mutations (507AGC, 513GTG, 516TAT, 531ATG, and 531TTC) including the most prevalent mutations at positions 507 and 531. Thirty-one clinical isolates provided by Korea Institute of Hansen’s Disease were analyzed by PCR-REBA with RIF resistance of rpoB gene. As a
result
, missense mutations at codons 507 AGC and 531ATG with 2-nucleotide substitutions were found in one sample, and a missense mutation at codon 516 TAT and ΔWT6 (deletion of 530-534) was found in another sample. These cases were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. This rapid, simple, and highly sensitive assay provides a practical alternative to sequencing for genotypic evaluation of RIF resistance in M. leprae.

Citations

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  • Prediction of Y haplogroup by polymerase chain reaction-reverse blot hybridization assay
    Sehee Oh, Jungho Kim, Sunyoung Park, Seoyong Kim, Kyungmyung Lee, Yang-Han Lee, Si-Keun Lim, Hyeyoung Lee
    Genes & Genomics.2019; 41(3): 297.     CrossRef
Performance of a real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of Mycobacterium species
Hye-young Wang , Hyunjung Kim , Sunghyun Kim , Do-kyoon Kim , Sang-Nae Cho , Hyeyoung Lee
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(1):38-46.   Published online January 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4495-8
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  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Mycobacteria cause a variety of illnesses that differ in severity and public health implications. The differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is of primary importance for infection control and choice of antimicrobial therapy. The diagnosis of diseases caused by NTM is difficult because NTM species are prevalent in the environment and because they have fastidious properties. In the present study, we evaluated 279 clinical isolates grown in liquid culture provided by The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital using real-time PCR based on mycobacterial rpoB gene sequences. The positive rate of real-time PCR assay accurately discriminated 100% (195/195) and 100% (84/84) between MTB and NTM species. Comparison of isolates identified using the MolecuTech REBA Myco-ID? and Real Myco-ID? were completely concordant except for two samples. Two cases that were identified as mixed infection (M. intracellulare-M. massiliense and M. avium-M. massiliense co-infection) by PCRREBA assay were only detected using M. abscessus-specific probes by Real Myco-ID?. Among a total of 84 cases, the most frequently identified NTM species were M. intracellulare (n=38, 45.2%), M. avium (n=18, 23.7%), M. massiliense (n=10, 13.2%), M. fortuitum (n=5, 6%), M. abscessus (n=3, 3.9%), M. gordonae (n=3, 3.9%), M. kansasii (n=2, 2.4%), M. mucogenicum (n=2, 2.4%), and M. chelonae (n= 1, 1.2%). Real Myco-ID? is an efficient tool for the rapid detection of NTM species as well as MTB and sensitive and specific and comparable to conventional methods.

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    DEEPAK SAWANT, LOKHANDE CD, SHARMA RK, CHOUGULE RA
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Characterization of a Novel Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis K Strain and Its Use in Immunodiagnosis of Tuberculosis
Paul J. Park , Ah Reum Kim , Yangkyo P. Salch , Taeksun Song , Sung Jae Shin , Seung Jung Han , Sang-Nae Cho
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(10):871-878.   Published online August 27, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4235-5
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AbstractAbstract
*For correspondence. (S.J. Han) E-mail: hansjung@yuhs.ac / (S.N. Cho) E-mail: raycho@yuhs.ac Paul J. Park, Ah Reum Kim, Yangkyo P. Salch, Taeksun Song, Sung Jae Shin, Seung Jung Han*, and Sang-Nae Cho* Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for the Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea (Received Apr 16, 2014 / Revised Jul 14, 2014 / Accepted Jul 16, 2014) Journal of Microbiology (2014) Vol. 52, No. 10, pp. 871–878 Copyright 􎨰􀁇2014, The Microbiological Society of Korea DOI 10.1007/s12275-014-4235-5 Characterization of a Novel Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis K strain and Its Use in Immunodiagnosis of Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens would be of great value in developing immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB), but regional differences in molecular types of the organism may result in antigenic variation, which in turn affects the outcome of the tests. For example, the Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis are prevalent in East Asia, and in particular, the K strain and related strains of the Beijing family, are most frequently isolated during school outbreaks of TB in South Korea. From comparison of genome sequences between M. tuberculosis K strain and the H37Rv strain, a non-Beijing type, we identified a K strain-specific gene, InsB, which has substantial homology with the ESAT-6-like proteins. This study was, therefore, initiated to characterize the InsB protein for its immunogenicity in mice and to confirm its expression in TB patients by detecting antibodies to the protein. The InsB gene was cloned from M. tuberculosis K strain and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant InsB protein was used for immunization of mice. All mice showed strong antibody responses to the InsB protein, and splenocytes stimulated with InsB showed strong IFN-γ and IL-17 responses and a weak IL-2 response, all of which have been implicated in disease expression and used for the immunodiagnosis of TB. Serum samples from TB patients also showed significant antibody responses to the InsB protein as compared to healthy control samples. These results indicate that the InsB protein is an M. tuberculosis K-strain-specific antigen that could further improve the current immunodiagnostic
methods
, especially for the South Korean population.

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    BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gradient association between pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus among households with a tuberculosis case: a contact tracing-based study
    Shengqiong Guo, Shiguang Lei, Jinlan Li, Ling Li, Huijuan Chen, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong
    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic Potential of a PPE Protein Derived fromMycobacterium tuberculosisBeijing/K Strain
    Ahreum Kim, Kwang Joo Park, Young Sun Kim, Sang-Nae Cho, Hazel M Dockrell, Yun-Gyoung Hur
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Development and Evaluation of Multiplex Real-time RT-PCR Assays for Seasonal, Pandemic A/H1pdm09 and Avian A/H5 Influenza Viruses Detection
Jang-Hoon Choi , Mi-Seon Kim , Joo-Yeon Lee , Nam-Joo Lee , Donghyok Kwon , Min Gu Kang , Chun Kang
J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):252-257.   Published online April 27, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2452-y
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AbstractAbstract
Since the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 ((H1N1)pdm09) virus spread all over the world, the (H1N1)pdm09 virus has been circulating with seasonal influenza viruses. We developed rapid and sensitive one-step multiplex real-time RTPCR assays (rRT-PCR) for simultaneous detection of influenza viruses currently circulating in humans, and the avian A/H5 virus. The detection limit of each assay was 4.8 to 1 copies per reaction and no cross-reactivity with other major respiratory pathogens was found. Analytical positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) sensitivity and specificity were 100%, 94.1%, 93.7% and 100%, respectively. Clinical evaluation revealed that 1,976 (16.5%) of 11,963 throat swabs from patients with respiratory symptoms were confirmed as 1,651 (83.6%) A/H1pdm09, 308 (15.6%) A/H3 and 17 (0.8%) B virus during the 2010-2011 influenza season. Collectively, the multiplex rRT-PCR assays described here provide a practical tool for reliable implementation of influenza surveillance and diagnosis.
PCR-Based Detection of Mycoplasma Species
Hyeran Sung , Seung Hye Kang , Yoon jin Bae , Jin Tae Hong , Youn Bok Chung , Chong-Kil Lee , Sukgil Song
J. Microbiol. 2006;44(1):42-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/2338 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract
In this study, we describe our newly-developed sensitive two-stage PCR procedure for the detection of 13 common mycoplasmal contaminants (M. arthritidis, M. bovis, M. fermentans, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. hyorhinis, M. neurolyticum, M. orale, M. pirum, M. pneumoniae, M. pulmonis, M. salivarium, U. urealyticum). For primary amplification, the DNA regions encompassing the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of 13 species were targeted using general mycoplasma primers. The primary PCR products were then subjected to secondary nested PCR, using two different primer pair sets, designed via the multiple alignment of nucleotide sequences obtained from the 13 mycoplasmal species. The nested PCR, which generated DNA fragments of 165-353 bp, was found to be able to detect 1-2 copies of the target DNA, and evidenced no cross-reactivity with the genomic DNA of related microorganisms or of human cell lines, thereby confirming the sensitivity and specificity of the primers used. The identification of contaminated species was achieved via the performance of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) coupled with Sau3AI digestion. The results obtained in this study furnish evidence suggesting that the employed assay system constitutes an effective tool for the disagnosis of mycoplasmal contamination in cell culture systems.
Review
Shigellosis
Swapan Kumar Niyogi
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(2):133-143.
DOI: https://doi.org/2172 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract
Shigellosis is a global human health problem. Four species of Shigella i.e. S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei are able to cause the disease. These species are subdivided into serotypes on the basis of O-specific polysaccharide of the LPS. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces severe disease and may be associated with life-threatening complications. The symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhoea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stools, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. Shigella spp. cause dysentery by invading the colonic mucosa. Shigella bacteria multiply within colonic epithelial cells, cause cell death and spread laterally to infect and kill adjacent epithelial cells, causing mucosal ulceration, inflammation and bleeding. Transmission usually occurs via contaminated food and water or through person-to-person contact. Laboratory diagnosis is made by culturing the stool samples using selective/differential agar media. Shigella spp. are highly fragile organism and considerable care must be exercised in collecting faecal specimens, transporting them to the laboratories and in using appropriate media for isolation. Antimicrobial agents are the mainstay of therapy of all cases of shigellosis. Due to the global emergence of drug resistance, the choice of antimicrobial agents for treating shigellosis is limited. Although single dose of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective, they are currently less effective against S. dysenteriae type 1 infection. Newer quinolones, cephalosporin derivatives, and azithromycin are the drug of choice. However, fluoroquinolone-resistant S. dysenteriae type 1 infection have been reported. Currently, no vaccines against Shigella infection exist. Both live and subunit parenteral vaccine candidates are under development. Because immunity to Shigella is serotype-specific, the priority is to develop vaccine against S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a. Shigella species are important pathogens responsible for diarrhoeal diseases and dysentery occurring all over the world. The morbidity and mortality due to shigellosis are especially high among children in developing countries. A recent review of literature (Kotloff et al.,1999) concluded that, of the estimated 165 million cases of Shigella diarrhoea that occur annually, 99% occur in developing countries, and in developing countries 69% of episodes occur in children under five years of age. Moreover, of the ca.1.1 million deaths attributed to Shigella infections in developing countries, 60% of deaths occur in the under-five age group. Travellers from developed to developing regions and soldiers serving under field conditions are also at an increased risk to develop shigellosis.
Journal Article
Performance of the Immunoglobulin G Avidity and Enzyme Immunoassay IgG/IgM Screening Tests for Differentiation of the Clinical Spectrum of Toxoplasmosis
Mehmet Tanyuksel , Cakir Guney , Engin Araz , M.Ali Saracli , Levent Doganci
J. Microbiol. 2004;42(3):211-215.
DOI: https://doi.org/2087 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract
Toxoplasmosis has been well known as an important human infection to consider especially in pregnant women. Although many serologic methods are available, the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis can be extremely difficult. The presence of increased levels of Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies indicates an infection, but it does not differentiate between a recent and past infection. The purpose of our study was to compare the performance of the ELISA T. gondii IgG/IgM test, a widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to the ELISA IgG avidity method. One hundred and four serum samples (from 38 males and 66 females) were tested and evaluated from symptomatic patients (chorioretinitis, lymphadenopathy), and from women in their first trimester of pregnancy who were suspected of having toxoplasmosis. The high IgG avidity and ELISA IgG antibody levels were in agreement for 51 of the specimens (49.0%). Thirty-eight discrepant (borderline) results from the IgG avidity method were positive for IgM (3 specimens) and IgG (37 specimens). Interestingly, out of the eight serum samples that were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies, two samples were low IgG avidity, and three samples were borderline. There was no statistically significant relation observed between the results of the IgG avidity method and the ELISA IgG test, and the IgG avidity method and ELISA IgM test (c^2=1.987; p=0.370 and c^2=2.152; p=0.341, respectively). The IgG avidity method was considered easy to perform and an acceptable approach for the differentiation of discrepant results (recent/chronic) and for the current detection of T. gondii antibodies. We concluded that the determination of IgG avidity is a helpful tool for the diagnosis of the ocular form of toxoplasmosis and it is a safe method for screening this disease in the first trimester of pregnancy.
The Value of Submitting Multiple Sputum Specimens for Accurate Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Ozgul Kisa , Ali Albay , Orhan Baylan , Levent Doganci
J. Microbiol. 2002;40(4):301-304.
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AbstractAbstract
Is a multiple number of sputum specimens necessary for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis? To answer this question, 6844 respiratory specimens obtained from previously untreated patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis between 1998 and 2001 were evaluated retrospectively. All of the specimens were evaluated by acid fast bacilli smear and BACTEC 460 TB culture system. A total of 785 (11%) specimens from 353 patients were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. For 76% (270/353) of these patients the organism was detected from sputum specimens collected sequentially for daily basis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in the first, second and third samples of the majority (98%, 195/199) of patients who had three or more sputum samples sent to the laboratory. Our results indicate that, we could carry out Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation in the first, second and third sputum samples of the overwhelming majority of the patients and the diagnostic value of four or more sputum specimens submitted to the laboratory was very low (2%). We recommend that, for definitive and cost-effective diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis at least three sequential sputum specimens be collected for all patients suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis
Arjuna N.B. Ellepola , Christine J. Morrison
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(1):65-84.
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AbstractAbstract
Invasive candidiasis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical diagnosis is complicated by a lack of specific clinical signs and symptoms of disease. Laboratory diagnosis is also complex because circulating antibodies to Candida species may occur in normal individuals as the result of commensal colonization of mucosal surfaces thereby reducing the usefulness of antibody detection for the diagnosis of this disease. In addition, Candida species antigens are often rapidly cleared from the circulation so that antigen detection tests often lack the desired level of sensitivity. Microbiological confirmation is difficult because blood cultures can be negative in up to 50% of autopsy-proven cases of deep-seated candidiasis or may only become positive late in the infection. Positive cultures from urine or mucosal surfaces do not necessarily indicate invasive disease although can occur during systemic infection. Furthermore, differences in the virulence and in the susceptibility of the various Candida species to antifungal drugs make identification to the species level important for clinical management. Newer molecular biological tests have generated interest but are not yet standardized or readily available in most clinical laboratory settings nor have they been validated in large clinical trials. Laboratory surveillance of at-risk patients could result in earlier initiation of antifungal therapy if sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, which are also cost effective, become available. This review will compare diagnostic tests currently in use as well as those under development by describing their assets and limitations for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. <br><br><br>

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