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Inhibition of cardiolipin biosynthesis partially suppresses the sensitivity of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking OmpC to envelope stress
Dae-Beom Ryu, Umji Choi, Gyubin Han, Chang-Ro Lee
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(11):e2507004.   Published online November 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2507004
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material

Porins in the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria play two main functions: passage of various extracellular molecules and maintenance of membrane integrity. OmpC, a non-specific porin, is involved in both functions; however, the exact mechanism of maintenance of membrane integrity remains unknown. In this study, we found that inhibiting cardiolipin biosynthesis partially restored the growth defect of the ompC mutant under envelope stress. Among the three enzymes involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis, ClsABC, this effect is primarily associated with ClsA. Notably, the deletion of ClsA also suppressed the similar phenotypes of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking YhdP, a transmembrane protein involved in phospholipid transport from the inner membrane to the OM. Collectively, these results imply that OmpC may contribute to membrane integrity, partially through mechanisms linked to transport or biosynthesis of phospholipids such as cardiolipin.

Safety evaluation and hypolipidemic ability of water-soluble blue pigment extracted by HPD-400 resin from Quambalaria cyanescens
Ruobing Shi, Chengzhong Wang, Nianping Xue, Zhiguo Zhang
J. Microbiol. 2025;63(11):e2412011.   Published online November 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2412011
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AbstractAbstract PDF

The oral administration of synthetic drugs can effectively reduce blood lipid levels, but adverse reactions may occur. Because of this, the hypolipidemic ability of natural products has been increasingly investigated. We evaluate the safety and hypolipidemic characteristics of a water-soluble blue pigment extracted using HPD-400 resin from the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens. Hypolipidemic ability was examined by constructing a hyperlipidemia model with different doses of blue pigment (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. mouse body weight) for 28 d. Blue pigment purity increased from 20.32% to 70.70% following treatment with HPD-400 resin. Acute toxicity tests revealed blue pigment sourced from Q. cyanescens to have no toxic effects on mouse body weight, mortality, or behavioral characteristics. Subacute toxicity tests revealed no significant differences in food intake, body weight, or organ weights between treatment groups and controls. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues of mice administered blue pigment were normal, and serum enzyme activities and blood constituents were also within normal ranges. Blue pigment can significantly reduce the weight of mice, reduce liver and kidney damage and fat accumulation. It can also reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum and liver tissue, and increase the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea and uric acid in serum. Increase the activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in serum and liver tissue, reduce the content of malondialdehyde, and up-regulate liver lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Our work proves that blue pigment is nontoxic, has the function of reducing blood lipid, and can alleviate obesity-related symptoms by regulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Journal Articles
Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum ABF21069 Ameliorate High Sucrose-Induced Obesity and Fatty Liver via Exopolysaccharide Production and β-oxidation
Yu Mi Jo, Yoon Ji Son, Seul-Ah Kim, Gyu Min Lee, Chang Won Ahn, Han-Oh Park, Ji-Hyun Yun
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):907-918.   Published online October 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00173-6
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  • 5 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are prevalent metabolic disorders with substantial global health implications that are often inadequately addressed by current treatments and may have side effects. Probiotics have emerged as promising therapeutic agents owing to their beneficial effects on gut health and metabolism. This study investigated the synergistic effects of a probiotic combination of BNR17 and ABF21069 on obesity and MAFLD in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-sucrose diet. The probiotic combination significantly reduced body weight and fat accumulation compared with the high-sucrose diet. It also alleviated elevated serum leptin levels induced by a high-sucrose diet. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in white adipose tissue and fatty liver in the mice treated with the probiotic combination. Furthermore, increased expression of genes related to β-oxidation, thermogenesis, and lipolysis suggested enhanced metabolic activity. The probiotic groups, particularly the BNR17 group, showed an increase in fecal exopolysaccharides, along with a tendency toward a lower expression of intestinal sugar transport genes, indicating reduced sugar absorption. Additionally, inflammatory markers in the liver tissue exhibited lower expression in the ABF21069 group than in the HSD group. Despite each strain in the combination group having distinct characteristics and functions, their combined effect demonstrated synergy in mitigating obesity and MAFLD, likely through the modulation of fecal exopolysaccharides content and improvement in lipid metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation as a promising assistant therapy for managing obesity and MAFLD and provide valuable insights into its therapeutic mechanisms in metabolic disorders.

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  • A unique tetrasaccharide-containing anchor glycolipid of lipoteichoic acid is commonly found in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus paragasseri
    Tsukasa Shiraishi, Ryosuke Kutomi, Yamaha Sato, Akihito Endo, Satoru Fukiya, Satoshi Takahashi, Atsushi Yokota, Shin-ichi Yokota
    Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2025; 89(9): 1382.     CrossRef
Characterization of staphylococcal endolysin LysSAP33 possessing untypical domain composition
Jun-Hyeok Yu , Do-Won Park , Jeong-A Lim , Jong-Hyun Park
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(9):840-847.   Published online August 12, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1242-1
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  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Endolysin, a peptidoglycan hydrolase derived from bacteriophage, has been suggested as an alternative antimicrobial agent. Many endolysins on staphylococcal phages have been identified and applied extensively against Staphylococcus spp. Among them, LysK-like endolysin, a well-studied staphylococcal endolysin, accounts for most of the identified endolysins. However, relatively little interest has been paid to LysKunlike endolysin and a few of them has been characterized. An endolysin LysSAP33 encoded on bacteriophage SAP33 shared low homology with LysK-like endolysin in sequence by 41% and domain composition (CHAP-unknown CBD). A green fluorescence assay using a fusion protein for Lys- SAP33_CBD indicated that the CBD domain (157-251 aa) was bound to the peptidoglycan of S. aureus. The deletion of LysSAP33_CBD at the C-terminal region resulted in a significant decrease in lytic activity and efficacy. Compared to LysK-like endolysin, LysSAP33 retained its lytic activity in a broader range of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentrations. In addition, it showed a higher activity against biofilms than LysK-like endolysin. This study could be a helpful tool to develop our understanding of staphylococcal endolysins not belonging to LysK-like endolysins and a potential biocontrol agent against biofilms.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Phage-Derived Endolysins Against Resistant Staphylococcus spp.: A Review of Features, Antibacterial Activities, and Recent Applications
    Mina Golban, Javad Charostad, Hossein Kazemian, Hamid Heidari
    Infectious Diseases and Therapy.2025; 14(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Characterization of a phage endolysin LysLFP01 and its antibacterial activity
    Qiannan Wen, Xuecheng Huang, Wenxin Ma, Yingtong Chen, Luyao Wang, Yang Ma, Xia Chen
    International Journal of Food Microbiology.2025; 432: 111110.     CrossRef
  • ZAM-CS, a novel chimeric endolysin with enhanced stability and rapid action against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    Yasaman Ahmadbeigi, Neda Soleimani, Farzaneh Azizmohseni, Zahra Amini-Bayat
    BMC Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular Machinery of the Triad Holin, Endolysin, and Spanin: Key Players Orchestrating Bacteriophage-Induced Cell Lysis and their Therapeutic Applications
    Safia Samir
    Protein & Peptide Letters.2024; 31(2): 85.     CrossRef
  • A Novel Truncated CHAP Modular Endolysin, CHAPSAP26-161, That Lyses Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Clostridioides difficile, and Exhibits Therapeutic Effects in a Mouse Model of A. baumannii Infection
    Yoon-Jung Choi, Shukho Kim, Ram Hari Dahal, Jungmin Kim
    Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(8): 1718.     CrossRef
  • Therapeutic potential of bacteriophage endolysins for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria
    He Liu, Zhen Hu, Mengyang Li, Yi Yang, Shuguang Lu, Xiancai Rao
    Journal of Biomedical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endolysin, a Promising Solution against Antimicrobial Resistance
    Mujeeb ur Rahman, Weixiao Wang, Qingqing Sun, Junaid Ali Shah, Chao Li, Yanmei Sun, Yuanrui Li, Bailing Zhang, Wei Chen, Shiwei Wang
    Antibiotics.2021; 10(11): 1277.     CrossRef
The effects of deletion of cellobiohydrolase genes on carbon source-dependent growth and enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis in Trichoderma reesei
Meibin Ren , Yifan Wang , Guoxin Liu , Bin Zuo , Yuancheng Zhang , Yunhe Wang , Weifeng Liu , Xiangmei Liu , Yaohua Zhong
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):687-695.   Published online June 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9630-5
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  • 13 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The saprophytic fungus Trichoderma reesei has long been used as a model to study microbial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. The major cellulolytic enzymes of T. reesei are the cellobiohydrolases CBH1 and CBH2, which constitute more than 70% of total proteins secreted by the fungus. However, their physiological functions and effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose substrates are not sufficiently elucidated. Here, the cellobiohydrolase-encoding genes cbh1 and cbh2 were deleted, individually or combinatively, by using an auxotrophic marker-recycling technique in T. reesei. When cultured on media with different soluble carbon sources, all three deletion strains (Δcbh1, Δcbh2, and Δcbh1Δcbh2) exhibited no dramatic variation in morphological phenotypes, but their growth rates increased apparently when cultured on soluble cellulase-inducing carbon sources. In addition, Δcbh1 showed dramatically reduced growth and Δcbh1Δcbh2 could hardly grew on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), whereas all strains grew equally on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), suggesting that the influence of the CBHs on growth was carbon source-dependent. Moreover, five representative cellulose substrates were used to analyse the influence of the absence of CBHs on saccharification efficiency. CBH1 deficiency significantly affected the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of various cellulose substrates, where acid pre-treated corn stover (PCS) was influenced the least. CBH2 deficiency reduced the hydrolysis of MCC, PCS, and acid pre-treated and delignified corncob but improved the hydrolysis ability of filter paper. These results demonstrate the specific contributions of CBHs to the hydrolysis of different types of biomass, which could facilitate the development of tailor-made strains with highly efficient hydrolysis enzymes for certain biomass types in the biofuel industry.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Functional characterization of CEL3C reveals its critical role in regulating cellulase gene expression in Trichoderma reesei Rut C30
    Lu Wang, Xiao He, Tian Tian, Jian Cheng, Ruolan Cao, Jie Hou, Hui Lin, Yonghao Li
    Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2025; 190: 110706.     CrossRef
  • The Role of Non-Catalytic Region in Determining the Difference in Efficiency Between Two Cellobiohydrolases Revealed Through a Genetic Approach
    Xinyuan Yan, Pankajkumar Ramdas Waghmare, Xiaoli Meng, Jianhui Zhang, Shaoming Ding, Yu Lei, Jun Yue, Guodong Liu
    Journal of Fungi.2025; 11(7): 536.     CrossRef
  • Considerations for Domestication of Novel Strains of Filamentous Fungi
    Randi M. Pullen, Stephen R. Decker, Venkataramanan Subramanian, Meaghan J. Adler, Alexander V. Tobias, Matthew Perisin, Christian J. Sund, Matthew D. Servinsky, Mark T. Kozlowski
    ACS Synthetic Biology.2025; 14(2): 343.     CrossRef
  • An efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system based on a multiple sgRNA processing platform in Trichoderma reesei for strain improvement and enzyme production
    Jiaxin Zhang, Kehang Li, Yu Sun, Cheng Yao, Weifeng Liu, Hong Liu, Yaohua Zhong
    Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Transcriptome-wide analysis of a superior xylan degrading isolate Penicillium oxalicum 5–18 revealed active lignocellulosic degrading genes
    Shuang Hu, Pei Han, Bao-Teng Wang, Long Jin, Hong-Hua Ruan, Feng-Jie Jin
    Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Engineering the secretome of Aspergillus niger for cellooligosaccharides production from plant biomass
    Fernanda Lopes de Figueiredo, Fabiano Jares Contesini, César Rafael Fanchini Terrasan, Jaqueline Aline Gerhardt, Ana Beatriz Corrêa, Everton Paschoal Antoniel, Natália Sayuri Wassano, Lucas Levassor, Sarita Cândida Rabelo, Telma Teixeira Franco, Uffe Hasb
    Microbial Cell Factories.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Constitutive overexpression of cellobiohydrolase 2 in Trichoderma reesei reveals its ability to initiate cellulose degradation
    Yubo Wang, Meibin Ren, Yifan Wang, Lu Wang, Hong Liu, Mei Shi, Yaohua Zhong
    Engineering Microbiology.2023; 3(1): 100059.     CrossRef
  • Inducer-free recombinant protein production in Trichoderma reesei: secretory production of endogenous enzymes and heterologous nanobodies using glucose as the sole carbon source
    Toshiharu Arai, Mayumi Wada, Hiroki Nishiguchi, Yasushi Takimura, Jun Ishii
    Microbial Cell Factories.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Influence of Trctf1 Gene Knockout by CRISPR–Cas9 on Cellulase Synthesis by Trichoderma reesei with Various Soluble Inducers
    Yudian Chen, Yushan Gao, Zancheng Wang, Nian Peng, Xiaoqin Ran, Tingting Chen, Lulu Liu, Yonghao Li
    Fermentation.2023; 9(8): 746.     CrossRef
  • The effect of cellobiohydrolase 1 gene knockout for composition and hydrolytic activity of the enzyme complex secreted by filamentous fungus Penicillium verruculosum
    Valeriy Yu. Kislitsin, Andrey M. Chulkin, Ivan N. Zorov, Yuri А. Denisenko, Arkadiy P. Sinitsyn, Alexandra M. Rozhkova
    Bioresource Technology Reports.2022; 18: 101023.     CrossRef
  • Deciphering the efficient cellulose degradation by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila focused on the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
    Xing Qin, Jiahuan Zou, Kun Yang, Jinyang Li, Xiaolu Wang, Tao Tu, Yuan Wang, Bin Yao, Huoqing Huang, Huiying Luo
    Bioresource Technology.2022; 364: 128027.     CrossRef
WasC, a WASP family protein, is involved in cell adhesion and migration through regulation of F-actin polymerization in Dictyostelium
Pyeonghwa Jeon , Taeck Joong Jeon
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):696-702.   Published online June 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0138-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
The actin cytoskeleton is involved in the regulation of cell morphology and migration. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome proteins (WASPs) play an important role in controlling actin polymerization by activating the Arp2/3 complex. The present study investigated the roles of WasC, one of the 3 WASPs in Dictyostelium, in cellular processes. Cells lacking WasC displayed strong cell adhesion and approximately 1.5-fold increase in F-actin levels as compared to the wild-type cells. Loss of wasC caused defects in phagocytosis and decreased the migration speed in chemoattractant-mediated cell migration but did not affect directionality. WasC was localized to the protruding region in migrating cells and, transiently and rapidly translocated to the cell cortex in response to chemoattractant stimulation, in an F-actin dependent manner. Our
results
suggest that WasC is involved in cell adhesion and migration by regulating F-actin polymerization at the leading edge of migrating cells, probably as a negative regulator. The increased strength of adhesion in wasC null cells is likely to decrease the migration speed but not the directionality.

Citations

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  • Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
    Guixin Ding, Tianqi Wang, Shangjing Liu, Zhongbao Zhou, Jian Ma, Jitao Wu
    Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dual regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by CARMIL-GAP
    Goeh Jung, Miao Pan, Christopher J. Alexander, Tian Jin, John A. Hammer
    Journal of Cell Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Rho GTPase Signalling in Dictyostelium and Mammalian Cells: A Parallel Slalom
    Vedrana Filić, Lucija Mijanović, Darija Putar, Antea Talajić, Helena Ćetković, Igor Weber
    Cells.2021; 10(7): 1592.     CrossRef
Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota in distinct statin response patients in East China
Baoqing Sun , Luming Li , Xinfu Zhou
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):886-892.   Published online November 27, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8152-x
  • 333 View
  • 0 Download
  • 32 Web of Science
  • 31 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Statin response shows great interindividual variations. Recently, emerging studies have shown that gut microbiota is linked to therapeutic responses to drugs, including statins. However, the association between the gut bacteria composition and statin response is still unclear. In this study, gut microbiota of 202 hyperlipidemic patients with statin sensitive (SS) response and statin resistant (SR) response in East China were investigated by high throughput sequencing to compare the gut bacteria composition and biodiversity in distinct statin response patients. Higher biodiversity was detected in Group SS than Group SR. Specifically, group SS showed significantly increased proportion of genera Lactobacillus (P = 0.001), Eubacterium (P = 0.004), Faecalibacterium (P = 0.005), and Bifidobacterium (P = 0.002) and decreased proportion of genus Clostridium (P = 0.001) compared to Group SR. The results indicated that higher gut biodiversity was associated with statin sensitive response. The increased genera Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and decreased genus Clostridium in patient gut microbiota may predict patient's statin response, and hence may guide statin dosage adjustments.

Citations

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  • Trimethylamine N-oxide in cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiology and the potential role of statins
    Fakhar Latif, Ayesha Mubbashir, Muhammad Sohaib Khan, Zain Shaikh, Aaima Memon, Jenelle Alvares, Ayesha Azhar, Hritvik Jain, Raheel Ahmed, Sai Gautham Kanagala
    Life Sciences.2025; 361: 123304.     CrossRef
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    Navpreet Kaur, Pankaj Kumar, Mahadev Dhami, Khadga Raj Aran
    Molecular Biology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lipid metabolism correction with statins and probiotics
    N. V. Baryshnikova, V. M. L’Nyavina, Yu. P. Uspenskiy, A. N. Suvorov, E. I. Ermolenko
    Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2025; (9): 161.     CrossRef
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    Yuhang Sui, Tao Zhang, Suwen Ou, Guanqun Li, Liwei Liu, Tianqi Lu, Can Zhang, Yukai Cao, Rui Bai, Haoxin Zhou, Xinbo Zhao, Yue Yuan, Gang Wang, Hua Chen, Rui Kong, Bei Sun, Le Li
    npj Biofilms and Microbiomes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    I. N. Grigor’eva, N. L. Tov, D. L. Nepomnyashchikh
    Сибирский научный медицинский журнал.2025; 45(3): 6.     CrossRef
  • Therapeutic potential of atorvastatin in ischemic stroke: an investigation into its anti-inflammatory effect by targeting the gut-brain axis
    Liuzhu Chen, Linpei Zhuo, Jie Zheng, Xiaoyun Sun, Jing Sun, Jiaming Liu
    Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
    Xenobiotica.2025; 55(7): 554.     CrossRef
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    Lara Pires, Ana M. González-Paramás, Sandrina A. Heleno, Ricardo C. Calhelha
    Antibiotics.2024; 13(5): 392.     CrossRef
  • Human gut microbiome: Therapeutic opportunities for metabolic syndrome—Hype or hope?
    Angela Horvath, Kristina Zukauskaite, Olha Hazia, Irina Balazs, Vanessa Stadlbauer
    Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Gangani Dharmarathne, Samia Kazi, Shalinie King, Thilini N. Jayasinghe
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(11): 2246.     CrossRef
  • COPD Pathogenesis and Alterations in the Oral, Lung, and Gut Microbiomes
    Nobuhiro Asai, Yoshihiro Ohkuni, Hideo Kato, Mao Hagihara, Hiroshige Mikamo, Norihiro Kaneko
    Microbiology Research.2024; 15(3): 1605.     CrossRef
  • A gut feeling of statin
    Jianqing She, Lizhe Sun, Yue Yu, Heze Fan, Xia Li, Xinyu Zhang, Xiaozhen Zhuo, Manyun Guo, Junhui Liu, Peining Liu, Gulinigaer Tuerhongjiang, Bin Du, Hongbing Li, Jun Yu, Zuyi Yuan, Yue Wu
    Gut Microbes.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shiqin Zhang, Xiaoling Ren, Bingzheng Zhang, Tian Lan, Bing Liu
    Molecules.2024; 29(8): 1859.     CrossRef
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    Hao-Jian Zhang, Yan Wang, Jian-Dong Jiang
    Current Drug Metabolism.2023; 24(7): 482.     CrossRef
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    Brandon Flaig, Rachel Garza, Bhavdeep Singh, Sevag Hamamah, Mihai Covasa
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    Current Cardiology Reviews.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Christopher Storm-Larsen, Liv Nesse Hande, Martin Kummen, Hilde Thunhaug, Beate Vestad, Simen Hyll Hansen, Anders Hovland, Marius Trøseid, Knut Tore Lappegård, Johannes R. Hov
    Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation.2022; 82(5): 363.     CrossRef
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    ChangXin Sun, ZePing Wang, LanQing Hu, XiaoNan Zhang, JiYe Chen, ZongLiang Yu, LongTao Liu, Min Wu
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Novel insights in the relationship of gut microbiota and coronary artery diseases
    Inmaculada Ramírez-Macías, Esteban Orenes-Piñero, Anny Camelo-Castillo, José Miguel Rivera-Caravaca, Cecilia López-García, Francisco Marín
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 62(14): 3738.     CrossRef
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    Yunpeng Liu, Jing Dong, Ziqing Zhang, Yiqi Liu, Yang Wang
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Daniel A. Schupack, Ruben A. T. Mars, Dayne H. Voelker, Jithma P. Abeykoon, Purna C. Kashyap
    Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2022; 19(1): 7.     CrossRef
  • Human Gut Microbiota in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Marcin Choroszy, Kamil Litwinowicz, Robert Bednarz, Tomasz Roleder, Amir Lerman, Takumi Toya, Karol Kamiński, Emilia Sawicka-Śmiarowska, Magdalena Niemira, Beata Sobieszczańska
    Metabolites.2022; 12(12): 1165.     CrossRef
  • The Novel Interplay between Commensal Gut Bacteria and Metabolites in Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats Treated with Simvastatin
    Siruo Zhang, Lu Yuan, Huan Li, Lei Han, Wanghui Jing, Xiaokang Wu, Shakir Ullah, Ruina Liu, Yonghong Wu, Jiru Xu
    Journal of Proteome Research.2022; 21(3): 808.     CrossRef
  • A Comprehensive Analysis of Genomics and Metagenomics in a Heterozygote Familial Hypercholesterolemia Family
    Honghong Liu, Ye Jin, Ran Tian, Siqin Feng, Shuyang Zhang, Chenhong Zhang
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The gut microbiota is associated with clinical response to statin treatment in patients with coronary artery disease
    Lijun Wang, Weiwei Zhou, Manyun Guo, Yiming Hua, Baihua Zhou, Xinyin Li, Xinxin Zhang, Jiakun Dong, Xiumei Yang, Yang Wang, Yue Wu, Jianqing She, Jianjun Mu
    Atherosclerosis.2021; 325: 16.     CrossRef
  • The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis
    Margaret Vourakis, Gaétan Mayer, Guy Rousseau
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(15): 8074.     CrossRef
  • Gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease
    Yongzhong Zhao, Zeneng Wang
    Current Opinion in Cardiology.2020; 35(3): 207.     CrossRef
  • Gut bacterial microbiome composition and statin intake—A systematic review
    Andreia M. Dias, Gonçalo Cordeiro, Maria M. Estevinho, Rui Veiga, Luis Figueira, Marta Reina‐Couto, Fernando Magro
    Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Remy Villette, Pukar KC, Sophie Beliard, Maria Fernanda Salas Tapia, Dominique Rainteau, Maryse Guerin, Philippe Lesnik
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma
    Francesca Romana Ponziani, Alberto Nicoletti, Antonio Gasbarrini, Maurizio Pompili
    Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Genome analysis of Rubritalea profundi SAORIC-165T, the first deep-sea verrucomicrobial isolate, from the northwestern Pacific Ocean
    Jaeho Song, Ilnam Kang, Yochan Joung, Susumu Yoshizawa, Ryo Kaneko, Kenshiro Oshima, Masahira Hattori, Koji Hamasaki, Kazuhiro Kogure, Soochan Kim, Kangseok Lee, Jang-Cheon Cho
    Journal of Microbiology.2019; 57(5): 413.     CrossRef
Photosynthetic and biochemical responses of the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) exposed to the metal coppers and its implication for toxicity testing
Hui Wang , Vinitha Ebenezer , Jang-Seu Ki
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(6):426-434.   Published online June 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8081-8
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  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
The freshwater green algae Closterium is sensitive to water quality, and hence has been suggested as ideal organisms for toxicity testing. In the present study, we evaluated the photosynthetic and biochemical responses of C. ehrenbergii to the common contaminants, coppers. The 72 h median effective concentrations (EC50) of CuSO4 and CuCl2 on the test organism were calculated to be 0.202 mg/L and 0.245 mg/L, respectively. Exposure to both coppers considerably decreased pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency, while inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells with increased exposure time. Moreover, the coppers significantly increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, even at relatively lower concentrations. These suggest that copper contaminants may exert deleterious effects on the photosynthesis and cellular oxidative stress of C. ehrenbergii, representing its powerful potential in aquatic toxicity assessments.

Citations

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    Suleiman Dauda, Ana Teresa Lombardi
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Application of high-salinity stress for enhancing the lipid productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana HS1 in a two-phase process
Ramesh Kakarla , Jung-Woon Choi , Jin-Ho Yun , Byung-Hyuk Kim , Jina Heo , Sujin Lee , Dae-Hyun Cho , Rishiram Ramanan , Hee-Sik Kim
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(1):56-64.   Published online January 4, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7488-6
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Increased lipid accumulation of algal cells as a response to environmental stress factors attracted much attention of researchers to incorporate this stress response into industrial algal cultivation process with the aim of enhancing algal lipid productivity. This study applies high-salinity stress condition to a two-phase process in which microalgal cells are initially grown in freshwater medium until late exponential phase and subsequently subjected to high-salinity condition that induces excessive lipid accumulation. Our initial experiment revealed that the concentrated culture of Chlorella sorokiniana HS1 exhibited the intense fluorescence of Nile red at the NaCl concentration of 60 g/L along with 1 g/L of supplemental bicarbonate after 48 h of induction period without significantly compromising cultural integrity. These conditions were further verified with the algal culture grown for 7 days in a 1 L bottle reactor that reached late exponential phase; a 12% increment in the lipid content of harvested biomass was observed upon inducing high lipid accumulation in the concentrated algal culture at the density of 5.0 g DW/L. Although an increase in the sum of carbohydrate and lipid contents of harvested biomass indicated that the external carbon source supplemented during the induction period increased overall carbon assimilation, a decrease in carbohydrate content suggested the potential reallocation of cellular carbon that promoted lipid droplet formation under high-salinity stress. These
results
thus emphasize that the two-phase process can be successfully implemented to enhance algal lipid productivity by incorporating high-salinity stress conditions into the pre-concentrated sedimentation ponds of industrial algal production system.

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Effect of amikacin on cell wall glycopeptidolipid synthesis in Mycobacterium abscessus
So-Young Lee , Hee-Youn Kim , Byoung-Jun Kim , Hong Kim , Seung-hyeok Seok , Bum-Joon Kim , Yoon-Hoh Kook
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(8):640-647.   Published online July 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6503-7
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Cultivation of the smooth colony Mycobacterium abscessus at the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin changed its growth pattern including its colony morphology (smooth to rough) and cell arrangement (dispersed to cord formation). In addition, reduced sliding motility and biofilm formation were observed. The amount of glycogpetidolipid (GPL) and mRNA expression of key genes involved in GPL synthesis were decreased in the amikacin-treated M. abscessus strain. An in vitro infection assay revealed that the amikacin-treated smooth M. abscessus strain induced more pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) than that of the smooth strain in murine macrophage cells. These results suggest that long-term exposure to a low concentration of amikacin causes a physical change in the cell wall which may increase its virulence.

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    A. Calcagno, N. Coppola, L. Sarmati, M. Tadolini, R. Parrella, A. Matteelli, N. Riccardi, M. Trezzi, A. Di Biagio, V. Pirriatore, A. Russo, G. Gualano, E. Pontali, L. Surace, E. Falbo, J. Mencarini, F. Palmieri, A. Gori, M. Schiuma, G. Lapadula, D. Golett
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A rapid and simple method for identifying bacterial polar lipid components in wet biomass
Tuan Manh Nguyen , Jaisoo Kim
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(8):635-639.   Published online July 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7092-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
There are marked differences between wet and freeze-dried cells with regard to the identification of polar lipid components. The determination of the polar lipid composition of freeze-dried cells is well established. However, several approaches to identifying polar lipid components in wet cells have met with limited success owing to the presence of non-polar compounds in the extracts, resulting in a lipid composition with a narrow scope. In this study, we surveyed the lipid profiles of the wet biomasses of three Gram-positive (Microbacterium lacticum, Rhodococcus koreensis, and Streptomyces longwoodensis) and two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Novosphingobium capsulatum) bacteria; the results were comparable in quality to those obtained using a standard freeze-dried approach. Moreover, our improved method ensures simple lipid extraction. Overall, the results of the analysis showed minor lipid profile differences between the two approaches with regard to quantity, and lipid identification was consistent in both methods for all species.

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The protein and neutral lipid composition of lipid droplets isolated from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Alex Meyers , Karuna Chourey , Taylor M. Weiskittel , Susan Pfiffner , John R. Dunlap , Robert L. Hettich , Paul Dalhaimer
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(2):112-122.   Published online January 26, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6205-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Lipid droplets consist of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with bound proteins. Much of the information on lipid droplet function comes from proteomic and lipodomic studies that identify the components of droplets isolated from organisms throughout the phylogenetic tree. Here, we add to that important inventory by reporting lipid droplet factors from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Unique to this study was the fact that cells were cultured in three different environments: 1) late log growth phase in glucose-based media, 2) stationary phase in glucosebased media, and 3) late log growth phase in media containing oleic acid. We confirmed colocalization of major factors with lipid droplets using live-cell fluorescent microscopy. We also analyzed droplets from each of the three conditions for sterol ester (SE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) content, along with their respective fatty acid compositions. We identified a previously undiscovered lipid droplet protein, Vip1p, which affects droplet size distribution. The results provide further insight into the workings of these ubiquitous organelles.

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  • Cbf11 and Mga2 function together to activate transcription of lipid metabolism genes and promote mitotic fidelity in fission yeast
    Anna Marešová, Michaela Grulyová, Miluše Hradilová, Viacheslav Zemlianski, Jarmila Princová, Martin Převorovský, Cathy Savage-Dunn
    PLOS Genetics.2024; 20(12): e1011509.     CrossRef
  • Mild Heat Stress Alters the Physical State and Structure of Membranes in Triacylglycerol-Deficient Fission Yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Péter Gudmann, Imre Gombos, Mária Péter, Gábor Balogh, Zsolt Török, László Vígh, Attila Glatz
    Cells.2024; 13(18): 1543.     CrossRef
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    Yi Jin, Yanjie Tan, Jian Wu, Zhuqing Ren
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    José Manuel Salvador López, Meriam Vandeputte, Inge N. A. Van Bogaert
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  • Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of lipid droplets in Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381
    Kohei Yoneda, Yohei Ishibashi, Masaki Yoshida, Makoto M. Watanabe, Makoto Ito, Iwane Suzuki
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  • ER-localized phosphatidylethanolamine synthase plays a conserved role in lipid droplet formation
    Mehmet Oguz Gok, Natalie Ortiz Speer, W. Mike Henne, Jonathan R. Friedman, James Olzmann
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    Abdou Rachid Thiam, Elina Ikonen
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    Ivan Hapala, Peter Griac, Roman Holic
    Lipids.2020; 55(5): 513.     CrossRef
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    Brandon C. Farmer, Adeline E. Walsh, Jude C. Kluemper, Lance A. Johnson
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    Neha Arora, Hong-Wei Yen, George P. Philippidis
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    Ravi Dhiman, Stefanie Caesar, Abdou Rachid Thiam, Bianca Schrul
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  • The Peroxygenase Activity of the Aspergillus flavus Caleosin, AfPXG, Modulates the Biosynthesis of Aflatoxins and Their Trafficking and Extracellular Secretion via Lipid Droplets
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  • Mitotic defects in fission yeast lipid metabolism ‘cut’ mutants are suppressed by ammonium chloride
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Review
REVIEW] All about that fat: Lipid modification of proteins in Cryptococcus neoformans
Felipe H. Santiago-Tirado , Tamara L. Doering
J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):212-222.   Published online February 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5626-6
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Lipid modification of proteins is a widespread, essential process whereby fatty acids, cholesterol, isoprenoids, phospholipids, or glycosylphospholipids are attached to polypeptides. These hydrophobic groups may affect protein structure, function, localization, and/or stability; as a consequence such modifications play critical regulatory roles in cellular systems. Recent advances in chemical biology and proteomics have allowed the profiling of modified proteins, enabling dissection of the functional consequences of lipid addition. The enzymes that mediate lipid modification are specific for both the lipid and protein substrates, and are conserved from fungi to humans. In this article we review these enzymes, their substrates, and the processes involved in eukaryotic lipid modification of proteins. We further focus on its occurrence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, highlighting unique features that are both relevant for the biology of the organism and potentially important in the search for new therapies.

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    Xina Wu, Xiu Li, Ruilong Wang, Yan Sun, Yang Peng, Xinhang Li, Xinyu Yang
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    Suchi Chaturvedi, Avinash Sonawane
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    Bao Yang, Ke Zhang, Xiong Jin, Jiayu Yan, Shaoping Lu, Qingwen Shen, Lei Guo, Yueyun Hong, Xuemin Wang, Liang Guo
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  • Genome Sequence, Assembly, and Characterization of the Antagonistic Yeast Candida oleophila Used as a Biocontrol Agent Against Post-harvest Diseases
    Yuan Sui, Michael Wisniewski, Samir Droby, Edoardo Piombo, Xuehong Wu, Junyang Yue
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Daniel P Agustinho, Liza C Miller, Lucy X Li, Tamara L Doering
    Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    María-Eugenia Zaballa, F. Gisou van der Goot
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Bacillus cheonanensis sp. nov. Isolated from Near Poultry Farm Soil
Hyun-Ju Kim , Cheol-Su Park , Siwon Lee , Tae-Young Ahn
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(7):554-558.   Published online May 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3458-9
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AbstractAbstract PDF
A novel bacterial strain, designated PFS-5T, was isolated from the soil environment with feces of a live poultry farm located in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Strain PFS-5T was Gram-staining-positive, motile, strictly aerobic bacterium, rod-shaped, and endospore-forming. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan and MK-7 menaquinone. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (44.2%), C16:0 (22.2%), and iso-C15:0 (16.7%). The DNA G+C content was 40.1 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis identified strain PFS-5T in the genus Bacillus, exhibiting the highest level of sequence similarity with type strain of B. herbersteinensis D-1,5aT (96.9%), B. humi LMG 22167T (96.7%), B. alkalitelluris BA288T (96.1%), B. litoralis SW-211T (96.0%), and B. luteolus YIM93174T (95.5%). The major polar lipids of PFS-5T were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of result from poly-phasic data, strain PFS-5T represents a novel species, for which the name Bacillus cheonanensis sp. nov. is proposed (Type strain PFS-5T= KACC 17469T= JCM19333T).

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  • Bacillus coreaensis sp. nov.: a xylan-hydrolyzing bacterium isolated from the soil of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
    Won-Jae Chi, Young Sang Youn, Jae-Seon Park, Soon-Kwang Hong
    Journal of Microbiology.2015; 53(7): 448.     CrossRef
NOTE] Pedobacter jeongneungensis sp. nov., Isolated from Forest Soil
Jaejoon Jung , Woojun Park
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):660-664.   Published online July 21, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1629-0
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Strain BH45T was isolated from forest soil of Mt. Bukhan in Jeongneung, Seoul, Korea. The Gram-staining-negative strain BH45T grows at 4–30°C (optimum of 25–30°C) and between pH 5–8 (optimum of pH 6–8). Its major cellular fatty acids are C18:3 ω6c (6,9,12) and C10:0. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 40.2 mol%. The major respiratory quinone system in strain BH45T is menaquinone-7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that strain BH45T is closely related to the genus Pedobacter. Sequence similarities with P. terrae KCTC 12762T, P. suwonensis KACC 11317T, P. soli KACC 14939T, P. alluvionis DSM 19624T, P. roseus KCCM 42272T, P. yonginense KCTC 22721T were 97.5, 97.1, 97.0, 97.0, 97.0, and 96.0%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization results distinguish strain BH45T from two Pedobacter species with high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. According to the phenotypic and molecular data, the strain BH45T clearly represents a novel species within the genus Pedobacter; thus, the name Pedobacter jeongneungensis sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is BH45T (=KACC 15514T =JCM 17626T).

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    Minkyung Kim, Wonjae Kim, Woojun Park
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Sulfolipid Accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disrupted in the mce2 Operon
Olivera Marjanovic , Anthony T. Iavarone , Lee W. Riley
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):441-447.   Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0435-4
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has a lipid-rich cell wall that serves as an effective barrier against drugs and toxic host cell products, which may contribute to the organism’s persistence in a host. M. tuberculosis contains four homologous operons called mce (mce1-4) that encode putative ABC transporters involved in lipid importation across the cell wall. Here, we analyzed the lipid composition of M. tuberculosis disrupted in the mce2 operon. High resolution mass spectrometric and thin layer chromatographic analyses of the mutant’s cell wall lipid extracts showed accumulation of SL-1 and SL1278 molecules. Radiographic quantitative analysis and densitometry revealed 2.9, 3.9 and 9.8-fold greater amount of [35S] SL-1 in the mce2 operon mutant compared to the wild type M. tuberculosis during the early/mid logarithmic, late logarithmic and stationary phase of growth in liquid broth, respectively. The amount of [35S] SL1278 in the mutant also increased progressively over the same growth phases. The expression of the mce2 operon genes in the wild type strain progressively increased from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of bacterial growth in vitro, which inversely correlated with the proportion of radiolabel incorporation into SL-1 and SL1278 at these phases. Since the mce2 operon is regulated in wild type M. tuberculosis, its cell wall may undergo changes in SL-1 and SL1278 contents during a natural course of infection and this may serve as an important adaptive strategy for M. tuberculosis to maintain persistence in a host.

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    Julia García‐Fernández, Kadamba Papavinasasundaram, Beatriz Galán, Christopher M. Sassetti, José L. García
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Transcriptional Control of Genes Involved in Yeast Phospholipid Biosynthesis
Roshini Wimalarathna , Chen-Han Tsai , Chang-Hui Shen
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):265-273.   Published online May 3, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1130-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Phospholipid biosynthetic genes encode enzymes responsible for phospholipid biosynthesis. They are coordinately regulated by the availability of phospholipid precursors through the inositol-sensitive upstream activating sequence (UASINO). However, not all phospholipid genes are UASINO-containing genes and not all UASINO-containing genes have the same response to the phospholipid precursors. Therefore, the transcriptional regulation of phospholipid genes in response to the availability of phospholipid precursors is still unclear. Here, 22 out of 47 phospholipid biosynthetic genes were identified as UASINO-containing genes, including EKI1, EPT1, INM1, IPK2, KCS1, PAH1, and PIK1 which have never been reported before. We also showed, using qRTPCR technique, that 12 UASINO-containing genes are down-regulated by 100 μM inositol in the wild type cells and up-regulated by 100 μM inositol in the ino2Δ cells. Therefore, it is possible that these genes are transcriptionally regulated by the UASINO through the negative response of Ino2p to inositol. One other UASINO-containing gene might be regulated by the positive response of Ino2p to 100 μM inositol. Surprisingly, we found 9 UASINO-containing genes are not dependent on the response of Ino2p to 100 μM inositol, indicating that they may be regulated by other pathway. Furthermore, we identified 9 and 3 non-UASINO-containing genes that are possibly regulated by the negative and positive response of Ino2p to 100 μM inositol, respectively. Therefore, these observations provide insight into the understanding of the co-regulated phospholipid biosynthetic genes expression.

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Journal Article
The Effect of Lipid Supplements on Ruminal Bacteria in Continuous Culture Fermenters Varies with the Fatty Acid Composition
Ramesh B. Potu , Amer A. AbuGhazaleh , Darcie Hastings , Karen Jones , Salam A. Ibrahim
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):216-223.   Published online May 3, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0365-1
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AbstractAbstract PDF
A single flow continuous culture fermenter system was used in this study to investigate the influence of dietary lipid supplements varying in their fatty acid content on the DNA concentration of selected rumen bacteria. Four continuous culture fermenters were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with four periods of 10 d each. Treatment diets were fed at 45 g/d (DM basis) in three equal portions during the day. The diets were: 1) control (CON), 2) control with animal fat source (SAT), 3) control with soybean oil (SBO), and 4) control with fish oil (FO). Lipid supplements were added at 3% of diet DM. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were not affected (P>0.05) by lipid supplements. Concentrations of propionate, iso-butyrate, valerate and iso-valerate were highest (P<0.05) with the FO diet compared with the other treatment diets. The concentration of t11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid, VA) in effluents increased (P<0.05) with SBO and FO diets and was highest with the SBO diet. The concentrations of C18:0 in effluents were lowest (P<0.05) for the FO diet compared with the other treatment diets. Concentrations of DNA for Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus in fermenters were similar (P>0.05) for all diets. The DNA concentrations of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminococcus albus in fermenters were lowest (P<0.05) with the FO diet but were similar (P>0.05) among the other treatment diets. Selenomonas ruminantium DNA concentration in fermenters was highest (P<0.05) with the FO diet. In conclusion, SBO had no effect on bacterial DNA concentrations tested in this study and the VA accumulation in the rumen observed on the FO diet may be due in part to FO influence on B. fibrisolvens, R. albus, and S. ruminantium.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Novel Pathogenetic Mechanism in a Clinical Isolate of Yersinia enterocolitica KU14
Yoshinori Sato , Kenichi Kaneko , Takeshi Sasahara , Matsuhisa Inoue
J. Microbiol. 2006;44(1):98-105.
DOI: https://doi.org/2330 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Yersinia enterocolitica induces a broad range of gastrointestinal syndromes, including acute enteritis. We previously reported that the clinical isolate, Y. enterocolitica KU14, which lacks pYV, was still capable of causing clinical infection. The present study demonstrated that KU14 did not trigger the death of macrophages in vitro, unlike WA-314 (ATCC51871, which harbors the pYV virulence plasmid). However, the intracellular growth of KU14 in the macrophages was greater than that of WA-C (ATCC51872, a non-plasmid harboring the derivative pYV plasmid). Treatment with a cholesterol-binding drug (β-cyclodextrin) that affected lipid rafts resulted in a dramatic reduction in the intracellular growth of KU14. These data clearly indicate that the enhanced intracellular growth of KU14 is related to lipid raft-mediated infection.
Adsorption of Pb^2+ in the components of bacterial cell membrane
Kim , Mal Nam
J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):278-282.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
S. epidermidis cell was fractionated into cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm. The cell membrane adsorbed the most abundant Pb^2+ per unit dry weight of the three fractions tested. Adsorption behavior of Pb^2+ in lipid and protein, which are the main components of the cell membrane, indicated that phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol having phosphoryl group and gangliosides containing carboxyl groups adsorbed much more Pb^2+ than triglycerides lacking any chargeable functional groups. Protein purified from cell membrane adsorbed larger amount of Pb^2+ than total native cell membrane or cell membrane lipid.

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