Journal Article
- Alteration in the ultrastructural morphology of mycelial hyphae and the dynamics of transcriptional activity of lytic enzyme genes during basidiomycete morphogenesis
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Elena Vetchinkina , Maria Kupryashina , Vladimir Gorshkov , Marina Ageeva , Yuri Gogolev , Valentina Nikitina
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(4):280-288. Published online January 26, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6320-z
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Abstract
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The morphogenesis of macromycetes is a complex multilevel process resulting in a set of molecular-genetic, physiological- biochemical, and morphological-ultrastructural changes in the cells. When the xylotrophic basidiomycetes Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa, and Ganoderma lucidum were grown on wood waste as the substrate, the ultrastructural morphology of the mycelial hyphal cell walls differed considerably between mycelium and morphostructures. As the macromycetes passed from vegetative to generative development, the expression of the tyr1, tyr2, chi1, chi2, exg1, exg2, and exg3 genes was acti-vated. These genes encode enzymes such as tyrosinase, chi-tinase, and glucanase, which play essential roles in cell wall growth and morphogenesis.
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Ting-Lei Tao, Feng-Jie Cui, Xiao-Xiao Chen, Wen-Jing Sun, Da-Ming Huang, Jinsong Zhang, Yan Yang, Di Wu, Wei-Min Liu
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Reviews
- REVIEW] Plasma membrane organization promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans
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Lois M. Douglas , James B. Konopka
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):178-191. Published online February 27, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5621-y
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Abstract
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Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen capable of causing
lethal systemic infections. The plasma membrane plays key
roles in virulence because it not only functions as a protective
barrier, it also mediates dynamic functions including secretion
of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, invasive hyphal
morphogenesis, endocytosis, and nutrient uptake. Consistent
with this functional complexity, the plasma membrane is
composed of a wide array of lipids and proteins. These components
are organized into distinct domains that will be the
topic of this review. Some of the plasma membrane domains
that will be described are known to act as scaffolds or barriers
to diffusion, such as MCC/eisosomes, septins, and sites
of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum. Other zones mediate
dynamic processes, including secretion, endocytosis, and
a special region at hyphal tips that facilitates rapid growth.
The highly organized architecture of the plasma membrane
facilitates the coordination of diverse functions and promotes
the pathogenesis of C. albicans.
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Candida albicans
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- REVIEW] Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota
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Sarah Höfs , Selene Mogavero , Bernhard Hube
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J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):149-169. Published online February 27, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0
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Abstract
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The interaction between Candida albicans and its host cells is
characterized by a complex interplay between the expression
of fungal virulence factors, which results in adherence, invasion
and cell damage, and the host immune system, which
responds by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, activating
antimicrobial activities and killing the fungal pathogen. In
this review we describe this interplay by taking a closer look
at how C. albicans pathogenicity is induced and executed,
how the host responds in order to prevent and clear an infection,
and which mechanisms C. albicans has evolved to
bypass these immune responses to avoid clearance. Furthermore,
we review studies that show how the presence of other
microorganisms affects this interplay.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- Effect of Light and Reductones on Differentiation of Pleurotus ostreatus
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Seung-Rock Lee , Woo-Jeong Joo , Yong-Un Baek , Inyoung Kim , Kee-Oh Chay , Seung-Hyun Cho , Seung-Jae Lee , Sa-Ouk Kang
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):71-77. Published online March 3, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0507-5
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Abstract
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Vegetative mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus were differentiated into primordia and subsequently into fruit bodies in synthetic sucrose-asparagine medium when exposed to light at low temperature. During photomorphogenesis, L-ascorbic acid-like substances called reductones were produced. L-Ascorbic acid, D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-O-(α-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-methyl-5-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid and 5-methyl-5-O-(α-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic
acid were accumulated initially in the illuminated mycelia before the initiation of fruiting. The content of glycosides of erythroascorbic acid and their methylated compounds increased again in the primordia and the fruit bodies. Exogenous L-ascorbic acid induced the formation of primordia from the mycelia in the dark in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, this suggests that these reductones might play a role in mediating the light stimulus in photomorphogenesis.
- Requirement of Bni5 Phosphorylation for Bud Morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Sung Chang Nam , Hyeran Sung , Yeon Bok Chung , Chong-Kil Lee , Dong Hun Lee , Sukgil Song
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J. Microbiol. 2007;45(1):34-40.
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DOI: https://doi.org/2494 [pii]
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Abstract
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In budding yeast, G2/M transition is tightly correlated with bud morphogenesis regulated by Swe1 and septin that plays as a scaffold to recruits protein components. BNI5 isolated as a suppressor for septin defect is implicated in septin organization and cytokinesis. The mechanism by which Bni5 regulates normal septin function is not completely understood. Here, we show that Bni5 phosphorylation is required for mitotic entry regulated by Swe1 pathway. Bni5 modification was evident from late mitosis to G1 phase, and CIP treatment in vitro of affinity-purified Bni5 removed the modification, indicative of phosphorylation on Bni5. The phosphorylation-deficient mutant of BNI5 (bni5-4A) was defective in both growth at semi-restrictive temperature and suppression of septin defect. Loss of Bni5 phosphorylation resulted in abnormal bud morphology and cell cycle delay at G2 phase, as evidenced by the formation of elongated cells with multinuclei. However, deletion of Swe1 completely eliminated the elongated-bud phenotypes of both bni5 deletion and bni5-4A mutants. These results suggest that the bud morphogenesis and mitotic entry are positively regulated by phosphorylation-dependent function of Bni5 which is under the control of Swe1 morphogenesis pathway.