Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Characterization and validation of an alternative reference bacterium Korean Pharmacopoeia Staphylococcus aureus strain: Ye Won An , Young Sill Choi , Mi-ran Yun , Chihwan Choi , Su Yeon Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):187-191. Published online January 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1335-5

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The National Culture Collection of Pathogens (NCCP) is a microbial resource bank in Korea that collects pathogen resources causing infectious disease in human and distributes them for research and education. The NCCP bank attempts to discover strains with various characteristics and specific purposes to provide diverse resources to researchers. Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 6538P is used as a reference strain in the microbial assay for antibiotics in the Korean and in the United States Pharmacopoeias. We aimed to analyze domestically isolated microbial resources from the NCCP to replace the S. aureus reference strain. Staphylococcus aureus strains were identified using matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the VITEK-2 system and characterized by multilocus sequence typing, 16S rRNA sequencing, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Several candidate strains had similar characteristics as the reference strain. Among them, the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA region of NCCP 16830 was 100% identical to that of the reference strain; it was sensitive to six types of antibiotics and showed results most similar to the reference strain. A validity evaluation was conducted using the cylinder-plate method. NCCP 16830 presented valid results and had the same performance as ATCC 6538P; therefore, it was selected as an alternative candidate strain.

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Bacterial composition of refrigerators in households and inactivation of airborne Staphylococcus aureus using a TiO2-UVLED module in a 512 L aerobiology chamber
So-Seum Yong, Jae-Ik Lee, Dong-Hyun Kang
Food Microbiology.2023; 114: 104274. CrossRef

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Functional Shifts in Unvegetated, Perhumid, Recently-Deglaciated Soils Do Not Correlate with Shifts in Soil Bacterial Community Composition: Sarah R. Sattin , Cory C. Cleveland , Eran Hood , Sasha C. Reed , Andrew J. King , Steven K. Schmidt , Michael S. Robeson , Nataly Ascarrunz , Diana R. Nemergut; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(6):673-681. Published online February 4, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0194-7

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Abstract: Past work in recently deglaciated soils demonstrates that microbial communities undergo shifts prior to plant colonization. To date, most studies have focused on relatively ‘long’ chronosequences with the ability to sample plant-free sites over at least 50 years of development. However, some recently deglaciated soils feature rapid plant colonization and questions remain about the relative rate of change in the microbial community in the unvegetated soils of these chronosequences. Thus, we investigated the forelands of the Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau, AK, USA, where plants rapidly establish. We collected unvegetated samples representing soils that had been ice-free for 0, 1, 4, and 8 years. Total nitrogen (N) ranged from 0.00~0.14 mg/g soil, soil organic carbon pools ranged from 0.6~2.3 mg/g soil, and both decreased in concentration between the 0 and 4 yr soils. Biologically available phosphorus (P) and pH underwent similar dynamics. However, both pH and available P increased in the 8 yr soils. Nitrogen fixation was nearly undetectable in the most recently exposed soils, and increased in the 8 yr soils to ~5 ng N fixed/cm2/h, a trend that was matched by the activity of the soil N-cycling enzymes urease and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed no significant differences between the 0 and 8 yr soils; however, 8 yr soils featured the presence of cyanobacteria, a division wholly absent from the 0 yr soils. Taken together, our results suggest that microbes are consuming allochtonous organic matter sources in the most recently exposed soils. Once this carbon source is depleted, a competitive advantage may be ceded to microbes not reliant on in situ nutrient sources.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Dominance of Endospore-forming Bacteria on a Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor Biofilm for Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Seong Joo Park , Jerng Chang Yoon , Kwang-Soo Shin , Eung Ho Kim , Soobin Yim , Yeon-Je Cho , Gi Moon Sung , Dong-Geun Lee , Seung Bum Kim , Dong-Uk Lee , Sung-Hoon Woo , Ben Koopman; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):113-121.; DOI: https://doi.org/2525 [pii]

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Abstract: The bacterial diversity inherent to the biofilm community structure of a modified rotating biological contactor wastewater treatment process, referred to as the Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor (RABC) process, was characterized in this study, via both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. On the basis of culture-dependent methods, Bacillus sp. were found to exist in large numbers on the biofilm (6.5% of the heterotrophic bacteria) and the microbial composition of the biofilms was quite simple. Only three phyla were identified-namely, the Proteobacteria, the Actinobacteria (High G+C Gram-positive bacteria), and the Firmicutes (Low G+C Gram-positive bacteria). The culture-independent partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed a considerably more diverse microbial composition within the biofilms. A total of eight phyla were recovered in this case, three of which were major groups: the Firmicutes (43.9%), the Proteobacteria (28.6%), and the Bacteroidetes (17.6%). The remaining five phyla were minor groups: the Planctomycetes (4.4%), the Chlorobi (2.2%), the Actinobacteria (1.1%), the Nitrospirae (1.1%), and the Verrucomicrobia (1.1%). The two most abundant genera detected were the endospore-forming bacteria (31.8%), Clostridium and Bacillus, both of which are members of the Firmicutes phylum. This finding indicates that these endospore-forming bacteria successfully colonized and dominated the RABC process biofilms. Many of the colonies or clones recovered from the biofilms evidenced significantly high homology in the 16S rDNA sequences of bacteria stored in databases associated with advanced wastewater treatment capabilities, including nitrification and denitrification, phosphorus accumulation, the removal of volatile odors, and the removal of chlorohydrocarbons or heavy metals. The microbial community structures observed in the biofilms were found to correlate nicely with the enhanced performance of advanced wastewater treatment protocols.

Review

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO_2 Concentrations on Soil Microorganisms: Chris Freeman , Seon-Young Kim , Seung-Hoon Lee , Hojeong Kang; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(4):267-277.; DOI: https://doi.org/2111 [pii]

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Abstract: Effects of elevated CO_2 on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and synthesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated CO_2 on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated CO_2 in atmosphere may enhance certain microbial processes such as CH_4 emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. However, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of CO_2 fumigation systems are not fully understood.

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