Two Gram-stain-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, α-hemolytic, coccus-shaped bacteria (zg-86T and zg-70) were isolated from the respiratory tracts of marmots (Marmota Himalayana) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and 545 core genes revealed that these two strains belong to the Streptococcus genus. These strains were most closely related to Streptococcus respiraculi HTS25T, Streptococcus cuniculi CCUG 65085T, and Streptococcus marmotae HTS5T. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA‒DNA hybridization (dDDH) were below the threshold for species delineation. The predominant cellular fatty acids (CFAs) in this novel species were C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1ω9c, whereas the primary polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and an unknown phosphoglycolipid (PGL). The optimal growth conditions for the strains were 37 °C, pH 7.0, and 0.5% (w/v) NaCl on brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. Comparative genomics analyses revealed the potential pathogenicity of strain zg-86T through comparisons with suis subclade strains in terms of virulence factors, pathogen-host interactions (PHIs) and mobile genetic factors (MGEs). Based on the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, we propose that these two isolates represent novel species in the genus Streptococcus, for which the names Streptococcus zhangguiae sp. nov. (the type strain zg-86T=GDMCC 1.1758T=JCM 34273T) is proposed.
We isolated and analyzed a novel, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile actinobacterium, designated as strain ZFBP1038(T), from rock sampled on the north slope of Mount Everest. The growth requirements of this strain were 10-37 °C, pH 4-10, and 0-6% (w/v) NaCl. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-9, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(17:0). Peptidoglycan containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, and glucose were the major cell wall sugars, while polar lipids included diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified glycolipid. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZFBP1038(T) has the highest similarity with Spelaeicoccus albus DSM 26341( T) (96.02%). ZFBP1038(T) formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Brevibacteriaceae and was distantly related to the genus Spelaeicoccus. The G + C content of strain ZFBP1038(T) was 63.65 mol% and the genome size was 4.05 Mb.
Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity, and average amino acid identity values between the genomes of strain ZFBP1038(T) and representative reference strains were 19.3-25.2, 68.0-71.0, and 52.8-60.1%, respectively.
Phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as comparative genome analyses suggested that strain ZFBP1038(T) represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Saxibacter gen. nov., sp. nov. was assigned with the type strain Saxibacter everestensis ZFBP1038(T) (= EE 014( T) = GDMCC 1.3024( T) = JCM 35335( T)).
Escherichia coli RclA and Staphylococcus aureus MerA are part of the Group I flavoprotein disulfide reductase (FDR) family
and have been implicated in the contribution to bacterial pathogenesis by defending against the host immune response.
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a pathogenic, anaerobic Gram-negative bacterial species commonly found in the human oral
cavity and gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we discovered that the F. nucleatum protein FN0820, belonging to the Group I
FDR family, exhibited a higher activity of a Cu2+-
dependent NADH oxidase than E. coli RclA. Moreover, FN0820 decreased
the dissolved oxygen level in the solution with higher NADH oxidase activity. We found that L-tryptophan and its analog
5-hydroxytryptophan inhibit the FN0820 activities of NADH oxidase and the concomitant reduction of oxygen. Our results
have implications for developing new treatment strategies against pathogens that defend the host immune response with
Group I FDRs.
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CatR, a peroxide-sensing transcriptional repressor of Fur
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A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, short-rod-shaped,
and non-motile bacterial strain designated HSLHS9T was
isolated from surface seawater collected from the South China
Sea. Strain HSLHS9T could grow at 15–41°C (optimum 28°C),
at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum 6.0–7.0), and in 0–7% (w/v) NaCl
(optimum 2–3%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA
gene sequences indicated that strain HSLHS9T shared high
identities with the closely related Parahaliea aestuarii S2-26T
(98.6%) and Parahaliea mediterranea 7SM29T (97.8%) and
formed a distinct lineage within the genus Parahaliea. Wholegenome
sequencing of strain HSLHS9T revealed the size of 4.8
Mbp and DNA G + C content of 61.8 mol%. Strain HSLHS9T
shared the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 22.4%
and 23.0%, and the average nucleotide identities of 79.7%
and 79.9%, respectively, with the two type strains above. The
predominant cellular fatty acids of the strain were summed
feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c), summed feature 3 (C16:1
ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), C17:1 ω8c, and C16:0. The sole isoprenoid
quinone was identified as Q-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol,
diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
aminolipid, and two glycolipids. Based on taxonomic
data obtained in this study, it is suggested that strain
HSLHS9T represents a novel species of the genus Parahaliea,
for which the name Parahaliea maris sp. nov. is proposed.
The type strain is HSLHS9T (= MCCC 1A06717T = KCTC
52307T). An emended description of the genus Parahaliea
is also provided.
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A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped bacterial
strain designated TGS2-1T was isolated from sediment
soil in the Nakdong River, Republic of Korea. The optimal
growth of strain TGS2-1T was observed at 28°C and pH 7.0
without NaCl supplementation. Strain TGS2-1T revealed antibiosis
against various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus
KCCM 4051, CCARM 3089 (methicillin resistant strains),
Enterococcus faecalis KCCM 11814, Escherichia coli KCTC
2443, Candida albicans KACC 7270, and Filobasidium neoformans
KCTC 7902. Phylogenetic analyses based on the
16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain TGS2-1T belonged
to the genus Brevibacillus and shared 93.8–99.7% sequence
similarity with Brevibacillus species. Whole-genome
sequencing of strain TGS2-1T revealed a genome size of 6.2
Mbp and DNA G + C content of 47.0 mol%. The TGS2-1T
genome shared an average nucleotide identity and digital
DNA-DNA hybridization of 74.6–93.3% and 18.6–67.1%,
respectively, with six related Brevibacillus genomes. The major
fatty acid constituents of strain TGS2-1T were anteiso-C15:0
(62.3%) and anteiso-C17:0 (10.8%). Cells of strain TGS2-1T contained
diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
seven unidentified aminophospholipids,
and five unidentified lipids. The isoprenoid quinone
detected in the strain was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Based on
data obtained from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain
TGS2-1T represents a novel species belonging to genus Brevibacillus,
for which the name B. antibioticus sp. nov. is proposed.
The type strain is TGS2-1T (= KCCM 90326T = NBRC
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A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-endospore-forming,
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bacterium designated TI45-13arT was isolated from Nuruk,
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at 4–35°C (optimum, 28–30°C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH
7.0) and NaCl concentrations up to 5% (w/v). Phylogenetic
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strain TI45-13arT belonged to the genus Paenibacillus and
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(98.4%) and Paenibacillus nicotianae YIM h-19T (98.1%). The
major fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0. The DNA G+C content
was 39.0 mol%, and MK-7 was the predominant isoprenoid
quinone. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified
glycolipids, and one unidentified aminoglycolipid. The
cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid.
On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy study, it was suggested
that strain TI45-13arT represents a novel species within the genus
Paenibacillus for which the name Paenibacillus nuruki
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain was TI45-13arT (= KACC
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A Gram-negative, aerobic, short-rod-shaped, motile (with a
terminal flagellum), non-spore-forming bacterium, designated
strain 85T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized bark
of Sonneratia caseolaris collected from Qinzhou in Guangxi,
China and was analyzed using a polyphasic approach to determine
its taxonomic position. Strain 85T grew optimally in
the presence of 1–2% (w/v) NaCl at 30°C and pH 6.0–7.0.
Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence
suggested that strain 85T belonged to the genus Fulvimarina
and shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity
with Fulvimarina pelagi HTCC2506T (96.16%). The cell-wall
peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and ubiquinone
Q-10 was the predominant respiratory lipoquinone.
The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine,
an unidentified amino lipid, three unidentified phospholipids
and six unidentified lipids. The major fatty acid
was C18:1 ω7c. The DNA G+C content of strain 85T was 65.4
mol%, and the average nucleotide identity and estimated
DDH values between strain 85T and the type strain of Fulvimarina
pelagi HTCC2506T were 77.3% and 21.7%, respectively.
Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic
analyses, strain 85T should be considered as a novel
species of the genus Fulvimarina with the proposed name
Fulvimarina endophytica sp. nov., and its type strain is 85T
(= KCTC 62717T = CGMCC 1.13665T).
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
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A Gram-stain-positive, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile,
aerobic, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as
DCT-5T, was isolated from a native plant belonging to the genus
Campanula at Dokdo island, Republic of Korea. Growth
of the strain DCT-5T was observed at 15–37°C (optimum
30°C) on R2A broth, pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum 7.0), and 0–5%
(w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum 0%). The 16S rRNA gene
sequence analysis revealed that strain DCT-5T was most closely
related to Arthrobacter silviterrae KIS14-16T, Arthrobacter
livingstonensis LI2T, Arthrobacter stackebrandtii CCM
2783T, Arthrobacter cryoconiti Cr6-08T, Arthrobacter ramosus
CCM 1646T, and Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus GP3T with
pairwise sequence similarities of 98.76%, 97.47%, 97.25%,
97.11%, 97.11%, and 97.00%, respectively. The DNA G+C
content of strain DCT-5T was 64.7 mol%, and its DNA–DNA
relatedness values with A. silviterrae KIS14-16T, A. livingstonensis
LI2T, A. stackebrandtii CCM 2783T, A. psychrochitiniphilus
GP3T, A. ramosus CCM 1646T, and A. cryoconiti
Cr6-08T were 32.57 ± 2.02%, 28.75 ± 0.88%, 31.93 ± 1.15%,
34.73 ± 1.86%, 29.12 ± 1.56%, and 27.23 ± 0.88%, respectively.
The major quinone was MK-9(H2) and major fatty acids were
anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C15:0, and iso-C16:0. The polar
lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol
(PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), unidentified glycolipid
(GL), two unidentified aminophospholipids (APLs), and three
unidentified lipids (Ls). The peptidoglycan type was A3α.
On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic
characteristics, strain DCT-5T represents a
novel species of the genus Arthrobacter, for which the name
Arthrobacter dokdonellae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain
is DCT-5T (= KCTC 49189T = LMG 31284T).
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A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, nonspore-
forming, coccoid or rod-shaped and creamy-pigmented
bacterium, designated SYP-B2100T, was isolated from the rhizospheric
soil of Codonopsis clematidea in the Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region, China. The optimal growth occurred
at 28°C, pH 5.0, in the absence of NaCl. The cells tested positive
in catalase and methyl red tests but negative in oxidase,
urease, gelatinase, milk coagulation, and peptonisation, H2S
production, nitrate reduction, and Voges-Proskauer tests. The
major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major
cellular fatty acids were C16:0 and summed feature 8. The
polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
and phosphatidylglycerol. The 16S rRNA
gene sequence of strain SYP-B2100T was the most similar to
that of Rahnella inusitata DSM 30078T (96.9%) within the
family Enterobacteriaceae. The genomic DNA G+C content
of strain SYP-B2100T was 50.3 mol%. The combined data from
the phylogenetic, morphological, physiological, biochemical,
and chemotaxonomic analyses presented in this study support
the conclusion that strain SYP-B2100T represents a novel
species of a new genus, for which the name Edaphovirga cremea
gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SYPB2100T
(= CGMCC 1.5857T = DSM 105170T = KCTC 62024T).
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A yellow-colored bacterium with gliding motility, strain
KIS68-18T, was isolated from a soil sample at Bijin Island in
Tongyeong city, Republic of Korea. The cells were strictly
aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, and
rod-shaped. The strain grew at the range of 10–35°C
(optimum, 25–30°C), pH 5.5–8.0 (optimum, 6.0–7.5), and
0–0.5% (w/v) NaCl. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S
rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KIS68-18T was
closely related to Chryseolinea serpens DSM 24574T (98.9%)
and had low sequence similarities (below 92.6%) with other
members of the family ‘Cytophagaceae’ in the phylum
Bacteroidetes. The major respiratory quinone system was
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ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c, 10.6%). The polar lipids consisted of
phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid,
three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified
aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C
content was 50.9%. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological,
and chemotaxonomic data, stain KIS68-18T represents
a novel species of the genus Chryseolinea, for which
the name Chryseolinea soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type
strain of Chryseolinea soli is KIS68-18T (= KACC 17327T =
NBRC 113100T).
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The novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial
strain DCR-13T was isolated from a native plant belonging
to the genus Campanula on Dokdo, an island in the
Republic of Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA
gene sequence indicated that this strain is closely related to
Paraburkholderia peleae PP52-1T (98.43% 16S rRNA gene sequence
similarity), Paraburkholderia oxyphila NBRC 105797T
(98.42%), Paraburkholderia sacchari IPT 101T (98.28%), Paraburkholderia
mimosarum NBRC 106338T (97.80%), Paraburkholderia
denitrificans KIS30-44T (97.46%), and Paraburkholderia
paradise WAT (97.45%). This analysis of the 16S
rRNA gene sequence also suggested that DCR-13T and the
six closely related strains formed a clade within the genus
Paraburkholderia, but that DCR-13T was clearly separated
from the established species. DCR-13T had ubiquinone 8 as
its predominant respiratory quinone, and its genomic DNA
G + C content was 63.9 mol%. The isolated strain grew at a
pH of 6.0–8.0 (with an optimal pH of 6.5), 0–4% w/v NaCl
(with an optimal level of 0%), and a temperature of 18–42°C
(with an optimal temperature of 30°C). The predominant
fatty acids were C16:0, summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c),
C17:0 cyclo, C19:0 cyclo ω8c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1
ω7c) and summed feature 2 (C12:0 aldehyde), and the major
polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine.
On the basis of polyphasic evidence, it is proposed
that strain DCR-13T (= KCTC 62811T = LMG 30889T)
represents the type strain of a novel species, Paraburkholderia
dokdonella sp. nov.
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A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, and
yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain ID1709T, was
isolated from an automotive air conditioning system collected
in Korea. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity
showed that strain ID1709T had 92.2–94.3% similarities with
the type strains of members of the genus Flavisolibacter. The
major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0
3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The
predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids
comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, aminoglycophospholipid,
two unidentified aminolipids, and three unidentified
lipids. The DNA G + C content of the strain was 35.6 mol%.
Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data,
strain ID1709T represents a novel species in the genus Flavisolibacter,
for which the name Flavisolibacter aluminii sp.
nov. (= KACC 19451T = KCTC 52778T = NBRC 112870T), is
proposed.
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Strain DCT-19T, representing a Gram-stain-positive, rodshaped,
aerobic bacterium, was isolated from a native plant
belonging to the genus Campanula on Dokdo, the Republic of
Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence
showed that this strain was closely related to Paenibacillus
amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290T (98.6%, 16S rRNA gene sequence
similarity), Paenibacillus tundrae A10bT (98.1%), and
Paenibacillus xylanexedens NRRL B-51090T (97.6%). DNADNA
hybridization indicated that this strain had relatively
low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with P. amylolyticus
NRRL NRS-290T (30.0%), P. xylanexedens NRRL B-51090T
(29.0%), and P. tundrae A10bT (24.5%). Additionally, the genomic
DNA G + C content of DCT-19T was 44.8%. The isolated
strain grew at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 0–4%
(w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%), and a temperature of 15–45°C
(optimum 25–30°C). The sole respiratory quinone in the strain
was menaquinone-7, and the predominant fatty acids were
C15:0 anteiso, C16:0 iso, and C16:0. In addition, the major polar
lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Based on its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness,
and chemotaxonomic features, strain DCT-19T
is proposed as a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for
which the name Paenibacillus seodonensis sp. nov. is proposed
(=KCTC 43009T =LMG 30888T). The type strain of
Paenibacillus seodonensis is DCT-19T.
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