Review
- REVIEW] Mechanisms of Synergy in Polymicrobial Infections
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Justine L. Murray , Jodi L. Connell , Apollo Stacy , Keith H. Turner , Marvin Whiteley
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J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):188-199. Published online March 1, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4067-3
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Abstract
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Communities of microbes can live almost anywhere and contain many different species. Interactions between members of these communities often determine the state of the habitat in which they live. When these habitats include sites on the human body, these interactions can affect health and disease. Polymicrobial synergy can occur during infection, in which the combined effect of two or more microbes on disease is worse than seen with any of the individuals alone.
Powerful genomic methods are increasingly used to study microbial communities, including metagenomics to reveal the members and genetic content of a community and metatranscriptomics to describe the activities of community members. Recent efforts focused toward a mechanistic understanding of these interactions have led to a better appreciation of the precise bases of polymicrobial synergy in communities
containing bacteria, eukaryotic microbes, and/or viruses. These studies have benefited from advances in the development of in vivo models of polymicrobial infection and modern techniques to profile the spatial and chemical bases of intermicrobial communication. This review describes the breadth of mechanisms microbes use to interact in ways that impact pathogenesis and techniques to study polymicrobial communities.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Free Mycolic Acid Accumulation in the Cell Wall of the mce1 Operon Mutant Strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Sally A. Cantrell , Michael D. Leavell , Olivera Marjanovic , Anthony T. Iavarone , Julie A. Leary , Lee W. Riley
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J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):619-626. Published online September 14, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3092-y
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Abstract
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The lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, serves as an effective barrier against many chemotherapeutic agents and toxic host cell effector molecules, and it may contribute to the mechanism of persistence. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains mutated in a 13-gene operon called mce1, which encodes a putative ABC lipid transporter, induce aberrant granulomatous response in mouse lungs. Because of the postulated role of the mce1 operon in lipid importation, we compared the cell wall lipid composition of wild type and mce1 operon mutant M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains. High resolution mass spectrometric analyses of the mce1 mutant lipid extracts showed unbound mycolic acids to accumulate in the cell wall. Quantitative analysis revealed a 10.7 fold greater amount of free mycolates in the mutant compared to that of the wild type strain. The free mycolates were comprised of alpha, methoxy and keto mycolates in the ratio 1:0.9:0.6, respectively. Since the mce1 operon is regulated in vivo, the free mycolates that accumulate during infection may serve as a barrier for M. tuberculosis against toxic products and contribute to the pathogen’s persistence.
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Citations
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Purification and Structure Analysis of Mycolic Acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum
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Yang Yang , Feng Shi , Guanjun Tao , Xiaoyuan Wang
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):235-240. Published online April 27, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1459-0
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Abstract
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Corynebacterium glutamicum is widely used for producing
amino acids. Mycolic acids, the major components in the cell
wall of C. glutamicum might be closely related to the secretion
of amino acids. In this study, mycolic acids were extracted
from 5 strains of C. glutamicum, including ATCC 13032,
ATCC 13869, ATCC 14067, L-isoleucine producing strain
IWJ-1, and L-valine producing strain VWJ-1. Structures of
these mycolic acids were analyzed using thin layer chromatography
and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
More than twenty molecular species of mycolic acid were
observed in all 5 strains. They differ in the length (20–40
carbons) and saturation (0–3 double bonds) of their constituent
fatty acids. The dominant species of mycolic acid in
every strain was different, but their two hydrocarbon chains
were similar in length (14–18 carbons), and the meromycolate
chain usually contained double bonds. As the growth
temperature of cells increased from 30°C to 34°C, the proportion
of mycolic acid species containing unsaturated and
shorter hydrocarbon chains increased. These results provide
new information on mycolic acids in C. glutamicum,
and could be useful for modifying the cell wall to increase
the production of amino acids.
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Sulfolipid Accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disrupted in the mce2 Operon
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Olivera Marjanovic , Anthony T. Iavarone , Lee W. Riley
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):441-447. Published online June 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0435-4
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23
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Abstract
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has a lipid-rich cell wall that serves as an effective barrier against drugs and toxic host cell products, which may contribute to the organism’s persistence in a host. M. tuberculosis contains four homologous operons called mce (mce1-4) that encode putative ABC transporters involved in lipid importation across the cell wall. Here, we analyzed the lipid composition of M. tuberculosis disrupted in the mce2 operon. High resolution mass spectrometric and thin layer chromatographic analyses of the mutant’s cell wall lipid extracts showed accumulation of SL-1 and SL1278 molecules. Radiographic quantitative analysis and densitometry revealed 2.9, 3.9 and 9.8-fold greater amount of [35S] SL-1 in the mce2 operon mutant compared to the wild type M. tuberculosis during the early/mid logarithmic, late logarithmic and stationary phase of growth in liquid broth, respectively. The amount of [35S] SL1278 in the mutant also increased progressively over the same growth phases. The expression of the mce2 operon genes in the wild type strain progressively increased from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of bacterial growth in vitro, which inversely correlated with the proportion of radiolabel incorporation into SL-1 and SL1278 at these phases. Since the mce2 operon is regulated in wild type M. tuberculosis, its cell wall may undergo changes in SL-1 and SL1278 contents during a natural course of infection and this may serve as an important adaptive strategy for M. tuberculosis to maintain persistence in a host.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Bacillus megaterium Strain XTBG34 Promotes Plant Growth by Producing 2-Pentylfuran
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Changsong Zou , Zhifang Li , Diqiu Yu
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(4):460-466. Published online August 20, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0068-z
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36
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147
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Abstract
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Several chemical changes in soil are associated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. An endosporeforming bacterium, strain XTBG34, was isolated from a Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden soil sample and identified as Bacillus megaterium. The strain’s volatiles had remarkable plant growth promotion activity in Arabidopsis thaliana plants; after 15 days treatment, the fresh weight of plants inoculated with XTBG34 was almost 2-fold compared with those inoculated with DH5α. Head space volatile compounds produced by XTBG34, trapped with headspace solid phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, included aldehydes, alkanes, ketones and aroma components. Of the 11 compounds assayed for plant growth promotion activity in divided Petri plates, only 2-pentylfuran increased plant growth. We have therefore identified a new plant growth promotion volatile of B. megaterium XTBG34, which deserves further study in the mechanisms of interaction between plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and plants.