Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis can survive in a dormant state within
the granuloma, avoiding the host-mounting immune attack. M. tuberculosis bacilli in this state show increased tolerance
to antibiotics and stress conditions, and thus the transition of M. tuberculosis to the nonreplicating dormant state acts as
an obstacle to tuberculosis treatment. M. tuberculosis in the granuloma encounters hostile environments such as hypoxia,
nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, low pH, and nutrient deprivation, etc., which are expected to inhibit respiration of M.
tuberculosis. To adapt to and survive in respiration-inhibitory conditions, it is required for M. tuberculosis to reprogram its
metabolism and physiology. In order to get clues to the mechanism underlying the entry of M. tuberculosis to the dormant
state, it is important to understand the mycobacterial regulatory systems that are involved in the regulation of gene expression
in response to respiration inhibition. In this review, we briefly summarize the information regarding the regulatory
systems implicated in upregulation of gene expression in mycobacteria exposed to respiration-inhibitory conditions. The
regulatory systems covered in this review encompass the DosSR (DevSR) two-component system, SigF partner switching
system, MprBA-SigE-SigB signaling pathway, cAMP receptor protein, and stringent response.
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Strain IMCC1322 was isolated from a surface water sample
from the East Sea of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA analysis,
IMCC1322 was found to belong to the OCS28 sub-clade of
SAR116. The cells appeared as short vibrioids in logarithmicphase
culture, and elongated spirals during incubation with
mitomycin or in aged culture. Growth characteristics of strain
IMCC1322 were further evaluated based on genomic information;
proteorhodopsin (PR), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase,
and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)-utilizing
enzymes. IMCC1322 PR was characterized as a functional
retinylidene protein that acts as a light-driven proton pump
in the cytoplasmic membrane. However, the PR-dependent
phototrophic potential of strain IMCC1322 was only observed
under CO-inhibited and nutrient-limited culture conditions.
A DMSP-enhanced growth response was observed in addition
to cultures grown on C1 compounds like methanol, formate,
and methane sulfonate. Strain IMCC1322 cultivation
analysis revealed biogeochemical processes characteristic of
the SAR116 group, a dominant member of the microbial community
in euphotic regions of the ocean. The polyphasic taxonomy
of strain IMCC1322 is given as Candidatus Puniceispirillum
marinum, and was confirmed by chemotaxonomic
tests, in addition to 16S rRNA phylogeny and cultivation
analyses.
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