Review
- MINIREVIEW] Stress responses in Streptococcus species and their effects on the host
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Cuong Thach Nguyen , Sang-Sang Park , Dong-Kwon Rhee
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(11):741-749. Published online October 28, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5432-6
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Abstract
- Streptococci cause a variety of diseases, such as dental caries,
pharyngitis, meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis,
erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis. The natural niche of this
genus of bacteria ranges from the mouth and nasopharynx
to the skin, indicating that the bacteria will inevitably be subjected
to environmental changes during invasion into the host,
where it is exposed to the host immune system. Thus, the
Streptococcus-host interaction determines whether bacteria are
cleared by the host’s defenses or whether they survive after
invasion to cause serious diseases. If this interaction was to
be deciphered, it could aid in the development of novel preventive
and therapeutic agents. Streptococcus species possess
many virulent factors, such as peroxidases and heat-shock
proteins (HSPs), which play key roles in protecting the bacteria
from hostile host environments. This review will discuss
insights into the mechanism(s) by which streptococci adapt
to host environments. Additionally, we will address how streptococcal
infections trigger host stress responses; however,
the mechanism by which bacterial components modulate
host stress responses remains largely unknown.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes
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Vladimir Vujanovic , Yit Kheng Goh , Prasad Daida
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):97-102. Published online February 27, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5
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23
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Abstract
- Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of
Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically
distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified
based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON)
mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and
15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected
3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring
wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer
chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and
cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range
of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON
sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease
severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population,
produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than
the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and
cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or
low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial
growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest
temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON
(-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features
suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population
is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population.
Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations
could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if
validated under field conditions, may provide important
information for predicting future FHB epidemics.