Journal Articles
	
	
				- Upgrading Isoquercitrin Concentration via Submerge Fermentation of Mulberry Fruit Extract with Edible Probiotics to Suppress Gene Targets for Controlling Kidney Cancer and Inflammation
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		Md Rezaul Karim, Safia Iqbal, Shahnawaz Mohammad, Jong-Hoon Kim, Li Ling, Changbao Chen, Abdus Samad, Md Anwarul Haque, Deok-Chun Yang, Yeon Ju Kim, Dong Uk Yang		
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			J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):919-927.   Published online October 8, 2024		
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							DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00163-8
					
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						 Abstract Abstract PDF PDF
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		In recent years, kidney cancer has become one of the most serious medical issues.
Kidney cancer is treated with a variety of active compounds that trigger genes that cause cancer. We identified in our earlier research that isoquercitrin (IQ) can activate PIK3CA, IGF1R, and PTGS2. However, it has a very low bioavailability because of its lower solubility in water. So, we utilized sub-merge fermentation technology with two well-known probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis, as a microbial source and mulberry fruit extract as a substrate, which has a high IQ level to improve IQ yield. Furthermore, we compared the total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant contents of fermented and non-fermented samples, and we found that the fermented samples had greater levels than non-fermented sample. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the fermented mulberry fruit extract from B. subtilis and L. acidophilus showed higher IQ values (190.73 ± 0.004 μg/ml and 220.54 ± 0.007 μg/ml, respectively), compared to the non-fermented samples, which had IQ values (80.12 ± 0.002 μg/ml). Additionally, at 62.5 µg/ml doses of each sample, a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) showed higher cell viability for fermented and non-fermented samples. Conversely, at the same doses, the fermented samples of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis in a kidney cancer cell line (A498) showed an inhibition of cell growth around 36% and 31%, respectively. Finally, we performed RT and qRT PCR assay, and we found a significant reduction in the expression of the PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R genes. We therefore can conclude that the fermented samples have a higher concentration of isoquercitrin, and also can inhibit the expression of the genes PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R, which in turn regulates kidney cancer and inflammation.	
		
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			Citations Citations to this article as recorded by    
- Recent research on the bioactivity of polyphenols derived from edible fungi and their potential in chronic disease prevention
 Wenbin Yu, Yufei Zhang, Yi Lu, Zhiwei Ouyang, Jiahua Peng, Yayi Tu, Bin He
 Journal of Functional Foods.2025; 124: 106627.     CrossRef
- Protective roles of genistein and icaritin in skin barrier integrity and hydration in an atopic dermatitis model
 Shahnawaz Mohammad, Anjali Kariyarath Valappil, Md. Rezaul Karim, Safia Iqbal, Deok Chun Yang, Changbao Chen, Li Ling, Dong Uk Yang
 European Journal of Integrative Medicine.2025; 76: 102483.     CrossRef
 
 
	
	
				- Potency of Phlebia species of white rot fungi for the aerobic degradation, transformation and mineralization of lindane
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		Pengfei Xiao , Ryuichiro Kondo 		
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			J. Microbiol. 2020;58(5):395-404.   Published online March 28, 2020		
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							DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9492-x
					
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						 Abstract Abstract PDF PDF
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		The widespread use of the organochlorine insecticide lindane
in the world has caused serious environmental problems.
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the potency
of several Phlebia species of white rot fungi to degrade, transform
and mineralize lindane, and to provide the feasibility
of using white rot fungi for bioremediation at contaminated
sites. Based on tolerance experiment results, Phlebia brevispora
and Phlebia lindtneri had the highest tolerance to lindane
and were screened by degradation tests. After 25 days of
incubation, P. brevispora and P. lindtneri degraded 87.2 and
73.3% of lindane in low nitrogen medium and 75.8 and 64.9%
of lindane in high nitrogen medium, respectively. Several unreported
hydroxylation metabolites, including monohydroxylated,
dehydroxylated, and trihydroxylated products, were detected
and identified by GC/MS as metabolites of lindane.
More than 10% of [14C] lindane was mineralized to 14CO2 by
two fungi after 60 days of incubation, and the mineralization
was slightly promoted by the addition of glucose. Additionally,
the degradation of lindane and the formation of metabolites
were efficiently inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, demonstrating
that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the fungal
transformation of lindane. The present study showed that
P. brevispora and P. lindtneri were efficient degraders of lindane;
hence, they can be applied in the bioremediation process
of lindane-contaminated sites.	
		
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 Caroline Henn, Diego Alves Monteiro, Mauricio Boscolo, Roberto da Silva, Eleni Gomes
 BMC Microbiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
 
 Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
	
	
				- Antiviral Activity of 3,4'-Dihydroxyflavone on Influenza A Virus
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		Mohammed Kawser Hossain , Hye Yeon Choi , Jae-Seon Hwang , Ahmed Abdal Dayem , Jung-Hyun Kim , Young Bong Kim , Haryoung Poo , Ssang-Goo Cho 		
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			J. Microbiol. 2014;52(6):521-526.   Published online May 29, 2014		
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							DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4212-z
					
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						 Abstract Abstract PDF PDF
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		Influenza virus infection causes thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations worldwide every year and the emergence of resistance to anti-influenza drugs has prompted scientists to seek new natural antiviral materials. In this study, we screened 13 different flavonoids from various flavonoid groups to identify the most potent antiviral flavonoid against human influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). The 3-hydroxyl group flavonoids, including 3,2'-dihydroxyflavone (3,2'-DHF) and 3,4'-dihydroxyflavone (3,4'-DHF), showed potent anti-influenza activity. They inhibited viral neuraminidase activity and viral adsorption onto cells. To confirm the anti-influenza activity of these flavonoids, we used an in vivo mouse model. In mice infected with human influenza, oral administration of 3,4'-DHF significantly decreased virus titers and pathological changes in the lung and reduced body weight loss and death. Our data suggest that 3-hydroxyl group flavonoids,
particularly 3,4'-DHF, have potent antiviral activity against human influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in vitro and in vivo. Further clinical studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of the 3-hydroxyl group flavonoids in treating influenza pandemics.	
		
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 Jin-Hyung Lee, Yong-Guy Kim, Inji Park, Jintae Lee
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				- Antiviral Activities of Flavonoids Isolated from the Bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against Fish Pathogenic Viruses In Vitro
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		So Young Kang , Ji-Young Kang , Myung-Joo Oh 		
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			J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):293-300.   Published online April 27, 2012		
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							DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2068-7
					
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						 Abstract Abstract PDF PDF
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		An 80% methanolic extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes bark
showed significant anti-viral activity against fish pathogenic
infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and
viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in a cell-based
assay measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE).
Activity-guided fractionation and isolation for the 80%
methanolic extract of R. verniciflua yielded the most active
ethyl acetate fraction, and methyl gallate (1) and four flavonoids:
fustin (2), fisetin (3), butin (4) and sulfuretin (5).
Among them, fisetin (3) exhibited high antiviral activities
against both IHNV and VHSV showing EC50 values of 27.1
and 33.3 μM with selective indices (SI = CC50/EC50) more
than 15, respectively. Fustin (2) and sulfuretin (5) displayed
significant antiviral activities showing EC50 values of 91.2–
197.3 μM against IHNV and VHSV. In addition, the antiviral
activity of fisetin against IHNV and VHSV occurred
up to 5 hr post-infection and was not associated with direct
virucidal effects in a timed addition study using a plaque
reduction assay. These results suggested that the bark of R.
verniciflua and isolated flavonoids have significant anti-viral
activity against IHNV and VHSV, and also have potential
to be used as anti-viral therapeutics against fish viral diseases.	
		
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 Review
	
	
				- Genomics Reveals Traces of Fungal Phenylpropanoid-flavonoid Metabolic Pathway in the F ilamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae
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		Praveen Rao Juvvadi , Yasuyo Seshime , Katsuhiko Kitamoto 		
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			J. Microbiol. 2005;43(6):475-486. 		
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							DOI: https://doi.org/2302 [pii]
					
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						 Abstract Abstract PDF PDF
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		Fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. Owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. A majority of the fungal secondary metabolic genes are classified as type I polyketide synthases (PKS) which are often clustered with other secondary metabolism related genes. In this review we discuss on the significance of our recent discovery of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes belonging to the type III PKS superfamily in an industrially important fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. CHS genes are known to play a vital role in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. A comparative genome analyses revealed the unique character of A. oryzae with four CHS-like genes (csyA, csyB, csyC and csyD) amongst other Aspergilli (Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus) which contained none of the CHS-like genes. Some other fungi such as Neurospora crassa, Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, Podospora anserina and Phanerochaete chrysosporium also contained putative type III PKSs, with a phylogenic distinction from bacteria and plants. The enzymatically active nature of these newly discovered homologues is expected owing to the conservation in the catalytic residues across the different species of plants and fungi, and also by the fact that a majority of these genes (csyA, csyB and csyD) were expressed in A. oryzae. While this finding brings filamentous fungi closer to plants and bacteria which until recently were the only ones considered to possess the type III PKSs, the presence of putative genes encoding other principal enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis (viz., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamic acid hydroxylase and p-coumarate CoA ligase) in the A. oryzae genome undoubtedly prove the extent of its metabolic diversity. Since many of these genes have not been identified earlier, knowledge on their corresponding products or activities remain undeciphered. In future, it is anticipated that these enzymes may be reasonable targets for metabolic engineering in fungi to produce agriculturally and nutritionally important metabolites.