Dengue, caused by four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is the most prevalent and widely mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been reported in over 100 countries, and approximately half of the world's population is now at risk. The paucity of universally licensed DENV vaccines highlights the urgent need to address this public health concern. Action and atten-tion to antibody-dependent enhancement increase the difficulty of vaccine development. With the worsen-ing dengue fever epidemic, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Qdenga® (TAK-003) have been approved for use in specific populations in affected areas. However, these vaccines do not provide a balanced immune response to all four DENV serotypes and the vaccination cannot cover all populations. There is still a need to develop a safe, broad-spectrum, and effective vaccine to address the increasing number of dengue cases worldwide. This review provides an overview of the existing DENV vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on DENV vaccine development, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in the field.
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a previously little-known flavivirus closely
related to Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, dengue, and
yellow fever viruses, all of which are primarily transmitted
by blood-sucking mosquitoes. Since its discovery in Uganda
in 1947, ZIKV has continued to expand its geographic range,
from equatorial Africa and Asia to the Pacific Islands, then
further afield to South and Central America and the Caribbean.
Currently, ZIKV is actively circulating not only in much
of Latin America and its neighbors but also in parts of the
Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia. Although ZIKV infection
generally causes only mild symptoms in some infected individuals,
it is associated with a range of neuroimmunological
disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis,
and myelitis. Recently, maternal ZIKV infection during
pregnancy has been linked to neonatal malformations, result ing in various degrees of congenital abnormalities, microcephaly,
and even abortion. Despite its emergence as an
important public health problem, however, little is known
about ZIKV biology, and neither vaccine nor drug is available
to control ZIKV infection. This article provides a brief
introduction to ZIKV with a major emphasis on its molecular
virology, in order to help facilitate the development of diagnostics,
therapeutics, and vaccines.
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