Journal of Microbiology

Review

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections: Woosung Shim, Anjae Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):419-427. Published online June 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00144-x

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of diverse origin and content, are membranous structures secreted by a broad range of cell types. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the pivotal role of EVs in mediating intercellular communication, facilitated by their ability to transport a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and metabolites. A striking feature of EVs is their ability to exert dual effects during viral infections, involving both proviral and antiviral effects. This review explores the dual roles of EVs, particularly in the context of pandemic viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, EVs can enhance viral replication and exacerbate pathogenesis by transferring viral components to susceptible cells. On the other hand, they have intrinsic antiviral properties, including activation of immune responses and direct inhibition of viral infection. By exploring these contrasting functions, our review emphasizes the complexity of EV-mediated interactions in viral pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. The insights obtained from investigating EVs in the context of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 provide a deeper understanding of viral mechanisms and pathologies, and offer a new perspective on managing and mitigating the impact of these global health challenges.

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Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(12): 2506. CrossRef

Journal Articles

A Method for Physical Analysis of Recombination Intermediates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Kiwon Rhee , Hyungseok Choi , Keun P. Kim , Jeong H. Joo; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):939-951. Published online December 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00094-w

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Abstract: Meiosis is a process through which diploid cells divide into haploid cells, thus promoting genetic diversity. This diversity arises from the formation of genetic crossovers (COs) that repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), through homologous recombination (HR). Deficiencies in HR can lead to chromosomal abnormality resulting from chromosomal nondisjunction, and genetic disorders. Therefore, investigating the mechanisms underlying effective HR is crucial for reducing genome instability. Budding yeast serves as an ideal model for studying HR mechanisms due to its amenability to gene modifications and the ease of inducing synchronized meiosis to yield four spores. During meiosis, at the DNA level, programmed DSBs are repaired as COs or non-crossovers (NCOs) through structural alterations in the nascent D-loop, involving single-end invasions (SEIs) and double-Holliday junctions (dHJs). This repair occurs using homologous templates rather than sister templates. This protocol, using Southern blotting, allows for the analysis and monitoring of changes in DNA structures in the recombination process. One-dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis is employed to detect DSBs, COs, and NCOs, while twodimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is utilized to identify joint molecules (JMs). Therefore, physical analysis is considered the most effective method for investigating the HR mechanism. Our protocol provides more comprehensive information than previous reports by introducing conditions for obtaining a greater number of cells from synchronized yeast and a method that can analyze not only meiotic/mitotic recombination but also mitotic replication.

Phenotypic characterization of a conserved inner membrane protein YhcB in Escherichia coli: Chul Gi Sung , Umji Choi , Chang-Ro Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(7):598-605. Published online April 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0078-4

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Abstract

Although bacteria have diverse membrane proteins, the function of many of them remains unknown or uncertain even in Escherichia coli. In this study, to investigate the function of hypothetical membrane proteins, genome-wide analysis of phenotypes of hypothetical membrane proteins was performed under various envelope stresses. Several genes responsible for adaptation to envelope stresses were identified. Among them, deletion of YhcB, a conserved inner membrane protein of unknown function, caused high sensitivities to various envelope stresses and increased membrane permeability, and caused growth defect under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, yhcB deletion resulted in morphological aberration, such as branched shape, and cell division defects, such as filamentous growth and the generation of chromosome- less cells. The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the yhcB mutant was highly susceptible to various anti-folate antibiotics. Notably, all phenotypes of the yhcB mutant were completely or significantly restored by YhcB without the transmembrane domain, indicating that the localization of YhcB on the inner membrane is dispensable for its function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that YhcB is involved in cell morphology and cell division in a membrane localization-independent manner.

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Co-ordinated assembly of the multilayered cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
Elayne M Fivenson, Laurent Dubois, Thomas G Bernhardt
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 79: 102479. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in overactive fatty acid biosynthesis
Hannah M. Stanley, M. Stephen Trent, K. Heran Darwin
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Factor LapD Is Required for the Regulation of LpxC Amounts and Lipopolysaccharide Trafficking
Alicja Wieczorek, Anna Sendobra, Akshey Maniyeri, Magdalena Sugalska, Gracjana Klein, Satish Raina
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 9706. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in dysregulation of coordinated peptidoglycan, LPS and phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth
Emily C. A. Goodall, Georgia L. Isom, Jessica L. Rooke, Karthik Pullela, Christopher Icke, Zihao Yang, Gabriela Boelter, Alun Jones, Isabel Warner, Rochelle Da Costa, Bing Zhang, James Rae, Wee Boon Tan, Matthias Winkle, Antoine Delhaye, Eva Heinz, Jean-F
PLOS Genetics.2021; 17(12): e1009586. CrossRef
The inner membrane protein LapB is required for adaptation to cold stress in an LpxC-independent manner
Han Byeol Lee, Si Hyoung Park, Chang-Ro Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(7): 666. CrossRef

Published Erratum

[Erratum] A split face study on the effect of an anti-acne product containing fermentation products of Enterococcus faecalis CBT SL-5 on skin microbiome modification and acne improvement: Hye Sung Han , Sun Hye Shin , Bo-Yun Choi , Nayeon Koo , Sanghyun Lim , Dooheon Son , Myung Jun Chung , Kui Young Park , Woo Jun Sul; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):766-766.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1682-2

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Skin Microbiome and Acne: Microbial Imbalances and Impact – Interview with Three Key Opinion Leaders
Brigitte Scott
EMJ Dermatology.2024; : 83. CrossRef

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