Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are widely distributed and improve plant growth. DSEs secrete large amounts of enzymes
to mineralize insoluble phosphorus in soil and convert it into soluble phosphorus, promoting plant uptake of phosphorus.
However, the effects of DSEs with phosphate-solubilizing ability on host plants need further study. In this study, phosphorusdissolving
DSEs were screened for growth-promoting effects. We isolated, identified and characterized three DSE species
(Thozetella neonivea, Pezicula ericae and Hyaloscyphaceae sp.) showing phosphate-solubilizing ability. The impact of single,
dual or triple inoculation of DSEs on blueberry plant characteristics was studied. Their effects on colonization intensity,
seedling biomass, nutrients in plants and soil, and activities of plant resistance enzymes and soil enzymes were markedly
upregulated relative to the control (P < 0.05). The available phosphorus and acid phosphatase levels in different combinations
were significantly increased. These findings indicate that the application of the three DSEs may be valuable in facilitating
the cultivation of blueberry with a higher biomass and improved plant quality.
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Aspergillus nidulans, a homothalic ascomycete, has a complete sexual reproductive cycle as well as an asexual one. Both sexual and asexual development are known to be genetically programmed, but are also strongly affected by environmental factors including nutrients, light, temperature and osmolarity. We have examined these factors to define favored conditions for fruiting body (cleistothecium) formation. In general, fruiting body formation was enhanced where carbon and nitrogen sources were sufficient. Limitation of C-source caused predominant asexual development while inhibiting sexual development. When higher concentrations of glucose were supplied, more cleistothecia were formed. Other carbon sources including lactose, galactose and glycerol made the fungus develop cleistothecia very well, whereas acetate caused asexual sporulation only. Organic nitrogen sources like casein hydrolysate and glycine, and an increase in nitrate or ammonium concentration also enhanced sexual development. In addition to nutrient effects, low levels of aerobic respiration, caused either by platesealing or treatment with various chemicals, favored sexual development. Carbon limitation, light exposure and a high concentration of salts promoted asexual development preferentially, suggesting that stress conditions may drive the cell to develop asexual sporulation while comfortable and wellnourished growth conditions favored sexual development.