Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Description of Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov., and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the endangered and near-threatened birds: So-Yeon Lee , Hojun Sung , Pil Soo Kim , Hyun Sik Kim , Jae-Yun Lee , June-Young Lee , Yun-Seok Jeong , Euon Jung Tak , Jeong Eun Han , Dong-Wook Hyun , Jin-Woo Bae; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):978-987. Published online September 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1323-1

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Phenotypic and genomic analyses were performed to characterize two novel species, H23M54T and AMA3305T, isolated from the faeces of the Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), respectively. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T showed the highest similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences and complete genome sequences with Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.1% of average nucleotide identity, ANI) and O. pekingense DSM 21552T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.3% of ANI), respectively. Both strains were Gram-stain-positive, obligate aerobes, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and coccoid- and rodshaped. Strain H23M54T grew optimally at 25–30°C and pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1.5–2% (wt/vol) NaCl, while strain AMA3305T grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1–3% (wt/vol) NaCl. Both strains had iso-C15:0, iso- C16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10- methyl) as major cellular fatty acids. MK-8 (H4) was identified as the primary respiratory quinone in both strains. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T possessed diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Moreover, strains H23M54T and AMA3305T commonly contained ribose and glucose as major sugars and L-ornithine, L-alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid as major amino acids. The polyphasic taxonomic data indicate that strains H23M54T and AMA3305T represent novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. We propose the names Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov. and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov. for strains H23M54T (= KCTC 49151T = JCM 33221T) and AMA3305T (= KCTC 49180T = JCM 32873T), respectively.

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Molecular insight and antimicrobial potential of Actinomycetota isolated from Tanzania’s seagrass sediments
Lucy Dalusi Mbusi, Sylvester Leonard Lyantagaye, Thomas Jacob Lyimo
Biologia.2024; 80(1): 163. CrossRef
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Paula A. Ossa-López, Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves, María Elena Álvarez López, Gabriel Jaime Castaño Villa, Fredy A. Rivera-Páez
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2024; 24: 100943. CrossRef
Morphological and genomic characteristics of two novel actinomycetes, Ornithinimicrobium sufpigmenti sp. nov. and Ornithinimicrobium faecis sp. nov. isolated from bat faeces (Rousettus leschenaultia and Taphozous perforates)
Yuyuan Huang, Suping Zhang, Yuanmeihui Tao, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Dong Jin, Ji Pu, Wenbo Luo, Han Zheng, Liyun Liu, Jia-fu Jiang, Jianguo Xu
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Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(4): 379. CrossRef
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Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Lysobacter ciconiae sp. nov., and Lysobacter avium sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork
So-Yeon Lee, Pil Soo Kim, Hojun Sung, Dong-Wook Hyun, Jin-Woo Bae
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(5): 469. CrossRef

Propionate, together with triple antibiotics, inhibits the growth of Enterococci: Soyoung Jeong , Yunjae Lee , Cheol-Heui Yun , Ok-Jin Park , Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(11):1019-1024. Published online October 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9434-7

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Abstract

Enterococci are Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria that colonize the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Enterococcal infections, mainly caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, include apical periodontitis, endocarditis, and bloodstream infections. Recently, vancomycinresistant Enterococci are considered major pathogens that are common but difficult to treat, especially in nosocomial settings. Moreover, E. faecalis is closely associated with recurrent endodontic infections and failed endodontic treatment. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are metabolites fermented by gut microbiota, on the growth of Enterococci. Enterococci were cultured in the presence or absence of acetate, propionate, or butyrate, and the optical density at 600 nm was measured to determine bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration test was conducted. Bacteria were treated with a SCFA, together with clinically used endodontic treatment methods such as triple antibiotics (metronidazole, minocycline, and ciprofloxacin) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) to determine the effects of combination treatment. Of the SCFAs, propionate had a bacteriostatic effect, inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis in a dose-dependent manner and also that of clinical strains of E. faecalis isolated from dental plaques. Meanwhile, acetate and butyrate had minimal effects on E. faecalis growth. Moreover, propionate inhibited the growth of other Enterococci including E. faecium. In addition, combination treatment of propionate and triple antibiotics led to further growth inhibition, whereas no cooperative effect was observed at propionate plus CHX. These results indicate that propionate attenuates the growth of Enterococci, suggesting propionate as a potential agent to control Enterococcal infections, especially when combined with triple antibiotics.

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Serotype-Dependent Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae Growth by Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Suwon Lim, Dongwook Lee, Sungho Jeong, Jeong Woo Park, Jintaek Im, Bokeum Choi, Donghyun Gwak, Cheol-Heui Yun, Ho Seong Seo, Seung Hyun Han
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(1): 47. CrossRef
Microbiota signatures associated with invasive Candida albicans infection in the gastrointestinal tract of immunodeficient mice
Jia-Ying Yan, Tsung-Han Lin, Yu-Tang Jong, Jun-Wei Hsueh, Sze-Hsien Wu, Hsiu-Jung Lo, Yee-Chun Chen, Chien-Hsiung Pan
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diet-induced changes in the jejunal microbiota of developing broilers reduce the abundance of Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus faecium
Paul B. Stege, Dirkjan Schokker, Frank Harders, Soumya K. Kar, Norbert Stockhofe, Vera Perricone, Johanna M. J. Rebel, Ingrid C. de Jong, Alex Bossers
BMC Genomics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics
Yahan Wei, Dennise Palacios Araya, Kelli L. Palmer
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2024; 22(11): 705. CrossRef
Mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus against enteric bacterial infections
Jiajia Zhu, Yunsheng Chen, Kálmán Imre, Damla Arslan-Acaroz, Fatih Ramazan Istanbullugil, Yuwen Fang, Gaspar Ros, Kui Zhu, Ulas Acaroz
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Fangfang Yue, Jiaxin Xu, Sitan Zhang, Xinyu Hu, Xin Wang, Xin Lü
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2022; 209: 825. CrossRef
Dual role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on host and pathogen
Rasoul Mirzaei, Elahe Dehkhodaie, Behnaz Bouzari, Mandana Rahimi, Abolfazl Gholestani, Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard, Hossein Keyvani, Ali Teimoori, Sajad Karampoor
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RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition by propionate
Jintaek Im, Dongwook Lee, Ok-Jin Park, Sathishkumar Natarajan, Junhyung Park, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Propionate Attenuates Growth of Oral Streptococci through Enhancing Methionine Biosynthesis
Taehwan Park, Jintaek Im, A Reum Kim, Dongwook Lee, Sungho Jeong, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2022; 32(10): 1234. CrossRef
Bacterial-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: Mechanisms for the Treatment of Hypertension via the Gut
Tyler Alexander Cookson
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids as a Potential Treatment for Infections: a Closer Look at the Lungs
Marina Gomes Machado, Valentin Sencio, François Trottein, Andreas J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes
Valentin Sencio, Marina Gomes Machado, François Trottein
Mucosal Immunology.2021; 14(2): 296. CrossRef
Enhanced biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii with lipoprotein deficiency
Ok‐Jin Park, Solmin Jung, Taehwan Park, A Reum Kim, Dongwook Lee, Hyun Jung Ji, Ho Seong Seo, Cheol‐Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han
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Cultivable butyrate-producing bacteria of elderly Japanese diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease: Thi Thuy Tien Nguyen , Yuta Fujimura , Iyo Mimura , Yusuke Fujii , Ngoc Luong Nguyen , Kensuke Arakawa , Hidetoshi Morita; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(10):760-771. Published online August 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8297-7

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Abstract

The group of butyrate-producing bacteria within the human gut microbiome may be associated with positive effects on memory improvement, according to previous studies on dementia- associated diseases. Here, fecal samples of four elderly Japanese diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were used to isolate butyrate-producing bacteria. 226 isolates were randomly picked, their 16S rRNA genes were sequenced, and assigned into sixty OTUs (operational taxonomic units) based on BLASTn results. Four isolates with less than 97% homology to known sequences were considered as unique OTUs of potentially butyrate-producing bacteria. In addition, 12 potential butyrate-producing isolates were selected from the remaining 56 OTUs based on scan-searching against the PubMed and the ScienceDirect databases. Those belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes and to the clostridial clusters I, IV, XI, XV, XIVa within the phylum Firmicutes. 15 out of the 16 isolates were indeed able to produce butyrate in culture as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Furthermore, encoding genes for butyrate formation in these bacteria were identified by sequencing of degenerately primed PCR products and included the genes for butyrate kinase (buk), butyryl-CoA: acetate CoAtransferase (but), CoA-transferase-related, and propionate CoA-transferase. The results showed that eight isolates possessed buk, while five isolates possessed but. The CoA-transfer- related gene was identified as butyryl-CoA:4-hydroxybutyrate CoA transferase (4-hbt) in four strains. No strains contained the propionate CoA-transferase gene. The biochemical and butyrate-producing pathways analyses of butyrate producers presented in this study may help to characterize the butyrate-producing bacterial community in the gut of AD patients.

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Polysaccharides from Trametes versicolor as a Potential Prebiotic to Improve the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Mice
Ming Bai, Zhenfeng Huang, Xiaoya Zheng, Mingyong Hou, Song Zhang
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Novel primers to identify a wider diversity of butyrate-producing bacteria
Xianbin Meng, Qinglong Shu
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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David Mateo, Montse Marquès, José L. Domingo, Margarita Torrente
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Emily Connell, Gwenaelle Le Gall, Matthew G. Pontifex, Saber Sami, John F. Cryan, Gerard Clarke, Michael Müller, David Vauzour
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Andrea Ticinesi, Leonardo Mancabelli, Luca Carnevali, Antonio Nouvenne, Tiziana Meschi, Daniele Del Rio, Marco Ventura, Andrea Sgoifo, Donato Angelino
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Halle J. Kincaid, Ravinder Nagpal, Hariom Yadav
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Core gut microbiota in Jinhua pigs and its correlation with strain, farm and weaning age: Hua Yang , Yingping Xiao , Junjun Wang , Yun Xiang , Yujie Gong , Xueting Wen , Defa Li; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(5):346-355. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7486-8

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Abstract

Gut microbial diversity and the core microbiota of the Jinhua pig, which is a traditional, slow-growing Chinese breed with a high body-fat content, were examined from a total of 105 fecal samples collected from 6 groups of pigs at 3 weaning ages that originated from 2 strains and were raised on 3 different pig farms. The bacterial community was analyzed following high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and the fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by gas chromatograph. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, SMB53, and Bifidobacterium were the most abundant genera. Fifteen predominant genera present in every Jinhua pig sample constituted a phylogenetic core microbiota and included the probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and the SCFAproducing bacteria Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus. Comparisons of the microbiota compositions and SCFA concentrations across the 6 groups of pigs demonstrated that genetic background and weaning age affected the structure of the gut microbiota more significantly than the farm. The relative abundance of the core genera in the pigs, including Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus varied dramatically in pigs among the 2 origins and 3 weaning ages, while Oscillospira, Megasphaera, Parabacteroides, and Corynebacterium differed among pigs from different farms. Interestingly, there was a more significant influence of strain and weaning age than of rearing farm on the SCFA concentrations. Therefore, strain and weaning age appear to be the more important factors shaping the intestinal microbiome of pigs.

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Review

REVIEW] Current understanding of microbiota- and dietary-therapies for treating inflammatory bowel disease: Taekil Eom , Yong Sung Kim , Chang Hwan Choi , Michael J. Sadowsky , Tatsuya Unno; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(3):189-198. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8049-8

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Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a result of chronic inflammation caused, in some part, by dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, mainly commensal bacteria. Gut dysbiosis can be caused by multiple factors, including abnormal immune responses which might be related to genetic susceptibility, infection, western dietary habits, and administration of antibiotics. Consequently, the disease itself is characterized as having multiple causes, etiologies, and severities. Recent studies have identified > 200 IBD risk loci in the host. It has been postulated that gut microbiota interact with these risk loci
result
ing in dysbiosis, and this subsequently leads to the development of IBD. Typical gut microbiota in IBD patients are characterized with decrease in species richness and many of the commensal, and beneficial, fecal bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and an increase or bloom of Proteobacteria. However, at this time, cause and effect relationships have not been rigorously established. While treatments of IBD usually includes medications such as corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates, antibiotics, immunomodulators, and anti- TNF agents, restoration of gut dysbiosis seems to be a safer and more sustainable approach. Bacteriotherapies (now called microbiota therapies) and dietary interventions are effective way to modulate gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize factors involved in IBD and studies attempted to treat IBD with probiotics. We also discuss the potential use of microbiota therapies as one promising approach in treating IBD. As therapies based on the modulation of gut microbiota becomes more common, future studies should include individual gut microbiota differences to develop personalized therapy for IBD.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Biodegradation of C5-C8 Fatty Acids and Production of Aroma Volatiles by Myroides sp. ZB35 Isolated from Activated Sludge: Zijun Xiao , Xiankun Zhu , Lijun Xi , Xiaoyuan Hou , Li Fang , Jian R. Lu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(5):407-412. Published online May 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4109-x

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Abstract

In the effluents of a biologically treated wastewater from a heavy oil-refining plant, C5-C8 fatty acids including penta-noic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, and 2-methylbutanoic acid are often detected. As these residual fatty acids can cause further air and water pollution, a new Myroides isolate ZB35 from activated sludge was explored to degrade these C5-C8 fatty acids in this study. It was found that the biodegradation process involved a lag phase that became prolonged with increasing acyl chain length when the fatty acids were individually fed to this strain. However, when fed as a mixture, the ones with longer acyl chains were found to become more quickly assimilated. The branched 2- methylbutanoic acid was always the last one to be depleted among the five fatty acids under both conditions. Metabolite analysis revealed one possible origin of short chain fatty acids in the biologically treated wastewater. Aroma volatiles inclu-ding 2-methylbutyl isovalerate, isoamyl 2-methylbutanoate, isoamyl isovalerate, and 2-methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate were subsequently identified from ZB35 extracts, linking the source of the fruity odor to these esters excreted by Myroides species. To our best knowledge, this is the first finding of these aroma esters in bacteria. From a biotechnological viewpoint, this study has revealed the potential of Myroides species as a promising source of aroma esters attractive for food and fragrance industries.

Citations

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Journal Articles

The Effect of Lipid Supplements on Ruminal Bacteria in Continuous Culture Fermenters Varies with the Fatty Acid Composition: Ramesh B. Potu , Amer A. AbuGhazaleh , Darcie Hastings , Karen Jones , Salam A. Ibrahim; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):216-223. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0365-1

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Abstract: A single flow continuous culture fermenter system was used in this study to investigate the influence of dietary lipid supplements varying in their fatty acid content on the DNA concentration of selected rumen bacteria. Four continuous culture fermenters were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with four periods of 10 d each. Treatment diets were fed at 45 g/d (DM basis) in three equal portions during the day. The diets were: 1) control (CON), 2) control with animal fat source (SAT), 3) control with soybean oil (SBO), and 4) control with fish oil (FO). Lipid supplements were added at 3% of diet DM. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were not affected (P>0.05) by lipid supplements. Concentrations of propionate, iso-butyrate, valerate and iso-valerate were highest (P<0.05) with the FO diet compared with the other treatment diets. The concentration of t11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid, VA) in effluents increased (P<0.05) with SBO and FO diets and was highest with the SBO diet. The concentrations of C18:0 in effluents were lowest (P<0.05) for the FO diet compared with the other treatment diets. Concentrations of DNA for Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus in fermenters were similar (P>0.05) for all diets. The DNA concentrations of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminococcus albus in fermenters were lowest (P<0.05) with the FO diet but were similar (P>0.05) among the other treatment diets. Selenomonas ruminantium DNA concentration in fermenters was highest (P<0.05) with the FO diet. In conclusion, SBO had no effect on bacterial DNA concentrations tested in this study and the VA accumulation in the rumen observed on the FO diet may be due in part to FO influence on B. fibrisolvens, R. albus, and S. ruminantium.

Changes in Membrane Fatty Acid Composition during Entry of Vibrio vulnificus into the Viable But Nonculturable State: Ashley P. Day , James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(2):69-73.; DOI: https://doi.org/2043 [pii]

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Abstract: Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative bacterium found in estuarine waters, is responsible for over 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the United States. As a result of a temperature downshift to 5^oC, this organism enters the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Changes in the membrane fatty acid (FA) composition of V. vulnificus may be a contributing factor to the ability of this organism to enter into and survive in the VBNC state. This hypothesis was tested by incubating the organism at 5^oC in artificial sea water and analyzing the cells’ FAs during the initial hours of temperature and nutrient downshift. Prior to downshift, the predominant FAs were 16:0, 16:1 and 18:0. During the first four hours of downshift, statistically significant changes occurred in 15:0, 16:1, 16:0, 17:0, and 18:0. These results indicate that changes in FA composition occur prior to entry of V. vulnificus into the VBNC state, suggesting that the ability to maintain membrane fluidity may be a factor in this physiological response. Cells in which fatty acid synthesis was inhibited did not survive, indicating that active fatty acid metabolism is essential for entry of cells into the VBNC state.

Published Erratum

Erratum] The transcription factor Cas5 suppresses hyphal morphogenesis during yeast-form growth in Candida albicans: Jong-Myeong Kim , Hye Yun Moon , Dong Wook Lee , Hyun Ah Kang , Jeong-Yoon Kim; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1063-1063.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0326-2

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Lipid analysis of streptomycetes isolated form volcanic soil: Kim, Seung Bum , Kim, Min Young , Seong, Chi Nam , Kang Sa Ouk , Hah, Yung Chil; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(2):184-191.

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Abstract: The cellular fatty acids and quinones of streptomycetes isolated from volcanic soils were analysed. The strains contained fatty acids of 14 to 17 carbon chains, and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid and 14 methylpentadecanoic acid were dominant in most strains. The total profiles consisted of 74% branched fatty acid family, 16.8% linear family and 8.2% unsaturated family. The largest cluster of grey spore masses defined by numerical classification was separated from the remainders in the principal component analysis, but the other clusters were overlapped with one another. In the analysis of respiratory quinones, all of the strains contained either the menaquinone of 9 isoprene units with 6 hydrogenations of 8 hydrogenations as the major species. The distribution of menaquinones among the clusters could provide an important key in the chemotaxonomy of streptomycetes.

Effect of initial pH and L-arginine on the composition of fatty acids of streptomyces viridochromogenes: Oh, Choong Hun , Jung, Sang Oun , Pyee, Jae Ho , Kim, Jae Heon; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(4):316-319.

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Abstract: Mycelia of Streptomyces viridochromogenes grown under different pH were analysed for the fatty acid composition. The low relative proportion of 12-methyltetradecanoic acid and the high relative proportion of palmitic acid were characteristic for the young culture under slight acidic pH that caused delay of the aerial mycelium formation. The addition of L-arginine to the culture medium enabled an arginine auxotroph with bald phenotype to have the fatty acid composition similar to that of the wild type and to develop aerial mycelium. The ratio of 12-methyltetradecanoic acid to palmitic acid might be used as a parameter to explain the optimum growth in the respect of membrane fluidity.

Isolation and Characterization of Fatty Acid Derivatives from an Actinomycetes and Examination of the Effects on Activities of Phospholipase C and Protein Kinase C: Ko, Hack Ryong , Kim, Bo Yeon , Lee, Hyun Sun , Kang, Dae Ook , Ryu, Sung Ho , Suh, Pann Ghill , Mheen, Tae Ick , Ahnm Jong Seog; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(4):316-321.

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Abstract: In our screening to search inhibitors of phosphoinositide(PI)-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), two inhibitors, MT965-A and-B were isolated from a culture broth of an actinomycetes. MT965-A and-B were identified as fatty acid deribatives, 14-methylpentadecanoic acid and 16-methyllinoleic acid methyl ester, respectively, based on the spectral data including NMR and MS. Both inhibitors directly inhibited not only in vitro PLCγ1 activity but also the platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)-induced inositol phosphates(IPt) formation in NIH 3T3γ1 cells ocerexpressing PLCγ1. However, the inhibitors enhanced in vitro protein kinase C (PKC) activity. On examination of the effects of various fatty acids(FAs) on activities of PLC, PKC, and PDGF-induced IPt formation, the unsaturated FAs(UFAs) showed the same activities like the inhibitors, but the saturated FAs(SFAs) did not show similar activities. It was inferred that the chain length, degree of unsaturation, methyl esterification, branching with a methyl group, and cis-configuration were important for their activity.

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