Review
- REVIEW] Intestinal microbiota and the immune system in metabolic diseases
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Panida Sittipo , Stefani Lobionda , Yun Kyung Lee , Craig L. Maynard
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J. Microbiol. 2018;56(3):154-162. Published online February 28, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7548-y
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Abstract
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The intestinal microbiota is comprised of millions of microorganisms
that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and consistently
interact with the host. Host factors such as diet and
disease status affect the composition of the microbiota, while
the microbiota itself produces metabolites that can further
manipulate host physiology. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota
has been characterized in patients with certain metabolic
diseases, some of which involve damage to the host
intestinal epithelial barrier and alterations in the immune
system. In this review, we will discuss the consequences of dietdependent
bacterial dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal tract, and
how the associated interaction with epithelial and immune
cells impacts metabolic diseases.
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Citations
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Newly Identified CpG ODNs, M5-30 and M6-395, Stimulate MouseNewly Identified CpG ODNs, M5-30 and M6-395, Stimulate Mouse Immune Cells to Secrete TNF-α and Enhance Th1-Mediated Immunity
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Sun-Shim Choi , Eunkyung Chung , Yu-Jin Jung
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(4):512-517. Published online August 20, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0053-6
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Abstract
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Bacterial CpG motifs are known to induce both innate and adaptive immunity in infected hosts via toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Because small oligonucleotides (ODNs) mimicking bacterial CpG motifs are easily synthesized, they have found use as immunomodulatory agents in a number of disease models. We have developed a novel bioinformatics approach to identify effective CpG ODN sequences and evaluate their function as TLR9 ligands in a murine system. Among the CpG ODNs we identified, M5-30 and M6-395 showed significant ability to stimulate TNF-α and IFN-γ production in a mouse macrophage cell line and mouse splenocytes, respectively. We also found that these CpG ODNs activated cells through the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, both CpG ODNs were able to induce Th1-mediated immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected mice. Our results demonstrate that M5-30 and M6-395 function as TLR9-specific ligands, making them useful in the study of TLR9 functionality and signaling in mice.