Journal of Microbiology

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Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., a flexirubin-type pigment producing bacterium, isolated from soil: Inhyup Kim , Jiyoun Kim , Geeta Chhetri , Taegun Seo; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1079-1085. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9350-x

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A yellow pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of gliding, catalase and oxidase positive bacterium, designated strain DS2-AT, was isolated from soil. Growth was observed at 4–32°C (optimum, 28°C), pH 6–9 (optimum, 7.0), and with 0–0.25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain DS2-AT belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium aquatile LMG 4008T (96.4%), Flavobacterium terrae DSM 18829T (95.6%), Flavobacterium vireti THG-SM1T (95.5%), Flavobacterium inkyongense IMCC27201T (95.4%), Flavobacterium brevivitae TTM-43T (95.2%), and Flavobacterium cucumis DSM 18830T (95.2%). Strain DS2-AT produces flexirubin- type pigments. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6. The major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The average nucleotide identity values between strain DS2-AT and selected taxa, F. aquatile LMG 4008T, F. terrae DSM 18829T, and F. cucumis DSM 18830T, were 72, 72.7, and 71.6%, respectively. The draft genome of strain DS2-AT has a number of 14 contigs, scaffold N50 of 476,310 bp and a total size of 3,563,867 bp. Additionally, strain DS2-AT contains 3,127 of gene, 41 of tRNA, 6 of rRNA, and 3 of ncRNA. The DNA G + C content of stain DS2-AT was 40.7 mol%. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain DS2-AT is considered as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., (type strain DS2-AT = KACC 19715T = JCM 32786T) has been proposed.

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World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lysobacter soyae sp. nov Isolated from the Root of Glycine max L.
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Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 1900. CrossRef
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Ardalan Pasdaran, Maryam Zare, Azar Hamedi, Azadeh Hamedi
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Characteristics and adaptability of Flavobacterium panici BSSL-CR3 in tidal flat revealed by comparative genomic and enzymatic analysis
Jina Kim, In-Tae Cha, Ki-Eun Lee, Youn Kyoung Son, Jaewoong Yu, Donghyeok Seol
Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Chryseobacterium edaphi sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from soil
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Marixanthotalea marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater
Zi-Yue Fu, Hua-Peng Xue, Wei He, Guang-Yuan Ma, Ai Hua Zhang, Dao-Feng Zhang, Wen-Jun Li
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ideonella oryzae sp. nov., isolated from soil, and Spirosoma liriopis sp. nov., isolated from fruits of Liriope platyphylla
Yonghee Jung, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Taegun Seo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Neoroseomonas alba sp. nov., Neoroseomonas nitratireducens sp. nov., Paraoseomonas indoligenes sp. nov and Paraoseomonas baculiformis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of paddy soil
Yoonseop So, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Taegun Seo
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2023; 116(10): 1009. CrossRef
Halomonas antri sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing bacterium isolated from surface seawater
Yoonseop So, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Minchung Kang, Jiyoun Kim, Byungjo Lee, Wonhee Jang, Taegun Seo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Devosia rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., novel plant growth promoting members of the genus Devosia, isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Minchung Kang, Jiyoun Kim, Yoonseop So, Taegun Seo
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(1): 1. CrossRef
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Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Minchung Kang, Yoonseop So, Jiyoun Kim, Taegun Seo
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Chryseobacterium tagetis sp. nov., a plant growth promoting bacterium with an antimicrobial activity isolated from the roots of medicinal plant (Tagetes patula)
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Yoonseop So, Taegun Seo
The Journal of Antibiotics.2022; 75(6): 312. CrossRef
Sphingosinicella flava sp. nov., indole acetic acid producing bacteria isolated from maize field soil
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Fuscibacter oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plant
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2021; 114(9): 1453. CrossRef
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Bhagyashree Padhan, Kasturi Poddar, Debapriya Sarkar, Angana Sarkar
Biotechnology Reports.2021; 29: e00592. CrossRef
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Current Microbiology.2021; 78(7): 2799. CrossRef
Flavobacterium tagetis sp. nov., a novel urea-hydrolysing bacterium isolated from the roots of Tagetes patula
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere Soils of Piper nigrum L.
Ashritha ., B. Raghavendr, M. Ramya Rai, P. Nagaraj, P. Visweswara
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Nocardioides donggukensis sp. nov. and Hyunsoonleella aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from Jeongbang Waterfall on Jeju Island
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Adhaeribacter rhizoryzae sp. nov., a fibrillar matrix-producing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plant
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(10): 5382. CrossRef
Reinekea thalattae sp. nov., a New Species of the Genus Reinekea Isolated from Surface Seawater in Sehwa Beach
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Current Microbiology.2020; 77(12): 4174. CrossRef
Flavobacterium alkalisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Suaeda salsa
Lian Xu, Hai-Tao Wang, Jin-Xin Zhang, Hui Zhang, Shuai Wang, Ji-Quan Sun
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(6): 3888. CrossRef
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(12): 6180. CrossRef
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Poly-γ-glutamic acid productivity of Bacillus subtilis BsE1 has positive function in motility and biocontrol against Fusarium graminearum: Luyao Wang , Ning Wang , Dandan Mi , Yuming Luo , Jianhua Guo; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(7):554-560. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6589-y

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Abstract

In this study, we investigate the relationship between γ-PGA productivity and biocontrol capacity of Bacillus subtilis BsE1; one bacterial isolate displayed 62.14% biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium root rot. The γ-PGA yield assay, motility assay, wheat root colonization assay, and biological control assay were analysed in different γ-PGA yield mutants of BsE1. The pgsB (PGA-synthase-CapB gene) deleted mutant of BsE1 reduced γ-PGA yield and exhibited apparent decline of in vitro motile ability. Deletion of pgsB impaired colonizing capacity of BsE1 on wheat root in 30 days, also lowered biocontrol efficacies from 62.08% (wild type BsE1) to 14.22% in greenhouse experiment against Fusarium root rot. The knockout of pgdS and ggt (genes relate to two γ-PGA degrading enzymes) on BsE1, leads to a considerable improvement in polymer yield and biocontrol efficacy, which attains higher level compared with wild type BsE1. Compared with ΔpgsB mutant, defense genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytoalexin expressed changes by notable levels on wheat roots treated with BsE1, demonstrating the functional role γ-PGA plays in biocontrol against Fusarium root rot. γ-PGA is not only important to the motile and plant root colonization ability of BsE1, but also essential to the biological control performed by BsE1 against Fusarium root rot. Our goal in this study is to reveals a new perspective of BCAs screening on bacterial isolates, without good performance during pre-assays of antagonism ability.

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Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ‐PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate‐starvation inducible promoter Ppst
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Roles of RpoS in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis stress survival, motility, biofilm formation and type VI secretion system expression: Jingyuan Guan , Xiao Xiao , Shengjuan Xu , Fen Gao , Jianbo Wang , Tietao Wang , Yunhong Song , Junfeng Pan , Xihui Shen , Yao Wang; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(9):633-642. Published online August 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-0099-6

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Abstract

RpoS (σS), the stationary phase/stress σ factor, controls the expression of a large number of genes involved in cellular responses to a variety of stresses. However, the role of RpoS appears to differ in different bacteria. While RpoS is an important regulator of flagellum biosynthesis, it is associated with biofilm development in Edwardsiella tarda. Biofilms are dense communities formed by bacteria and are important for microbe survival under unfavorable conditions. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) discovered recently is reportedly associated with several phenotypes, ranging from biofilm formation to stress sensing. For example, Vibrio anguillarum T6SS was proposed to serve as a sensor for extracytoplasmic signals and modulates RpoS expression and stress response. In this study, we investigated the physiological roles of RpoS in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including bacterial survival under stress conditions, flagella formation, biofilm development and T6SS expression. We found that RpoS is important in resistance to multiple stressors–including H2O2, acid, osmotic and heat shock–in Y. pseudotuberculosis. In addition, our study showed that RpoS not only modulates the expression of T6SS but also regulates flagellum formation by positively controlling the flagellar master regulatory gene flhDC, and affects the formation of biofilm on Caenorhabditis elegans by regulating the synthesis of exopolysaccharides. Taken together, these results show that RpoS plays a central role in cell fitness under several adverse conditions in Y. pseudotuberculosis.

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The stringent response factor, RelA, positively regulates T6SS4 expression through the RovM/RovA pathway in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Xiaobing Yang, Yunhong Song, Qingyun Dai, Hongyun Zhang, Li Song, Zhuo Wang, Junfeng Pan, Yao Wang
Microbiological Research.2019; 220: 32. CrossRef
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Ethel Bayer‐Santos, Lídia dos Passos Lima, Lucas de Moraes Ceseti, Camila Yuri Ratagami, Eliane Silva de Santana, Aline Maria da Silva, Chuck Shaker Farah, Cristina Elisa Alvarez‐Martinez
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The alternative sigma factor RpoQ regulates colony morphology, biofilm formation and motility in the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida
Miriam Khider, Nils Peder Willassen, Hilde Hansen
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RsmA and AmrZ orchestrate the assembly of all three type VI secretion systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Luke P. Allsopp, Thomas E. Wood, Sophie A. Howard, Federica Maggiorelli, Laura M. Nolan, Sarah Wettstadt, Alain Filloux
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Ruoxi Zhao, Yunhong Song, Qingyun Dai, Yiwen Kang, Junfeng Pan, Lingfang Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yao Wang, Xihui Shen
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ZntR positively regulates T6SS4 expression in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Tietao Wang, Keqi Chen, Fen Gao, Yiwen Kang, Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry, Zhuo Wang, Yao Wang, Xihui Shen
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Transcriptomic and Phenotypic Analysis Reveals New Functions for the Tat Pathway in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
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Journal Article

Characterization of MocR, a GntR-like transcriptional regulator, in Bradyrhizobium japonicum: its impact on motility, biofilm formation, and soybean nodulation: May Nyan Taw , Hae-In Lee , Sang-Ho Lee , Woo-Suk Chang; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):518-525. Published online July 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5313-z

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Abstract

Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that can fix nitrogen into ammonia by developing a symbiotic relationship with the soybean plant. MocR proteins make up a subfamily of GntR superfamily, one of the most widely distributed and prolific groups of the helix-turn-helix transcription factors. In this study, we constructed a mutant strain for mocR (blr6977) to investigate its role in cellular processes and symbiosis in B. japonicum. Although growth rate and morphology of the mutant were indistinguishable from those of the wild type, the mutant showed significant differences in motility and attachment (i.e., biofilm formation) from the wild type. The mutant displayed a decrease in biofilm formation, but was more motile than the wild type. The inactivation of mocR did not affect the number of nodules on soybean roots, but caused delayed nodulation. Delayed nodulation intrigued us to study competitiveness of the mutant infecting soybeans. The mutant was less competitive than the wild type, indicating that delayed nodulation might be due to competitiveness. Gene expressions of other MocR subfamily members were also compared between the wild type and mutant strains. None of the mocR-like genes examined in this study were differentially expressed between both strains.

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BMC Genomics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The MocR family transcriptional regulator DnfR has multiple binding sites and regulates Dirammox gene transcription in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135
Si‐Qiong Xu, Xiao Wang, Lu Xu, Ke‐Xin Wang, Yin‐Hu Jiang, Fu‐Yin Zhang, Qing Hong, Jian He, Shuang‐Jiang Liu, Ji‐Guo Qiu
Environmental Microbiology.2023; 25(3): 675. CrossRef
The GntR-like transcriptional regulator HutC involved in motility, biofilm-forming ability, and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yangyang Li, Weidong Sun, Quan Wang, Ying Yu, Ying Wan, Kai Zhou, Rong Guo, Xiangan Han, Zhaoguo Chen, Weihuan Fang, Wei Jiang
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Biological and transcriptional studies reveal VmeL is involved in motility, biofilm formation and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Peng-xuan Liu, Xiao-yun Zhang, Quan Wang, Yang-yang Li, Wei-dong Sun, Yu Qi, Kai Zhou, Xian-gan Han, Zhao-guo Chen, Wei-huan Fang, Wei Jiang
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Lei Pan, Christopher L. Gardner, Reagan Beliakoff, Danilo da Silva, Ran Zuo, Fernando A. Pagliai, Kaylie A. Padgett‐Pagliai, Marcelo L. Merli, Erol Bahadiroglu, Claudio F. Gonzalez, Graciela L. Lorca
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Proteomic and Functional Analyses of a Novel Porin-like Protein in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: Hye-Jee Park , Sang-Won Lee , Sang-Wook Han; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(12):1030-1035. Published online November 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4442-0

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Abstract

Proteomic analysis is a useful technique for postulating and elucidating protein functions. In the present work, a shotgun proteomic analysis was used to identify functions of the PXO_03968 gene (previously known as the ax21) from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a causal agent for bacterial blight disease in rice. Structural prediction performed on the protein sequence encoded by PXO_03968 reveals that it encodes a putative porin-like protein, possessing a β-barrel domain with 10 β-strands and a signal peptide at the Nterminus. We renamed the gene as an omp1X (outer membrane protein 1 in Xoo), generated its knock out mutant (XooΔomp1X), and compared the protein expression level in the mutant to that in the wild type. A total of 106 proteins displayed more than 1.5-fold difference in expression between the mutant and the wild type strains. COG analysis revealed that these proteins are involved in cell motility as well as signal transduction. In addition, phenotypic analysis demonstrated that motility and biofilm formation in XooΔomp1X are lower than the wild type. These results provide new insights into the functions of outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria.

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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence: a current view
Vladimir Mikhailovich, Rustam Heydarov, Danila Zimenkov, Igor Chebotar
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Molecular-genetic portrait of virulence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Vladimir M. Mikhailovich, Rustam N. Geydarov, Julia A. Bocharova, Igor V. Chebotar
Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology.2023; 100(5): 380. CrossRef
p‐Aminobenzoic acid inhibits the growth of soybean pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines by altering outer membrane integrity
Yong‐Hui Jiang, Ting Liu, Xin‐Chi Shi, Daniela D Herrera‐Balandrano, Mei‐Ting Xu, Su‐Yan Wang, Pedro Laborda
Pest Management Science.2023; 79(10): 4083. CrossRef
Expression and function of clpS and clpA in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Hsueh-Hsia Lo, Hsiao-Ching Chang, Chao-Tsai Liao, Yi-Min Hsiao
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2022; 115(5): 589. CrossRef
Outer Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Issues
Rokas Juodeikis, Simon R. Carding
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant Ax21 protein is a promising subunit vaccine candidate against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a murine infection model
Amal Tarek Sarhan, Mohammed Bahey-El-Din, Taha Ibrahim Zaghloul
Vaccine.2021; 39(32): 4471. CrossRef
Deciphering the functions of the outer membrane porin OprBXo involved in virulence, motility, exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation and stress tolerance in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Nahee Bae, Hye‐Jee Park, Hanbi Park, Minyoung Kim, Sang‐Wook Han
Molecular Plant Pathology.2018; 19(12): 2527. CrossRef
The Ax21 protein influences virulence and biofilm formation in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Shi-qi An, Ji-liang Tang
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Lsp family proteins regulate antibiotic biosynthesis in Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11
Ruping Wang, Huiyong Xu, Yangyang Zhao, Juan Zhang, Gary Y Yuen, Guoliang Qian, Fengquan Liu
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Systems and synthetic biology perspective of the versatile plant-pathogenic and polysaccharide-producing bacterium Xanthomonas campestris
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Functional and Proteomic Analyses Reveal That ScpBXv Is Involved in Bacterial Growth, Virulence, and Biofilm Formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Hye-Jee Park, Sang-Wook Han
The Plant Pathology Journal.2017; 33(6): 602. CrossRef
Deciphering the Role of Tyrosine Sulfation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Using Shotgun Proteomic Analysis
Hye-Jee Park, Chang-Jin Park, Nahee Bae, Sang-Wook Han
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The effect of imipenem and diffusible signaling factors on the secretion of outer membrane vesicles and associated Ax21 proteins in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Simon Devos, Laurence Van Oudenhove, Stephan Stremersch, Wouter Van Putte, Riet De Rycke, Gonzalez Van Driessche, Jolien Vitse, Koen Raemdonck, Bart Devreese
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An Aqueous Extract of Yunnan Baiyao Inhibits the Quorum-Sensing-Related Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Zu-Guo Zhao , Shuang-Shuang Yan , Yun-Mei Yu , Na Mi , La-Xi Zhang , Jun Liu , Xiao-Ling Li , Fang Liu , Jun-Fa Xu , Wei-Qing Yang , Guo-Ming Li; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):207-212. Published online April 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2595-x

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Abstract: Yunnan Baiyao is a famous Chinese medicine that has long been directly applied to wounds to reduce bleeding, pain, and swelling without causing infection. However, little is known about its ability to prevent infection. The present study aimed to assess in vitro the anti-virulence activity of an aqueous extract of Yunnan Baiyao (YBX) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a pathogenic model. We found that a sub-MIC (2.5 mg/ml) of YBX can efficiently interfere with the quorum-sensing (QS) signaling circuit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that a sub-MIC of YBX downregulated the transcriptions of lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI, which resulted in global attenuation of QS-regulated virulence activities, such as biofilm formation, and secretion of LasA protease, LasB elastase and pyocyanin. Further, YBX reduced the motility of P. aeruginosa related to QS, and impaired the formation of biofilms. These results suggest that YBX may possess global inhibitory activity against the virulence of P. aeruginosa and that YBX may also exhibit antimicrobial activity in vivo. The present study suggests that Yunnan Baiyao represents a potential source for isolating novel, safe, and efficacious antimicrobial agents.

Journal Article

NOTE] Mutations Upregulating the flhDC Operon of Escherichia coli K-12: Changhan Lee , Chankyu Park; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):140-144. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2212-z

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Abstract: Bacterial motility is governed by the flhDC master operon that is under the control of factors like OmpR, LrhA, HdfR, and H-NS. Previously, derivatives of the wild-type MG1655 strain of E. coli K-12 with enhanced motility were found to contain insertion sequences (ISs) in the regulatory region of the flhDC operon. Here, we report that not only integrations of IS insertion sequences into the regulatory region of the flhDC operon, but also a missense mutation in the lrhA gene enhances motility by relieving transcriptional repression of the flhDC operon. Two novel IS insertions were found upstream of flhDC. So far, the relationships between the transacting factors and the cis-acting regulatory sequences associated with the flhDC operon have not been clearly established. In this study, it was found that effects of the cis- and trans-acting mutations were acting in parallel, suggesting their apparently independent regulation of flagellar expression.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Extracellular Stress and Lipopolysaccharide Modulate Acinetobacter baumannii Surface-Associated Motility: Christin N. McQueary , Benjamin C. Kirkup , Yuanzheng Si , Miriam Barlow , Luis A. Actis , David W. Craft , Daniel V. Zurawski; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):434-443. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1555-1

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Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial bacterial pathogen, and infections attributed to this species are further complicated by a remarkable ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes and to survive in a desiccated state. While the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of A. baumannii is well-documented, less is known about the virulence attributes of this organism. Recent studies reported A. baumannii strains display a motility phenotype, which appears to be partially dependent upon Type IV pili, autoinducer molecules, and the response to blue light. In this study, we wanted to determine the prevalence of this trait in genetically diverse clinical isolates, and any additional required factors, and environmental cues that regulate motility. When strains are subjected to a wide array of stress conditions, A. baumannii motility is significantly reduced. In contrast, when extracellular iron is provided or salinity is reduced, motility is significantly enhanced. We further investigated whether the genes required for the production of lipopolysaccharide (lpsB) and K1 capsule (epsA/ptk) are required for motility as demonstrated in other Gram-negative bacteria. Transposon mutagenesis resulted in reduced motility by the insertion derivatives of each of these genes. The presence of the parental allele provided in trans, in the insertion mutant background, could only restore motility in the lpsB mutant. The production of core LPS directly contributes to the motility phenotype, while capsular polysaccharide may have an indirect effect. Further, the data suggest motility is regulated by extracellular conditions, indicating that A. baumannii is actively sensing the environment and responding accordingly.

Journal Article

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity against Salmonella Enteritidis: Gaëlle Legendre , Fabienne Faÿ , Isabelle Linossier , Karine Vallée-Réhel; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):349-354. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0162-x

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Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a well-known pathogenic bacterium responsible for human gastrointestinal enteritis mainly due to the consumption of eggs and egg-products. The first aim of this work was to study several virulence factors of a strain isolated from egg content: SEovo. First, bacterial growth was studied at several temperatures and cell morphology was observed by scanning electronic microscopy. These experiments showed Salmonella’s ability to grow at low temperatures and to produce exoproducts. Next, Salmonella motility was observed performing swimming, twitching, and swarming tests. Results indicated a positive flagellar activity and the cell ability to differentiate and become hyperflagellated under specific conditions. Moreover, SEovo adherence and biofilm formation was carried out. All of these tests enabled us to conclude that SEovo is a potential pathogen, thus it can be used as a model to perform antibacterial experiments. The second part of the study was dedicated to the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of different molecules using several methods. The antibacterial effect of silver and copper aluminosilicates was tested by two different kinds of methods. On the one hand, the effect of these two antibacterial agents was determined using microbiological methods: viable cell count and agar-well diffusion. And on the other hand, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using CLSM and SYTO Red/SYTOX Green dyeing. CLSM allowed for the evaluation of the biocide on sessile cells, whereas the first methods did not. Results showed that adhered bacteria were more resistant than planktonic counterparts and that CLSM was a good alternative to evaluate antibacterial activity on fixed bacteria without having to carry out a removing step.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Physiological and Metabolic Responses for Hexadecane Degradation in Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1: Jaejoon Jung , Jaemin Noh , Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):208-215. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0395-8

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Abstract: The hexadecane degradation of Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1 was evaluated with changes in temperature and ionic salt contents. Hexadecane degradation of strain DR1 was reduced markedly by the presence of sodium chloride (but not potassium chloride). High temperature (37°C) was also shown to inhibit the motility, biofilm formation, and hexadecane biodegradation. The biofilm formation of strain DR1 on the oil-water interface might prove to be a critical physiological feature for the degradation of hexadecane. The positive relationship between biofilm formation and hexadecane degradation could be observed at 30°C, but not at low temperatures (25°C). Alterations in cell hydrophobicity and EPS production by temperature and salts were not correlated with biofilm formation and hexadecane degradation. Our proteomic analyses have demonstrated that metabolic changes through the glyoxylate pathway are important for efficient degradation of hexadecane. Proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative stress defense proteins appear to be highly expressed during biodegradation of hexadecane. These results suggested that biofilm formation and oxidative stress defense are important physiological responses for hexadecane degradation along with metabolic switch to glyoxylate pathway in strain DR1.

Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilms: Variations Among Strains and Correlations with Other Cell Properties: Christin N. McQueary , Luis A. Actis; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):243-250. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0343-7

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Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infections in humans by colonizing and persisting on surfaces normally found in hospital settings. The capacity of this pathogen to persist in these settings could be due to its ability to form biofilms on inanimate surfaces. This report shows that although the ATCC 19606T type strain and 8 different clinical isolates form biofilms, there are significant variations in the cell density and microscopic structures of these cell aggregates, with 3 of the isolates forming pellicles floating on the surface of stagnant broth cultures. PCR indicated that, like ATCC 19606T, all 8 clinical isolates harbor all the genetic components of the CsuA/BABCDE chaperone-usher pili assembly system, which is needed for biofilm formation on plastic. Pili detection in cells of all strains examined supports the presence and function of a pilus assembly system. However, only one of them produced the putative ATCC 19606T CsuA/B pilin subunit protein. Hydrophobicity tests and motility assays also showed significant variations among all tested strains and did not result in direct correlations between the biofilm phenotype and cell properties that could affect biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. This lack of correlation among these 3 phenotypes may reflect some of the variations already reported with this pathogen, which may pose a challenge in the treatment of the infections this pathogen causes in humans using biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as a target.

Inactivation of MuxABC-OpmB Transporter System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Leads to Increased Ampicillin and Carbenicillin Resistance and Decreased Virulence: Liang Yang , Lin Chen , Lixin Shen , Michael Surette , Kangmin Duan; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):107-114. Published online March 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0186-2

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Abstract: Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) pumps play important roles in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen which exhibits high level resistance to antibiotics. There are total of 12 RND pumps present in the P. aeruginosa PAO1 genome. The recently characterized MuxABC-OpmB system has been shown to play a role in resistance to novobiocin, aztreonam, macrolides, and tetracycline in a multiple knockout mutation. In this study, we examined the expression levels of all the 12 RND pump gene clusters and tested the involvement of MuxABC-OpmB in pathogenicity. The results indicated that in addition to the four known constitutively expressed RND pumps, mexAB-oprM, mexGHIopmD, mexVW, and mexXY, relatively high levels of expression were observed with mexJK and muxABCopmB in the conditions tested. Inactivation of muxA in the muxABC-opmB operon resulted in elevated resistance to ampicillin and carbenicillin. The mutant also showed attenuated virulence in both Brassica rapa pekinensis and Drosophila melanogaster infection models. The decreased virulence at least in part was due to decreased twitching motility in the mutant. These results indicate that the RND pump MuxABC-OpmB is associated with ampicillin and carbenicillin susceptibility and also involved in pathogenesis in P. aeruginosa.

Functional Analysis of pilQ Gene in Xanthomanas oryzae pv. oryzae, Bacterial Blight Pathogen of Rice: Seon-Hwa Lim , Byoung-Ho So , Ji-Chun Wang , Eun-Seong Song , Young-Jin Park , Byoung-Moo Lee , Hee-Wan Kang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):214-220. Published online June 11, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0173-9

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Abstract: Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is the most devastating bacterial disease in rice. A virulence-attenuated mutant strain HNU89K9 of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (KACC10331), with a transposon insertion in the pilQ gene was used for this study. The pilQ was involved in the gene cluster pilMNOPQ of the Xoo genome. Growth rate of the pilQ mutant was similar to that of wild-type. At level of amino acids, PilQ of Xoo showed that a high sequence identities more than 94% and 70% to Xanthomonas species and to Xyllela fastidiosa, respectively but a low sequence homology less than 30% to other bacterial species. The twitching motility forming a marginal fringe on PSA media was observed on colony of the wild-type strain KACC10331, but not in mutant HNU89K9. Wild-type Xoo cells formed a biofilm on the surface of the PVC plastic test tube, while the mutant strain HNU89K9 did not form a biofilm. The results suggest that the pilQ gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzae plays a critical role in pathogenicity, twitching motility, and biofilm formation.

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